Abantwana bakaCatherine Catherine. Ulawulo kunye nobomi bomntu kaCatherine oMkhulu

Ummeli waseRashiya uCatherine II, owaziwa ngokuba yiNtloko, wabusa ukususela ngo-1762 ukuya ku-1796. Ngemizamo yakhe yandisa kakhulu ubukhosi baseRashiya, yaphucula kakhulu inkqubo yolawulo kwaye yayilandela ngamandla umgaqo-nkqubo we-Western, ukubonisa inkqubo yokutshintshwa kweengcamango nezithethe zeNtshona. Ngexesha likaCatherine Catherine, iRashiya ibe lizwe elihle. Unokukhuphisana namagunya amakhulu aseYurophu naseAsia.

Ubuntwana bekamva elizayo

UCatherine II, owazalwa nguSofia Frederica Auguste, wazalwa ngo-Aprili 21, ngo-1729 kwinqanaba elincinane laseJamani kwisixeko saseStettin, iPrussia (ngoku eyiShecin, ePoland). Uyise ongumKristu uAgasti u-Anhalt-Zerbstsky wayeyinkosana yale nto encinci. Wenza umsebenzi wezempi phantsi koFriedrich Wilhelm owokuQala.

Umama kaCatherine - Indodakazi uElizabethe Holstein-Gottorp. Abazali beentombazana babenethemba lokubonakala kwindlalifa, ngoko ke babengabonakali uthando olukhethekileyo ngentombi yabo. Kunoko, bachitha ixesha kunye namandla kumntwana kaWilhelm, owathi, ngelanga, wafa eneminyaka elishumi elinesibini.

Ukufumana imfundo kunye nokusondeza komgcini

Njengomntwana, uCatherine Catherine wayekufutshane kakhulu noBabette. Emva koko, i-Empress yayisoloko ithetha ngokufudumele kwayo. Imfundo yeentombazana yayiqulethwe kwezi zifundo ezifunekayo kwiimeko zakhe kunye nemvelaphi yakhe. Le nkolo (iLutheranism), imbali, isiFrentshi, isiJamani kunye neRashiya, eyona nto iluncedo kamva. Kwaye ke, umculo.

Ngendlela uCatherine Ukhulu wasebenzisa ngayo ubuntwaneni bakhe. Ngokuchazela ngokufutshane ngeminyaka yakhe yokuhlala ekhaya, sinokuthi akukho nto engaqhelekanga nentombazana ayikwazi kwenzeka. Ubomi obuselula bukaCatherine bebukeka bubuhlungu kakhulu, kwaye wayengazi ngoko ukuba phambi kwakhe kulindeleke umdlalo othakazelisayo-uhambo oluya kumda onzima.

Ukufika eRashiya, okanye UkuQala koBomi boBomi

Ngokukhawuleza xa uKatherine ekhula, unina wabona kwintombi yakhe indlela yokuhamba kunye nokunyusa imeko kwintsapho. Wayenezihlobo ezininzi, kwaye oku kunceda ukwenza uphando olunzulu lomyeni ofanelekileyo. Ngelo xesha, ubomi bukaCatherine oMkhulu bubububele kangangokuthi wabona kule mtshato ezayo indlela efanelekileyo yokubalekela ekulawuleni umama.

Xa uCatherine wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, uMpress Elizabeth Petrovna wammema eRussia ukuze abe ngumfazi wendlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi - uMkhulu uDuke Peter III. Wayeyinkwenkwe eneminyaka engama-16 ubudala kwaye engamangalisi. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba le ntombazana ifike eRussia, yagula ngokukhawuleza nge pleuriy, eyayikubulala.

U-Elizabethe wasinda ngenxa yokuphuma kwegazi rhoqo, okwenza uElizaveta Petrovna wagxininisa . Kodwa unina wayenxamnye nalo mkhuba, kwaye ngenxa yoko wahlaselwa yi-Impress. Nangona kunjalo, kungekudala uCatherine wabuya wamkela ukholo lweOthodoki, nangona ukuchaswa nguyise-owayengumLuthela ozinikezele, yena kunye nentloko encinci yayitshatile. Kwaye kunye nenkolo entsha intombazana yafumana elinye igama-uKaterina. Zonke ezi ziganeko zenzeke ngo-1745, kwaye yile ndlela ibali likaCatherine Catherine liqala ngayo.

Iminyaka yobomi bentsapho, okanye indlela indoda edlala ngayo amasosha

Ukuba ngowamashumi amabini ananye ka-Agasti ilungu lentsapho yasebukhosini, uCatherine waqala ukugqoka isihloko senkosikazi. Kodwa umtshato wakhe wawungonwabanga ngokupheleleyo. Umyeni kaCatherine Omkhulu wayengumfana osemtsha owayesetyenziselwa ukuchitha ixesha kunye nomfazi wakhe, wakhetha ukudlala namajoni. Kwaye i-Impress yexesha elizayo yayichitha ixesha layo lizihlaziya kunye nokuzonwabisa, ukufunda.

Count Andrei Shuvalov, owayenguClainlain kaCatherine, wayeyazi kakuhle ummemezeli uJames Boswell, kwaye wazisa iinkcukacha zekholam zobomi obusondeleyo bokumkani. Amanye ala mahemuhemu aqulethe ulwazi olusemva nje kokuba umtshato uPetros athathe inkosikazi ka-Elizabeth Vorontsov. Kodwa uCatherine emva koko akazange ahlale enetyala. Wayebonakala edibene noSergei Saltykov, uGrigory Orlov, uStanislav Ponyatovsky nabanye.

Ukubonakala kwindlalifa eyelindelwe ixesha elide

Kwiminyaka emininzi idlulileyo ngaphambi kokuba i-empress yazalise iindlalifa. Unyana kaCatherine oMkhulu, uPawulos, wazalwa ngomhla wama-20 kaSeptemba 1754. Ubuntwaba balo mntwana uye waba yingxoxo yeengxoxo ezingapheliyo. Kukho ezininzi izazinzulu ezikholelwa ukuba ukuba uyise kayise akayindoda kaCatherine oMkhulu, kodwa uSergei Saltykov ungumntu waseRashiya kunye nelungu lenkundla. Abanye bathi umntwana ufana noPetros, ngubani uyise.

Kukho nawuphi na, uCatherine wayengenalo ixesha lokuzalwa kwakhe, kwaye kungekudala uElizabethe Petrovna wamthabatha kuye imfundo. Nangona ukuba umtshato wawungaphumelelanga, ayizange igugule ingqondo kunye nezopolitiko zikaCatherine. Owesifazane ohlakaniphileyo waqhubeka efunda kakhulu, ngakumbi kwisiFrentshi. Wayeyithanda iindibano, ukudlala kunye nemibongo, kodwa uninzi lwayo yonke into eyayinomdla kwimisebenzi yamanani amaninzi kwimfundo yaseFransi, njengeDaerot, iVoltaire neMontesquieu.

Kungekudala uCatherine wakhulelwa umntwana wakhe wesibini, uAna, oza kuphila ngeenyanga ezine kuphela. Abantwana bakaCatherine Catherine ngenxa yamarhenga ahlukahlukeneyo malunga nokuziphatha kakubi kwexesha elizayo i-Empress ayizange ibangele uPeter ukuba abe nemvakalelo efudumele. Le ndoda yayingabaza ukuba yayinguyise wabo. Kakade ke, uCatherine wayenqabileyo injalo indoda yakhe kwaye wayethanda ukuchitha ixesha lakhe kwi-boudoir ukuba afihle kwimvelo yakhe.

Kwinqanaba elinye ukusuka etroneni

Emva kokufa kukaMpress Elizabeth Petrovna, owafa ngoDisemba 25, 1761, umyeni kaCatherine wathatha itrone, waba nguPeter III, ngoxa uCatherine ngokwakhe wathola isihloko se-Empress. Kodwa eso sibini sisahlala ngokwahlukileyo. I-Impress ayinanto yokwenza noRhulumente. UPetros wayenenkohlakalo ngokucacileyo kumfazi wakhe. Wayelawula urhulumente kunye neentombi zakhe.

Kodwa uCatherine oMkhulu wayengumfazi onelungelo elinomdla kakhulu. Wayenethemba lokuba ekugqibeleni uza kulawulo aze alawule iRashiya. Ngokungafani nomyeni wakhe, uCatherine wazama ukubonakalisa ukuzinikela kwakhe kwilizwe kunye nokholo lwase-Orthodox. Njengoko wayecinga ngokuchanekileyo, akumncedanga nje ukuthabatha indawo etroneni, kodwa ukufumana inkxaso eyimfuneko yabantu baseRussia.

Uqhelwano lomlingane wakho

Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokulawula kwakhe uPeter III wakwazi ukufumana iinqaba zeentshaba kurhulumente phakathi kwemikhosi kunye nabafundisi beecawa. Ngobusuku ngoJuni 28, ngo-1762, uCatherine Catherine Omkhulu wenza icebo kunye noGregory Orlov wakhe othandekayo, washiya ibhotwe waza waya kwiIjimenti yaseIzmaylovsky, apho waxelela khona amasoldati ngentetho ayeyicela ukuba amkhusele kumyeni wakhe.

Ngoko icebo lokulwa noPetros Okwesithathu lenziwe. Umlawuli waphoqeleka ukuba asayine idokhumenti ngokunyaniseka, kwaye unyana kaCatherine uChristal uPaul omkhulu wenyuka esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ngenaye, uMmpress kwakufuneka ukuba abe ngu-regent ngaphambi kokuza kwakhe. Kwaye uPetros emva kokubanjwa kwakhe kwagqitywa ngabalindi bakhe. Mhlawumbi lo uCatherine wayala ukuba abulale, kodwa akukho bungqina becala lakhe.

Iphupha lizaliseka

Ukususela ngeli xesha ulawulo lukaCatherine Catherine luqala. Kwiminyaka yokuqala, uzinika ixesha elide ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwesimo sakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi. UCatherine wayesazi kakuhle ukuba kukho abantu abambheka njengomntu odla, owathatha amandla abanye. Ngako oko, wayesebenzise ngokukhethekileyo ithuba elincinci lokufumana inceba kunye nobukhosi.

Njengomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle, uCatherine II Omkhulu waqonda ukuba iRashiya yayidinga ixesha elide loxolo ukwenzela ukuba ingqalelo kwiingxaki zangaphakathi. Kwaye eli hlabathi lingafumaneka kuphela ngepolisi engaphandle. Kwaye ngenxa yokuziphatha kwakhe, uCatherine wakhetha iNombolo Nikita Panin, owayeyazi kakuhle kwimicimbi yelizwe langaphandle.

Ubomi bomntu obuthatshatyalaliswa nguCompress Catherine

Umzobo kaCatherine oMkhulu usibonisa njengowesifazane obonakala ngathi mnandi, kwaye akusiyo into emangalisayo ukuba ubomi bomntu boMmpress buhluke kakhulu.

UCatherine akazange akwazi ukutshata kwakhona, kuba oku bekuza kuphazamisa isikhundla sakhe.

Ngokweyona nkoliso yabaphandi, imbali kaCatherine oMkhulu iquka abathandana abalishumi elinambini, ababehlala befumana izipho ezahlukileyo, izidima kunye nezihloko ukuze bazuze.

Izintando, okanye Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuguga kwakho

Emva kwenkcazelo kaCatherine kunye nomcebisi weGrigory Potemkin iphelile, kwaye kwenzeka ngo-1776, uMpress wakhetha indoda eyayingabonakali nje ubuhle benyama, kodwa nayo ikwazi ukucinga kakuhle. NguAlexander Dmitriev-Mamonov. Abaninzi bamthandi ba-Empress babenomusa kuye, kwaye uCatherine Ukhulu wayehlala ebonisa ububele kubo nangemva kokugqitywa kwayo yonke into.

Umzekelo, omnye wakhe othandekayo - uPeter Zavadovsky - wathola iiruble ezingamawaka amahlanu, umhlala-phantsi wamawaka angamawaka amawaka anamawaka amane emva kobudlelwane babo buphela (oku kwenzeka ngo-1777). Inokugqibela yabathandi bakhe abaninzi yayinguPrince Zubov, owayengumncinci kune-empress iminyaka engamashumi amane.

Kuthiwani ngoonyana bakaCatherine Catherine? Ngokwenene phakathi kwezintandokazi kwakungekho mntu wamnika enye unyana okanye intombi? Okanye ngaba nguPawulos umzala wakhe kuphela?

Oonyana bakaCatherine oMkhulu, ozelwe yizintandokazi

Xa i-Impress Elizaveta Petrovna yafa, uCatherine wayenenyanga ezintandathu ukhulelwe e-Grigory Orlov. I-Kid yazalwa ngasese ukususela ngomhla we-11 uEpreli 1762 kwinqanaba elikude lebhotwe. Umtshato wakhe kuPetros Okwesithathu kwada kutshabalaliswa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye wayehlala edlala enkundleni yakhe nenkosikazi yakhe.

I-chamberlain kaCatherine Catherine Vaskur Shkurin nomkakhe bathabatha umntwana ekhaya. Ulawulo lukaCatherine Catherine lwaluqala xa le nkwenkwe yayineminyaka nje embalwa ubudala. Wabuyiselwa kwibhotwe. Inkwenkwe yaqala ukuzonwabisa ngobomi obuqhelekileyo phantsi kolawulo lwabazali bakhe - uCompress Catherine kunye noGregory. U-Orlov waqala ukusebenzisa umntwana, ezama ukunyusa uEkaterina emtshatweni.

Wayecinga ngexesha elide kwaye eqhubekayo, kodwa wayethatha isiluleko sePanin, owathi uMnu. Orlova akaze avunyelwe ukulawula urhulumente waseRashiya. Kwaye uCatherine akazange alwele ukutshata noGrigory Orlov. Xa u-Alexei eba ngumntwana oselula, wahamba waya kwelinye ilizwe. Uhambo lwahlala iminyaka elishumi. Emva kokubuyela eRussia, unyana wamkela impahla evela kunina waza waqala ukufunda kwi-Holy Cadet Corps.

Impembelelo yamathandayo kwilizwe

Ngokwezinye iinkcukacha zembali, ukusuka e-Poniatowski i-empress yazala umntwana kunye nentombazana, kodwa aba bantwana bakaCatherine oMkhulu bahlala iinyanga ezilishumi elinesithandathu. Abazange baqaphele esidlangalaleni. Uninzi lwazintandokazi zeCatherine Catherine lwaluvela kwiintsapho ezintle kwaye zakwazi ukwakha umsebenzi wezopolitiko obalaseleyo. Ngokomzekelo, uStanislaw Poniatowski waba ngukumkani wasePoland ngo-1764.

Kodwa akukho mnye u-Catherine oyithandayo wasebenzisa isimo sakhe kangangokuthi aphembelele umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe. Ngaphandle kweGrigory Potemkin, kunye noCatherine Omkhulu owayeboshwe ngeemvakalelo ezinzulu. Iingcali ezininzi zithetha ukuba umtshato wemfihlo wawugqitywa phakathi kwe-Empress kunye nePotemkin ngo-1774.

UCatherine oMkhulu, oneminyaka engama-rhu lumente azisa izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo kwilizwe laseRashiya, wahlala ngumfazi onothando nothando ebomini bakhe.

Impumelelo ephambili yombuso waseRussia

Yaye nangona uthando lukaCatherine luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo, iimvakalelo azizange zithintele ezopolitiko. I-Empress yayihlala isebenza kanzima ekuqondeni ulwimi lwesiRashiya kangangokuthi wayisusa ngokupheleleyo isigxina sakhe, wayithatha isiko laseRashiya kunye namasiko athile, kwaye wafunda ngokubanzi imbali yombuso. Umfanekiso wesiganeko kaCatherine oMkhulu ukhombisa ukuba wayengumlawuli onamandla.

Ngethuba lokulawula kwakhe, uCatherine wawandisa imida yolawulo lwaseRashiya ngasezantsi nangasentshonalanga malunga neekhilomitha ezili-520,000. Urhulumente uye waba ligunya eliphambili kwicandelo lasezantsi le-Yurophu. Ukunqoba okuninzi kumkhosi wemikhosi kwavumela umbuso ukuba ufikelele kuLwandle oluMnyama.

Ngaphezu koko, ngo-1768 iBhanki Yokwabiwa kwanikezelwa umsebenzi wokukhupha imali yephepha lokuqala. Amaziko afana nawo avuleka eSt. Petersburg naseMoscow, kwaye kwaye kwaqalwa kwamanye amasebe asebhanki.

UCatherine waqaphela kakhulu imfundo kunye nokukhuliswa kwabantu abatsha babesini zesini. Kwavuleka indlu yaseMoscow eMfundo, kungekudala uMmpress wasungula iSchool Institute of Noble Maidens. Wafunda iingcamango zokufundisa kwizenzo zamanye amazwe waza waqalisa ukuguqulwa kwemfundo emininzi. Kwaye nguCatherine owayethembise ukuvula izikolo kwiindawo zephondo zaseRashiya.

I-Impress yayisondeza ubomi beenkcubeko kweli lizwe, kwaye yabonisa ukuzinikela kokholo lobuOthodoki kunye nombuso. Wayegxininisa kakhulu ekunyuseni amaziko emfundo nokwandisa amandla oqoqosho kweli lizwe. Kodwa ngubani owawulawula emva koCatherine oMkhulu? Ngubani oqhubeka nendlela yakhe ekuphuhliseni urhulumente?

Imihla yokugqibela kaRhulumente. Abazukeli ababenokwenzeka betroneni

Kwiminyaka emininzi uCatherine II wayengumbusi olawulayo waseRashiya. Kodwa lonke eli xesha wayenebudlelwane obukhulu kunye nendodana yakhe - indlalifa yePavel. Umpress wayeyazi kakuhle ukuba akunakwenzeka ukudlulisela amandla kwizandla zenzalo.

UCatherine oMkhulu, olawulo lwakhe lwaphela ngo-Novemba ka-1796, wagqiba ekubeni enze umzukulu wakhe, umzukulu ka-Alexander. Kwakuye kuye abone umlawuli wexesha elizayo kwaye wayefudumele kuye. Umpress kwangaphambili walungiselela umzukulu wakhe ukubusa, eqhuba imfundo yakhe. Ngaphezu koko, wayedla ukutshata noAlexander, oku kuthetha ukufikelela kwixesha elininzi kunye nethuba lokuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Nangona kunjalo, emva kokufa kukaCatherine II ngokuncedisa enye inguqu yendlu, unyana kaMpress uPaul Wokuqala wathatha indawo yindlalifa etroneni. Ngaloo ndlela, waba ngulowo walawula emva koCatherine oMkhulu iminyaka emihlanu.