U-Ivan oyikrakra: ukubonakaliswa kobuntu kufutshane. Ukuvavanywa kwemisebenzi ka-Ivan eyingozi

I-tsar yokuqala ye-Russia yonke i-Ivan ye-Fourth, okanye i- Ivan i-Terrible, ubunobuntu bayo bunomdla kubaninzi bethu bemihla ngemihla, abayifumana ngexesha lakhe lokulawula isixa esikhulu semhlaba, ngamanye amaxesha bathatha indlela ekhohlakeleyo. Kwakhona kwaziwa ngokudala inkqubo yolawulo oluphambili. Kodwa ayaziwa ukuba yintoni eyongezelelekileyo kumdlali wakhe: kulungile phambi kobuso okanye isiqhelo nesimo esingenakunqandwa?

U-Ivan oyikrakra: ubuntu kunye nexesha, kunye nomoya ojikelezayo

I-Russian tsar, eyabusa ukususela ngo-1547, yayingumzukulu ka-Ivan Omkhulu kunye nendodana kaBasil III. Unina unkosikazi waseMongol. Xa u-Ivan wayeneminyaka emithathu ubudala, uyise wafa, kunye neminye iminyaka emihlanu kamva unina wafa (ngokweminye imithombo, mhlawumbi unobuthi). Kuye kwinkwenkwe ekhulayo yabusa umoya wokubambisana nokukhohlisa. Abantu abaselula banenkxalabo yezempilo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi, ukuphathwa kunye nokungahambi kwemfundo.

Umzabalazo kwibhotwe yamandla ukhula ubandlululo. U-Ivan ngokwakhe wayedla ngokubona okanye ukuva ngokubulala nokubetha. Kwakhona wayedla ngokuzihlambalaza. Akunakukwazi ukubetha abahlushwa bakhe, waphazamiseka kwizilwanyana ezingakhuselekanga, ezazithuthunyiswa kakubi kwaye zaphonswa eziqongweni zeendonga. Ngoko ndachitha ixesha lokuba ngumntwana u-Ivan oyiNkqantosi. Impawu zobuntu bakhe - umsebenzi obunzima, kuba uninzi luyaziwa ngaye, kodwa ngakumbi lukhohliwe okanye lulele.

Ufundiswe, unqabile kwaye ... ngokuzimela okukhulu

Ngexesha elifanayo, u-Ivan uyazibandakanya ngokukhululekileyo ekufundeni iincwadi aze azifunde ngezinga elimangalisayo. Ubhala uninzi, ufunda ukudlala umculo kwaye uba ngumkhwele omkhulu. Ngengqiqo, wayenokuphuhliswa ngokugqithiseleyo kunokwakhe. Ubuntu kunye nokubonakaliswa kwe-Ivan okuyikrakra ngeli xesha likarhulumente liye lafundiswa ngokugqithisileyo ngabaphengululi abaninzi. Le ndoda ibetha ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye ifunde ukuba iyakwazi ukubekwa ngokulula kunye nabalawuli abanobuchule.

Ewe, ukhohlakele, kodwa ngelo xesha uthanda kakhulu kwaye uhlala ebona imidaniso eyinkimbinkimbi yama-Orthodoxy. Uthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi ethile yecawa. Kwishumi elinesithandathu, ngo-1547, u-Ivan wathweswa umqhele. Emva kweeveki ezintathu watshata noAnastasia Romanovna Zakharina-Yuryeva.

Wakhethwa kwi-parade yamantombazana ayinikwe kumlawuli omncinane. Indlovukazi yamzalela abantwana abathandathu, abo babini kuphela ababesinda. Ngethuba lokuhlala kwabo iminyaka elishumi elinamithathu, u-Anastasia wayenomdla wokuthoba umyeni wakhe onenkani, onentloni nokungaqiniseki.

Ukuqala kukaRhulumente: Inkokeli yenkokheli

Kwakukho ngeli xesha, ukususela ngo-1547 ukuya ku-1560, ukuba ukuhlolwa kobuntu kunye nemisebenzi ka-Ivan eyingozi, njengomthetho, inayo impawu ezintle. Uba ngumkhokeli onobuqili kunye nobukhoboka. U-Ivan wamisela ibhunga elicebisa, wasungula iNdibano yesiZwe yokuguqulwa kwamanyathelo kwiibhunga likarhulumente wengingqi kwaye yaqulunqa imigaqo emitsha yemithetho eyayixanduva kunye nemisebenzi ye-aristocracy.

Ubuntu bukaTsar Ivan obuthusayo buya kuthiwa buyaziwayo kuphela kwilizwe laseRussia. Ulawula uVolga kunye nokufikelela kwiLwandle laseCaspian, ukhuthaza urhwebo kunye namazwe ahlukene aseYurophu, kuquka neNgilani, eFransi naseHolland. Ngaphezu koko, ukumema abaphathi belizwe langaphandle, bahlobisa uMoscow. Kwaye kufuneka ichongwe ngokukhethekileyo ngomgaqo-nkqubo ophezulu wezolawulo. Yiyo indlela u-Ivan oyi-Terrible aqala ngayo ukubusa, umlinganiso walo owaziwayo kuphela kwiimbali-mlando, kodwa nakwabantu abaninzi abafunde kakuhle.

Ukuvuswa kobugwenxa

Ngo-1553, u-Ivan wesine uhlaselwa sisifo esibi, ngexesha apho uqala ukukrokrela izikhulu zakhe zokungathembeki. Uthatha isigqibo sokuziphindezela kwiintsapho zawo, esebenzisa ukuhlushwa nokubulawa. Kwaye xa umfazi wakhe efa ngowe-1560, ixesha lobudlova be-bestial luqala.

Ngoku kwangaphambi kokuba abantu bahlale behluke ngokupheleleyo i-Ivan - Grozny. Ubunjani bobu bomi balaba kumkani buqondwa kakuhle nakwikharityhulam yekharityhulam, kwaye ngamnye umfundi uyazi ukuba ukususela ngelo xesha uqala ukungafani nentshutshiso engenamkhawulo. Ubomi bentsapho ka-Ivan we-Fourth buba nzima ngakumbi, kugxininisa intshukumo yakhe, ukungaqiniseki kunye nesimo sengqondo somntu.

Ubomi bentsapho obudibeneyo

Ngomnyaka we-1561 watshata nomhlekazi uMary Temryukovna, kodwa kungekudala uyadinwa. Kwiminyaka emibini emva kokufa kwakhe, u-Ivan watshata noMarta Vasilievna Sobakina, intombi yomrhwebi ofa kwiiveki ezimbini.

Umfazi wesine ka-Ivan the Terrible u-Anna Alekseevna Koltovskaya. Uyithumela kwi-monastery, kwaye ngo-1575 uwathatha ixesha lesihlanu ku-Anna Grigoryevna Vasilchikova. Igosa elingenangqiqo lazithandwa ngumntu othandekayo, lowo u-Ivan the Four wayemtyalile kwisigxina phantsi kwefestile yakhe, kwaye wayemxhaphaze umfazi wesifebe ngokwakhe. Umfazi wakhe wokugqibela nguMaria Feodorovna Nagaya. U-Ivan wesine wamtshata ngo-1581. Kukho iinguqulelo abathile abafazi bakaGrozny bafe ngenxa yetyhefu.

UMlawuli, udumileyo ngenxa yobugwenxa

Kakade, abafundi baziwa ngabantu abaninzi bembali. U-Ivan oyisibi, uPetros Omkhulu, uCatherine II kunye njalo. Kodwa u-Ivan weNine ngulo kumkani, malunga nawo wonke umntu owake weva, nokuba ngubani ongaqhelani nembali nhlobo. Yintoni eyabangela ukuba udumo olunjalo luphela?

Mhlawumbi, eli lixesha elinobukrakra lolawulo lwakhe, olunezimbali zalo ukusuka ngo-1564 ukuya ku-1572. Xa, ngokwemvelaphi yembali, uJohn Vasilievich wahlushwa kakubi waza wabulala izigidi zabantu bakhe, kwaye baninzi ngezandla zakhe. Injongo yakhe yayikukuhlambulula umhlaba "wezinto ezikhohlakeleyo." Ngomhla we-1570, ngesiseko seentlawulo ezingenakuqinisekiswa zokugwenxa, isixeko sonke saseNovogorod sahlushwa. Abemi abangamashumi amathandathu amawaka banqanyulwa ngaphandle kweveki enye.

Ngaba kufanelekile ukugweba ngokucacileyo lo mbandela wembali

U-Ivan weMine weMithetho kude kube ngu-1584. Omnye ovela kwiimbali-zembali ubeka iinkonzo zakhe kumandla, umntu uhlambalaza ngenxa yokusola nokukhwabanisa, abaninzi banomsola ngenxa ye-infanticide ... Ungazifumana njani ukuba ziphi na ezilungileyo? Okukuphela kwendlela enokuyenza kukuba ungene kwimbali, kodwa kuya kuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu. Ngoko ke, siya kuhamba ngenye indlela. Yintoni eya kunceda ukwazi umntu ngamnye ngcono, nokuba ngumalume wommelwane uVasya okanye u-Ivan owaziwayo u-Terrible? Impawu zobuntu. Ngokufutshane uhlala kwiinkcukacha ezisisiseko kuphela, umntu unokuphawula ukukhankanya kwakhe okungenamkhawulo, ukukhwabanisa nokunyaniseka okukhulu. Ngokweembali-mlando, ezi zizinto ezibalaseleyo zobunzima bokumkani.

Ngethuba lokulawula kwakhe, kwakungekho naluphi na usapho lwabazali abaluzukileyo olungathintekiyo kukuthanda kukaFaro. Amazwe ahlukahlukeneyo ezolimo awashiywa ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kwe-oprichniki, kwaye abanini-mhlaba baphoqeleka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo befuna ukusindiswa. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba bengabibizanga lo mntu: umtyholi, umdakala, umonakalo, umbulali wonyana wakhe ... "Ngokubanzi," umfundi uya kuthi, "ubuntu obunzima." Kwaye ubuntwaneni bukaIvan the Terrible ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nto. Ngenxa yokuba, mhlawumbi, esele esemncinane, le nkwenkwe yafakwa loo nkohlakalo enobungqina obubonakala bukhulile. Ukunyuswa kwimoya eyayibusa ebudongeni, u-Ivan wesine wayengenalo ithuba lokuthetha nomama okanye uyise, akukho bani wamnika inkxaso-engekho emzimbeni okanye ngokuziphatha. Ngoko akusiyo ukuba simgwebe ngenxa yokungazinzi kwakhe okanye ukungangqinelani kwe-psyche.