Ubukumkani obutsha baseBhabhiloni (626-539 BC). Imbali yeMandulo yeMpuma

Ubukumkani bamandulo baseBhabhiloni baseNtshonalanga eBhabhiloni babuvela kwiminyaka engama-626 ukuya kuma-539. BC. E. Ngethuba lalo xesha phantsi kweNebhukadenetsare II, lalihlala kulo lonke elaseMesopotamiya nakwintsimi yakwaYuda ukuya kumda weYiputa. IBhabhiloni yaba yiziko lehlabathi kunye nolwazi lwezesayensi. Kwaye oku kungona kunjalo ukuba urhulumente walwa rhoqo nabamelwane bawo. Ngo-539 BC. E. IBhabhiloni yafunyanwa ngamaPersi kwaye yalahlekelwa yinto yokuzimela.

Ukuvukela kukaNabopalasar

Ubukumkani besibini eBabiloni, okanye ubukumkani obutsha baseBabiloni, kwakungukuzalwa kwakhona kwexesha elidala, ngexesha elinye eliwulwa yiAsiriya. Ngo-626 BC. E. Igosa likaNabopalasar (ngobuzwe bamaKaledi) lagqiba ukunqamula kwi-empire ibe ngumlawuli ozimele. Wakwazi ukubamba iBhabhiloni kwaye yenze i-capital capital.

Impumelelo yokuvukela yenziwe yinto eyenzekayo yinto yokuba ngaphambili yayinamandla namandla amakhulu aseAsiriya. BC. E. Ukubandezeleka kwimibambano yoluntu kunye nemfazwe. Enyanisweni, sele sele ihlukaniswe ngamaziko amapolitika amaninzi kwaye ayikwazanga ukulawula iBhabhiloni. Kufuneka kuphela inkokeli, ngubani onokuyilungisa ukutshintshiswa kombuso. Baba uNabopalasar. Wakwazi ukuthabatha iidolophu ezibalulekileyo kwindawo ephakathi kwe-Ewufrathe, ummandla ophuculweyo kunye noqoqosho ophucukileyo. La maziko aphakathi kwe-Uruk neNippur.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kokugqibela kweAsiriya

UNabopolassar wayengumfundi wezobuchule. Wabhalisa inkxaso yeMediya, eyenziwa njengelinye ilungu laseBhabhiloni kwimfazwe yakhe neAsiriya. Ngo-614 BC. E. Esinye sezixeko ezinkulu zombuso, u-Ashur, sabanjwa. Watsalwa kwaye wabhujiswa. Abemi beengingqi babethengiswa ebukhosini okanye baba ngababaleki. Imbali yaseMpuma YaseMpumalanga yaziwa ngokuba yintloni, kwaye ngale ndlela, ookumkani baseBhabhiloni babengummeli omeleyo.

I-Asiriya yahlala ezandleni zentloko yaseNineve, ngokobuncwane nobukhulu iBhabhiloni yayingcono. Kulo dolophu kwakukho ilayibrari eyaziwayo eneepaliti zedongwe, ukufumanisa okuye kwavumela abavubukuli banamhlanje ukuba bafumane amaxwebhu amaninzi ahlukeneyo kwaye baququzelele iilwimi zasendulo ezifileyo.

Ngonyaka we-612 BC. E. I Nineve yawela emva kokuqotshwa kweenyanga ezintathu kunye nesiqhwithi, esenziwa yimikhosi yamanyeneyo yamaBhabhiloni namaMede. Isixeko satshatyalaliswa ngendlela efanayo noAshur. Endaweni yayo yahlala yinyota kunye namatye. Ukumkani waseAsiriya wokugqibela wazitshisa ngokwakhe endlwini yakhe, ukuze angangeni ezandleni zeentshaba. Enyanisweni, ubukumkani bakhe babhujiswa. I-Asiriya ayizange iphinde ibuyiselwe, kwaye inkumbulo yakhe yangcwatywa phantsi kweesanti zeMiddle East. IBhabhiloni neMediya yahlula ummandla welizwe elithathiweyo. Kamva kula mazwe nawo alwa ngokuphumelelayo nokuhlasela kwamaSkthiya asemazantsi.

Ukuqala kokungquzulana namaharahara

UNabopalasari wayenonyana, uNebhukadenetsare, owayeza kuba yindlalifa yakhe etroneni. Wayehlose ukuba abe ngukumkani omkhulu eBhabheli kunye nomqondiso ogqithisileyo waloo wonke uphuhliso. Ubawo, ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, wazama ukuzithobela umzukeli wamandla, emthabatha naye emikhankasweni yezempi. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-607 BC. E. Ubukumkani obutsha baseBabiloni beza kuhlangula kumlingane othembekileyo weMedia. Amagunya amabini alwa kunye eArmenia yanamhlanje ngokumalunga nelizwe lase-Urartu. Nanku ukumkani weBhabhiloni wesikhathi esizayo wafumana amava amagosa ayimfuneko, eyayiluncedo kuye esemdala.

Kwiminyaka embalwa, ngo-605 BC. E., uNabopalasar wachaza imfazwe eYiputa, amabutho akhe aphazamisa inqaba yombuso we-Ewufrathe. Ngaloo xesha, amaharahara ayengekho kuphela intlambo yeNayile, kodwa nayo yonke iPalestine, apho iSirayeli ngoku. Ubukumkani obutsha baseBabiloni bungeke bubekho uxolo kwada kwafika amaYiputa kule ndawo yaseAsia.

Ukuphumelela kokuqala ePalestina

UNabopalasari wayesele ekhulile kwaye egula, ngoko umkhosi wahamba noNebhukadenetsare. UFaro Neho wayemchasa umkhosi weentshaba, owawunamalungu angama-Nubian kunye nama-mercenaries avela kwihlabathi jikelele, kuquka neGrisi. NgoMeyi ka-605 BC. E. Ephantse kwidolophu yaseKarkemish yinto yokulwa ngokukhawuleza eyenzekayo. AmaBhabhiloni ayenqoba, nangona awela kwixabiso lokulahlekelwa ngabantu. Le nto ibaluleke kakhulu kubemi bexesha elide, okukhankanywe kwiBhayibhile.

Emva koko, ama-czars asePalestina naseFenike aqala ukuhlawula iJiputa, kodwa eBhabhiloni. Kodwa uFaro unenhlanhla. Wayeya kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo ukuba uNebhukadenetsare wayengakuvanga ngokufa kukayise osekhulile. Imfazwe yaphela ixesha.

Ukuwunqoba kwesiSithili

UNebukhadinezari II wabusa iBhabheli ngo-605-562. BC. E. Imbali yaseMpuma mandulo ayayazi ukumkani omkhulu kunaye. Ukususela ekuqaleni kokulawula kwakhe, uFaro wabakhokela umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle, ulungelelanisa kunye nabanquli bakhe.

Ukufa kwayeka umkhosi wakhe wempi ngokulwa neYiputa. Ngethuba leminyaka yokuqala yokuqala yokuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, uNebukhadinezari II wenza ixesha elilahlekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba abaseBhabhiloni bashiya iSithili (ummandla phakathi kwe-Ewufrathe noLwandle lweMeditera), iinkosana zendawo zazama ukubuyisana noFaro. Ookuqala ukuhlawulela esi sixeko sase-Ascalon, apho abantu basePilesteni bahlala khona.

Elichweba eliselunxwemeni lweLwandle lweMeditera lwalunye lwezona zicebile ePalestina. Kungenzeka ukuba yindlela ehamba phambili yokuhweba ngamazwe ngamazwe aseJiputa kunye neSiriya, iMesopotamia, iGrisi neRoma. Indlela yayibizwa ngokuba "yindlela yolwandle". Abanikazi be sixeko bafumana inzuzo enkulu kwintengiso. Umbuso waseAsiriya wangaphambili wazama ukuwulawula.

UKumkani uAbronon Adon, efunda ukuba umkhosi waseBhabhiloni wayeza kuye, wathumela umthunywa eYiputa ukuba acele uncedo kuNecho II. UFaro akazange athumele iziqinisekiso, kwaye ngo-603 BC. E. Isixeko sathatyathwa ngqwithi.

Ubudlelwane namaYuda

Emva kokusinqoba, umkhosi wobukumkani obutsha baseBabiloni wathatha ikhefu elifutshane, waza wabuyela ngaphesheya kwelakwaYuda. Uthe ukumkani waseYerusalem, uJoachim, akazange afune ukuphinda abuyele kwi-Ayaloni naseNineve. Wathumela kuNebhudenetsare umbuso ngezipho ezibiza kakhulu kwaye wathembisa ukuhlawula rhoqo. Oku kugcina iYerusalem ukusuka ekubhujisweni. Ngoko ukumkani waseBhabhiloni wanqoba i-Zarekie nePalestine, ukulahla uFaro umGibhithe onempembelelo kulo lonke elase-Asiya.

Xa uNebukhadinezari II eya empini eAfrika, imizi yamaYuda yavukela, engafuni ukuhlawula umvuzo. Ngo-597 BC. E. Imikhosi yaseBhabhiloni yayiphinde idibene neendonga zaseYerusalem. Eli xesha izipho azilondolozi uYehoyakini. Wabanjwa waza wabulawa. Esikhundleni sokuba ukumkani obulawe, unyana wakhe uYehoyakin wafakwa etroneni. Ukugqiba ukunqoba kwelakwaYuda kunye nokukhanyela umnqweno wokuvukela kwakhona, uNebukhadinezari II wayala ukuthunjwa kwamalungu azo zonke iintsapho zamaYuda ezizukileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka emibini kamva, uYehoyakin waqalisa ukulandela umgaqo-nkqubo ojoliswe kwiBhabheli. Kwaye umkhosi wangena eYerusalem, waqhayisa indlu yasebukhosini kunye netempile yaseYerusalem, apho kwakuye kubanjwe khona izinto ezininzi ezingcwele. UYehova wathinjelwa eMesophotamiya, kunye nomalume wakhe uZedekiya wamiswa esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ukongezelela, amawaka ayiwaka lamaYuda axoshwa kuloo mzi.

IBhabhiloni

Iminyaka engamashumi amabini yokuqala yokubusa kukaNebhukadenetsare II yaphawulwa yimfazwe neYiputa kunye namazwe aseAsia. Emva kwelakwaYuda, iFenike kunye nemizi yakhe ecebileyo iTsidon neTire yawa.

AmaJordanian aseMowabhi nakwa-Amon awanqotshwa. Yiyo impendulo kumbuzo weliphi ilizwe kunye nabantu abaye banqoba ubukumkani obutsha baseBabiloni. UFaro waseGibithe walahlekelwa onke ama-satellites akhe. Ngo-582 BC. E. Kwasayinwa isivumelwano soxolo, apho i-jure yayigxininisa iBhabhiloni eMbindi Mpuma.

Ukuphakama kwelizwe

Imifuno yezoqoqosho ihlabathi elijongene phantsi kweNebhukadenetsare lavumela iBhabhiloni ukuba yakha kwakhona, eyayiphangwa amaxesha amaninzi ngexesha lokulawula u-Asiriya. Kwakhiwa indlu entsha yobukhulu, kwaye ngasentla kweso sixeko kwavela kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zokulinda. Olu bunzima obuyingqayizivele lube yinye yezinto ezimangalisayo ezisixhenxe zehlabathi kunye ne- Alexandre lighthouse, iipramramid zaseYiputa.

Umda wobukumkani obutsha baseBabiloni wawugcinwa ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa uNebukhadinezari II akazange alibale ngokukhuseleko kwendlunkulu yakhe. Iindonga zeso sixeko zavuselelwa ngokutsha, ziguqula zibe yi-bastion engenakulinganiswa. Isakhiwo esiye sathuthukisa ubomi bomntu oqhelekileyo. Iindlela ezintsha zakhiwa kulo lonke ubukumkani. Siyabonga kubo, abathengisi behlabathi lonke banokukhawuleza bawela ilizwe beze bathengise impahla yabo eBhabheli, eyayizalisa umnini-mali.

IMpuma yasendulo yafikelela ekuphambili kwayo ngokuphuhliswa kwezolimo kwiindawo ezivundisayo zaseMesopotamia. Kwibukumkani obutsha baseBabiloni, kwakhiwa izitya kunye nemigodi eyayivumela ukunkcenkceshela ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo ezintsha.

Kumkani nababingeleli

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zikaNebukhadinezari kwakuphela ekupheleni kokwakhiwa kwe-Zigurat Etemenanka, eyayihlala kwisixeko ukususela ngexesha likaHammurabi. Abaphandi kunye nabavubukuli baqwalasela esi sakhiwo umboniso weNqaba iNdumba yaseBhabheli. Ukuphakama kwesakhiwo kufinyelele kwiimitha ezingama-91, ezo zihlandlo zazingekho irekhodi elipheleleyo.

I-Ziggurat yayiyinkonzo yenkonzo yonqulo. EBhabhiloni iempembelelo zababingeleli zazikhulu. Le ndawo yedwa yedwa owayenelungelo lokusombulula izigqibo zenkosi. Ngaloo ndlela iinduna zazilawula njani ubukumkani obutsha baseBhabhiloni? Kuyaphawuleka apha ukuba ukumkani wayehlala ebonisana nabafundisi kwaye akenzanga nto ngaphandle kwemvume yabo.

Ngokomzekelo, uNebukhadinezari ngokwakhe wayexhomeke ngakumbi kwiklasi yonqulo. Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe wayenandipha ihlabathi, wenza ilizwe lakhe ilizwe. U-tsar wafa ngo-562 BC. E. Emva koko, ixesha lembambano yombambano yaqhambuka eBhabheli kunye nokubethelwa kwendlu. Urhulumente wagcinwa kuphela ngenxa yamandla okugcina, awayebanjwe ngexesha lolawulo lukaNabopolassar noNebukadinesari II.

Imfazwe nePersi

Ubukumkani besiBabiloni besibini bulahlekile ngenxa yokuphakama kwamandla amatsha-iPersi. Eli lizwe lalawulwa ngu-Aemenid, ngoko kwimbali-nkcukacha ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa yi-Aemenid empire. Umbuso wabonakala ngo-550 BC. E. Yayisungulwa nguKoreshi II Omkhulu, owafika emagunyeni emva kokuvukela ngokuphumelelayo kuMedia.

Ukususela ekuqaleni ubukumkani obutsha baseBabiloni nasePersi baba ngabadlali ababi kakhulu. Le ngquzulwano ibangelwa yiminqweno yamakhosi, kwakunye nokuhlukana kwenkolo kunye nolwimi lwezizwe ezihlala kula mazwe.

Ekuqaleni iBhabhiloni yaxhasa ezo zikumkani ezazizifumana endleleni yokunyuka kwamaPersi. UKoresi II waphenduka wathabatha amaMedi, uLidiya, i-Ionia, eCaria kunye noLycia. Lawa ngamazwe kwintsimi yase-Iran kunye ne-peninsula yase- Asia Minor. Emva kokuphumelela kokuqala, uKoresi wanquma ukuhlasela iBhabhiloni ngokwakhe.

UNabonidus v. UKoresi

Umlawuli wokugqibela woBukumkani boBukumkani, uNabonidus, wayejongene nobungozi bokufa. Wafumana inkxaso encinane evela eYiputa, kodwa ayizange imncede. IBhabhiloni yagqiba ukuphikisana kwehlabathi ngaphakathi. Ingxaki ebaluleke kakhulu yayingamaYuda ahluphekileyo, aqhubeka echasene naluphi na uxinzelelo, nangona ixinzelelo kunye nokuwa kweYerusalem ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

Xa uKoreshi wahlasela ubukumkani obutsha baseBabiloni, ukuvukelana kwamazwe kwasekudala. Abalawuli bephondo babethukile baphendukela kumaPersi ukugcina ubomi babo. Umkhosi weentshaba wathatha iBhabheli ngo-539 BC. E. Emva koko, isixeko siphumelele ukubaluleka kwayo kwezopolitiko. I-Cyr Ngokwenkqubo yashiya isihloko senkosi yaseBhabhiloni, kodwa ilizwe ngokwalo ekugqibeleni lalahlekelwa ukuzimela kwayo.

IBhabheli yaze yaba yinto-dolophu yaseAlexandro Omkhulu, kodwa kwikhulu le-III BC. E. Ekugqibeleni yawela ekuhleni kwaye yachithwa. Amanxuwa ayo atyelela ingqwalasela yabadala be-archaeologists banamhlanje kwiXIXX.