BaseJamani. Inkolo nobomi baseJamani bamandulo

Kwiminyaka emininzi, imithombo ebalulekileyo yolwazi malunga nendlela abadala baseJamani abahlala ngayo kwaye basebenza ngayo yimisebenzi yabalwazi bamaRoma nabapolitiki: uStrabo, uPliny Omdala, uJulius Caesar, uTacitus, kunye nabanye ababhali becawa. Ngokumalunga nolwazi olunokwethenjelwa, ezi ncwadi kunye namanqaku ziqulethe ukucatshulwa nokugqwetha. Ukongezelela, abalobi basendulo abazange bahlale bezopolitiko, imbali kunye nenkcubeko yezizwe ezingafani. Zibeka ngokuthe ngqo ukuba "zibekwe phezu komhlaba", okanye yintoni eyabangela ukuba ibe yimpembelelo enamandla kunazo zonke. Ewe, yonke le mi sebenzi inika ingcamango efanelekileyo yobomi bezizwe zaseJamani ekupheleni kweminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokudlulelwa kwezinto zakudala zakudala kwafunyanwa ukuba abalobi bexesha elidala, bachaza iinkolelo kunye nobomi baseJamani bamandulo, baphoswa kakhulu. Yikuphi, nangona kunjalo, akuyikuphazamisa ukufaneleka kwabo.

Imvelaphi nokusabalaliswa kwezizwe zaseJamani

Izizwe zaseJamani ziyi-Indo-European. Ekuqaleni kwe-millennium yokuqala BC. E. Ulwimi lwasePragermanic lwaluhluke kwiilwimi zasePra-Indo-Yurophu, kwaye ama-ethnos aseJamani akhiwa kwi-6th-1st centuries BC. E., nangona kungenjalo ngokupheleleyo. Izitya zakwa-Oder, iReina ne-Elbe imifula ziqatshelwa njengelizwe labahlali base-German. Izizwe zazininzi kakhulu. Babengenalo igama kunye nexesha abazange baqonde ubudlelwane kunye nomnye. Kunengqiqo ukuluhlula ezinye zazo. Ngoko, kwintsimi yeScandinavia yanamhlanje ihlala id, i-gaut ne-svei. Empuma yoMlambo i-Elbe kwakukho impahla yeGoths, iVandals kunye neBurgundi. Ezi zizwe zazingenangqungquthela: zihlupheke kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlasela kwama-Huns, zazisasazeka kwihlabathi lonke kwaye zatshatyalaliswa. Kwaye phakathi kweRhin no-Elbe bahlalisa i-Teutons, i-Saxons, iIngles, i-Batavi, i-Franks. Banika amaJamani, amaBritani, amaDatshi, amaFrentshi amhla. Ukongezelela kulabo bachazwe, kwakukho i-yutas, i-friezes, i-cherusks, i-Germundures, ama-cymbals, ama-sveves, amabastarns nabanye abaninzi. BaseJamani Ukufudukela ikakhulu ukusuka ekumntla ukuya kumzantsi, okanye ngokuthe ngqo - ukuya kumzantsi-ntshona, owasongela amaphondo aseRoma. Baye bavuma ngokuzithandela amazwe asempuma (eSlavic) .

Ukukhankanywa kokuqala kwamaJamani

Mayelana nezizwe ezinjengeemfazwe zehlabathi la mandulo zazifunda phakathi kwekhulu le-4 BC. E. Ukususela kumanqaku omnxweme wolwandle uPythia, oye wahamba waya emanxwemeni olwandle lwaseMntla (eJamani). Emva koko amaJamani amemezela ngokwawo ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-2 BC. E: izizwe zeTeuton neCimbri, ezishiye iJutland, zahlasela iGaul zaza zafika e-Alpine Italy.

UGaius Marius wakwazi ukuwayeka, kodwa ukususela kuloo mzuzwana umbuso waqala ukubukela ngokuqinileyo umsebenzi wabamelwane abanobungozi. Ngako oko, izizwe zesiJalimane zaqala ukudibanisa ukuze zomeleze amandla abo empi. Phakathi kwekhulu le-1 BC. E. UJulius Caesar ebudeni beGallic War wabangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwabaseSuevians. AmaRoma afinyelela ku-Elbe, kwaye emva kancinane - waya kuWeser. Kwakulo xesha kwaqala ukubonakala imisebenzi yenzululwazi echaza ubomi kunye nenkolo yeentlanga zokuhlaziya. Kuzo (ngesandla esilula sikaKhesare) igama elithi "amaJamani" laqala ukusetyenziswa. Ngendlela, oku akuyikho igama. Imvelaphi yegama nguCeltic. "IsiJamani" "ngummelwane ohlala naye". Isizwe sasendulo samaJamani, okanye kunokuba ligama layo - "i-Teutons", lisetyenziswe izazinzulu njengegama elifanayo.

AmaJamani kunye nabamelwane

Ngasentshonalanga nakumazantsi kunye namaJamani, amaCelt ayengabamelwane. Inkcubeko yabo yenkcubeko yayiphezulu. Ngaphandle, abameli beli lizwe babefana. AmaRoma ayehlala edideka, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha babecinga ukuba bangabantu abodwa. Nangona kunjalo, iiCelt kunye namaJamani azizihlobo. Ukufana kwenkcubeko yabo kuhambelana nommandla osondeleyo, imitshato edibeneyo, urhwebo.

Empuma, amaJamani anqamle kwiSlav, izizwe zaseBaltic kunye neFinnns. Ewe, zonke izi zizwe zenza impembelelo komnye nomnye. Inokulandelwa ngolwimi, amasiko, iindlela zokwenza ishishini. AmaJamani amanamhlanje inzala yamaSlav namaCelt ayenziwa ngamaJamani. AmaRoma athi ukukhula okuphezulu kwamaSlav kunye namaJamani, kunye noboya obukhanyayo okanye obomvu kunye nobuso obomvu (okanye grey). Ukongezelela, abameli bezi zizwana babenomfanekiso ofana neengqayi, ezafunyanwa ngexesha lokuphandwa kwezinto zakudala.

AmaSlav kunye namaJamani asendulo Yakha abahloli bamaRoma abagcini nje ngobuhle bemvelo kunye neempawu, kodwa kunye nokunyamezela. Enyanisweni, abafudlulileyo babelokhu becingelwa ngoxolo, ngelixa ezi zilandelayo zibhekwa njengento enobudlova kunye nokugembula.

Kubonakala

Njengoko sele kukhankanywe, amaJamani ayebonakala ngathi amaRoma ayinamandla kwaye aphakamileyo. Amadoda akhululekileyo ayembethe iinwele ezinde kwaye akazange aphuce iindevu. Kwezinye izizwe, kwakuqhelekileyo ukubopha izinwele emva kwentloko. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, bekufanele ukuba kube kude, kuba iinwele ezinqambileyo zibonakalisa uphawu lwekhoboka. Impahla yamaJamani yayinzima kakhulu, ekuqaleni yayibuhlungu. Bakhetha iingubo zesikhumba, ii-capes zeboya. Bobabini abesilisa nabesifazane babesilungelelwano: kwimeko yokubandayo babethwele iikhati ezimfutshane. IYamani yesiGrike yayingakholelwa ngokungenangqiqo ukuba iimpahla ezongezelelweyo zonakalisa intshukumo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amajoni akazange abe nezixhobo zokulwa. Noko ke, iiklasi, kunjalo, nangona kungenjalo.

Abafazi ababengatshatanga baseJamani behamba kunye neenwele zabo, abafazi abatshatileyo banxiba iinwele zabo ngeenwele zoboya. Le ntloko yayingumqondiso. Iingubo zeendoda kunye nabasetyhini zifana: izihlangu zesikhumba okanye iibhotile, i-windings ye-woolen. Izambatho zazihlotshiswe ngamafibula kunye neenkumbi.

Inkqubo yentlalontle yamaJamani amandulo

Imibutho yezoLuntu nezopolitiko zamaJamani azizange zihluke kwiinkathazo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ezi zizwe zineenkqubo zezindlu. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yintlupheko yoluntu. Kule nkqubo, akukho mntu ohlukeneyo, kodwa usapho, kubalulekile. Uyilwe ngabahlobo begazi abahlala kuloo dolophana, basebenzisane umhlaba kwaye bahambisane ngesifungo segazi. Izizwe ezininzi zenza isizwe. Zonke izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zeJamani zamandulo zithatha, ziqokelela ingxaki. Le yayiyigama lebandla leentlanga. Ngolwimi, izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zithathwe: umhlaba olwabiwo lwabantu abaphakathi kokuzalwa, izigwenxa ezizamile, ukulungisa iingxabano, ukuqukumbela izivumelwano zoxolo, iimfazwe ezivakalisiweyo kunye neempi. Apha la madoda asemancinci ahlanjululwa kwiimfazwe kwaye atyunjwe, njengoko kuyimfuneko, iinkokheli zemikhosi - izikhulu. Amadoda akhululekileyo kuphela avunyelwe ukujoyina i-ting, kodwa akubona bonke babenelungelo lokwenza iintetho (oku kwavunyelwa kuphela kubadala kunye namalungu ahloniphekileyo kwintsapho / isizwe). AmaJamani ayekhoboka lobukhoboka. Amalungelo athile angenawo amahala, aphethe umhlaba, ahlala endlwini yomnini. Abazange babulawe bengenakuhlawulwa.

Umbutho wezempi

Iimbali zamaJamani zamandulo zizele iingxabano. Amadoda ahlawula ixesha elide kwi shishini lomkhosi. Ngaphambi kokuba iiprogram ezichanekileyo ngokumelene namazwe aseRoma aqale, amaJamani awakha isizwe sakwa-elite-i-Edelings. I-Edelings yayingabantu abaye bahlula ekulweni. Akunakutsholwa ukuba banamalungelo akhethekileyo, kodwa babe negunya.

Ekuqaleni, amaJamani ayekhetha ("aphakanyiselwa kwinqaba") iinduna kuphela xa kwenzeka ingozi yomkhosi. Kodwa ekuqaleni kweMfudumalo ePhambili yeZizwe, baqala ukukhetha ookumkani (konungs) kwi-Edelings ubomi. Ookumkani babekho entloko yezizwe. Bafumana ama-brigade asisigxina kwaye wabanika konke okuyimfuneko (ngokuqhelekileyo emva kwephulo eliphumelelayo). Ukunyaniseka kwinkokeli kwakungavamile. AmaJamani amandulo ayicinga ukuba ahlaziye ekulweni apho ukumkani wawa khona. Kule meko, yindlela yokuphela yokuzibulala.

Emkhosini wamaJamani kwakukho umgaqo wesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba izalamane zisoloko zilwela umxhelo. Mhlawumbi, le nto ibonisa ukugqithisa kunye nokungahloneli kwamajoni.

AmaJamani ayelwa ngeenyawo. Amahhashi ayebonakala ekupheleni, amaRoma ayengamaqondo aphantsi. Isixhobo esiyinhloko saqhawe sasingumkhonto (kusuka). Umlenze odumileyo weSax wamandulo waseJalimane wawusasazeka. Emva koko kwavela i-axhi kunye ne-spatha-ikrele likaCelt.

Qoqosho

Iimbali-mlando zakudala zazihlala zichaza amaJamani njengabelusi-abama-nomads. Ngaphezu koko, kwakukho imbono yokuba amadoda ayebandakanyeke kuphela kwimfazwe. Ucwaningo lwezinto zakudala lweeminyaka ye-19-20 lubonisa ukuba yonke into yayingafani. Okokuqala, babehlala ngendlela ehleliweyo yokuphila, ababandakanya iinkqubo zokuzalisa iinkomo kunye nokulima. Uluntu lwaseJalimane lwamaxesha amandulo anamahlathi, amadlelo namasimi. Enyanisweni, ezi zimbalwa zazingabalwa, kuba ininzi yemimandla elawulwa yiJamani yayihlala ngamahlathi. Nangona kunjalo, amaJamani akhula ama-oats, rye nerley. Kodwa ukuzalisa iinkomo neegusha kwakungundoqo. AmaJamani ayengenayo imali, ubutyebi babo babalwa ngenani leentloko zeenkomo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, amaJamani ayenako ngokufanelekileyo ukucokisa isikhumba aze athengise ngokuthe ngqo. Baye benza iingubo zelinen kunye neflekisi.

Bayiqonda ubuninzi bezothusi, isilivere kunye neyinyithi, kodwa bambalwa abanomrhwebi womthengisi. Ngexesha elide, amaJamani afunda indlela yokwenza iDamasko intsimbi kwaye enze iimpondo eziphezulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-Saxon, iqela lokulwa laseJamani lasendulo, alizange liphume.

Iinkolelo

Ulwazi malunga neenkolelo zonqulo zabarbade, ezifunyenwe ngabadumi beembali bamaRoma, zincinci, ziphikisana kwaye zicacile. I-Tacitus ibhala ukuba amaJamani amanyanisa amandla emvelo, ingakumbi ilanga. Ngexesha elide, iziganeko zendalo zenziwe ngabantu. Ngaloo ndlela, kubonakala, unqulo lwe Donar (Thor), unkulunkulu wesiqhwithi.

AmaJamani aseTivaz, umphathi weemfazwe, ahlonishwa kakhulu. Ngokutsho kweTacitus, benza imibingelelo yabantu ngenxa yakhe. Ukongezelela, wazinikela izixhobo kunye neentonga kwiintshaba ezifa. Ukongezelela koothixo "abaqhelekileyo" (uDonara, Wodan, Tivaz, Fro), isizwe ngasinye sidumisa "oomntu", oothixo abangabonakaliyo. Iitempile azizange zakha amaJamani: zathandaza emahlathini (ezintabeni ezingcwele) okanye ezintabeni. Kufuneka kuthiwe inkolo yendabuko yamandulo aseJamani ( abo babehlala kwilizwe) Kwakunokutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza ngobuKristu. Mayelana noKristu, amaJamani afunda kwikhulu lesi-3 sibonga kumaRoma. Kodwa kwi-Peninsula yaseScandinavia ubuhedeni bahlala ixesha elide. Yayibonakaliswa kwimiqulu yenkcubeko eyabhalwa ngexesha lama-Middle Ages ("Umdala Edda" kunye ne "Young Young Edda").

INkcubeko kunye nobuGcisa

AmaJamani ayephatha abaprofetikazi nabaprofetikazi ngokuhlonela nangenhlonipho. Ababingeleli bahamba kunye nemikhosi. Baye batyholwa ngokuqhuba imfundiso yecawa (imibingelelo), banqwenela oothixo, bajezisa izigwenxa kunye neentlanzi. Abaprofetikazi babebandakanyeka ngokuhlambalaza: ngeentonga zezilwanyana ezingcwele kunye neentshaba ezithinteleyo, ngegazi eligelezayo kunye nokumemeza kwamahashe.

AmaJamani aseMandulo adala ngokuzenzekelayo iingubo zetsimbi kwi "style style", ebolekwa, mhlawumbi, ukusuka kumaCelt, kodwa babengenaso isiko sokubonisa oothixo. Imifanekiso eqhelekileyo, eqhelekileyo yoothixo, eyayifumaneka kwiibhogi, yayingeniselo kuphela. Ayibonakalisi intengiso yobugcisa. Nangona kunjalo, ifenitshala kunye nezinto zasekhaya amaJamani azihlobisa ngobuchule.

Ngokwababhali-mlando, amaJamani amandulo ayethanda umculo, okwakubaluleke kakhulu kwimikhosi. Badlala imirhubhe kunye neengoma, benza iingoma.

AmaJamani asebenzisa iilekisi ezihambelana. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwakungenjongo yeetekisi ezide. Iimgijimi zazingcwele. Ngosizo lwabo, abantu bajikela koothixo, bazama ukuxela kwangaphambili ixesha elizayo, badala izilo. Imibhalo emfutshane ye-runic ifumaneka kumatye, izinto zobomi bemihla ngemihla, kwizixhobo kunye neengwele. Ngaphandle kokungathandabuzeki, inkolo yamaJamani amandulo ibonakaliswe kwileta yokubhala. I-Scandinavians runes yaqhubeka yada yada yagqitywa kwangekhulu le-16.

Ukusebenzisana neRoma: iMfazwe kunye noRhwebo

IGermania Magna, okanye iGermany enkulu, ayizange ibe yiphondo laseRoma. Ekupheleni kwexesha, njengoko sele kuthethwe ngaye, amaRoma anqoba izizwe ezihlala empuma yomlambo i-Rhine. Kodwa ngonyaka we-9 n. E. Amabutho aseRoma phantsi komyalelo weCherius Arminius (Herman) anqotyelwa kwiHlabathi laseTeutoburg, kwaye le sifundo i-Imperials ikhunjulwe ixesha elide.

Umda phakathi kweRoma ekhanyisiweyo kunye neYurophu yasendle yaqala ukulala kunye neRhin, iDanube kunye neLimes. Apha, amaRoma aphethe amabutho, iinqwelwe ezakhelwe kunye nezixeko ezisekelwe kulolu suku (umzekelo, i-Mainz-Mogontsiakum, neVindobonu (iVienna)).

AmaJamani amandulo kunye nobukhosi baseRoma awazange alwe rhoqo. Kuze kube phakathi kwekhulu lesi-3 AD. E. Izizwana zahlala zinoxolo. Ngeli xesha, urhwebo luye lwaphuhliswa, okanye kunoko utshintsho. AmaJamani awanikela amaRoma ngamakhanda, iinkumbi, amakhoboka, kunye nama-amber, kwaye athatyathwa ngokuthengisa impahla yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezixhobo. Kancinci baqhelisela ukusebenzisa imali. Izizwe zabantu ngabanye babe namalungelo: umzekelo, ilungelo lokuthengisa umhlaba wamaRoma. Amaninzi amaninzi yaba ngamagosa avela kubalawuli bamaRoma.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuhlasela kwama-Huns (amanxeba avela empuma), eyaqala ngekhulu le-4 AD E., "bashukumisela" amaJamani ukusuka emizini yabo, kwaye baphinda baqhubela emaphandleni.

Amandulo aseJamani kunye noBukumkani baseRoma

Ngethuba lokuqala kweMfudumalo ePhambili yeZizwe, iinjongo ezinamandla zaseJamani zaqala ukudibanisa izizwe: kuqala ngenjongo yokukhusela kumaRoma, kwaye ngoko-ngenjongo yokubamba nokuphanga amaphondo abo. Ngekhulu le-5, ubukhosi bonke baseNtshona babanjwa. Kwiindawo zalo ezibhuqiweyo, ubukumkani be-Ostrogoth, i-Franks, ii-Anglo-Saxons zakhiwa. Isixeko esingunaphakade sazingqingwa kwaye saphangwa ngamanye amaninzi ngeli xesha lexakeka. Izizwe zentengiso zazikhethela ngokukhethekileyo. Ngo-476 AD E. URomulus Augustul, umbusi wokugqibela waseRoma, wanyanzelwa ukuba aphephe phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-Odoacr.

Inkqubo yentlalontle yamaJamani endala yagqitywa. Ukususela kwindlela yokuphila yobomi abahlali be-barbariya baya kwi-feudal. I-Middle Ages yafika.