Intshukumo Yengoma eChina: imbali, inkcubeko

Inkosi yaseTshayina yeNgoma iphakathi kweminyaka eyi-960, xa umlawuli woLondolozi, uZhao Kuangin, wathatha itrone ebukumkanini bukaTher Zhou. Kwakungummandla omncinci owavela kwaye wawukho kwiimeko zeemfazwe ezingapheliyo kunye neengxabano. Kancinci, ihlangene nayo yonke iChina.

Ukuphela kokuhlukana kwezombusazwe

Ixesha le-907-960, eliphelile ngokuqala kwexesha leNgoma, liqwalaselwa kwimbali yaseTshayina ngexesha lama-five kings and kingdoms ten. Ukuqhekeka kwezopolitiko kweso sihlandlo kwavela ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa nokunyanzeliswa kwamandla angaphambili (ubukho beTang), kunye nangenxa yokulwa kwexesha elide lezilwanyana. Amandla amakhulu kulo xesha kwakuyimikhosi. Yafuduka yatshintshela urhulumente, ngenxa yeeminyaka emininzi ilizwe alikwazanga ukubuya ubomi obunokuthula. Izixhobo ezizimeleyo ezixhobileyo zivela kumagosa asephondo, kwiimonastri nakwiidolophana. Amagunya apheleleyo kumaphondo abe ngu-tsedushi (abalawuli bezempi).

Ngekhulu le-10, iChina kwafuneka ibhekane nengozi entsha yangaphandle-ulwalamano lwesizwe saseKhitan oluye lwahlasela iindawo ezikumntla-mpuma yelizwe. Ezi zizwe zaseMongolia zasinda ekutshitshisweni kwemithetho yeentlanga kwaye zazinyathelo lokuvela kobuso. Inkokheli yeKhanitan Abaozi ngo-916 yamemezela ukudala ubukhosi bakhe, ebizwa ngokuba nguLiao. Ummelwane omtsha ongummangaliso waqala ukuphazamisa imfazwe yamaNdiya. Phakathi kwekhulu le-10, iKhanitan enobukrakra yayilawula izifunda ezili-16 ezisentla ezisemntla yoBukhosi baseKesimeni kwimimandla ye-Shanxi noHebei kwaye ihlala ixhalabisa amaphondo asezantsi.

Kwakungenxa yongongelo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle olwenziwa ngumntwana omtsha weNgoma. UZhao Kuangin, owasungula, wathola igama letrone leT Tai-tsu. Wenza isixeko-dolophu saseKaifeng waza waqala ukudala enye iChina. Nangona ubukumkani bakhe kwiimbali-nkcukacha zidlalwa ngokuba yiNgoma, ixesha le-Sun libhekisela kwixesha elipheleleyo kunye nobukhosi obukho ngo-960-1279, kwaye ubukhosi (intsapho) yeQuan Yin kwaziwa ngokuba nguZhao.

Ngaphakathi

Ukuze kungabi ngasemva kwembali, i-Song Dynasty ukusuka kwiintsuku zokuqala kobakho ilandelwe kwikhosi yolawulo. Okokuqala, ilizwe lifuna ukubuthathaka amandla amagosa. I-Zhao Kuangin yatshatyalalisa izithili zempi, ngaloo ndlela ilahla abalawuli bezempi base-tszedushi befuthe emhlabeni. Ukulungiswa akuzange kuphele apho.

Ngo-963 inkundla yasemkhosini yasabela zonke iinqununu zempi kweli lizwe. I-Palace Guard, eyayihlala ihleli i-coupat de state, ilahlekelwe yinto enkulu yokuzimela kwayo, kwaye imisebenzi yayo yancitshiswa. Ubukhosi baseTshayina boLanga bujoliswe ekulawuleni urhulumente, kubone kuyo inkxaso yokuzinza kwabasemagunyeni. Okokuqala iinkokheli zamagosa amakhulu zithunyelwa nakumaPhondo amaninzi nakwiidolophu ezikude. Kodwa izikhulu zamagosa ezinobungozi ezilahlekileyo zilahlekelwe amalungelo abo kubantu abaphathi.

Iingoma zengoma eChina zenze uguquko olungabonakaliyo lolawulo. Ilizwe lahlulwe ngamaphondo amatsha, aquka izithili, ulawulo lwezempi, izixeko ezinkulu kunye namasebe okuloba. Iyunithi yecandelo elincinci lokulawula laliyinkampani. Nawaphina iphondo lalawulwa ngamagosa angundoqo. Omnye ubephethe uxanduva lwezomthetho, okwesibini ekugcineni okusanhlamvu nokunkcenkceshela, okwesithathu kwiirhafu, kunye neyesine kwimicimbi yempi.

Umgaqo weNgoma yeNtetho yayibonakaliswe kukuba abasemagunyeni bahlala besetyenziselwa ukuthunyelwa kwamagosa kwisikhululo esitsha senkonzo. Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuba abaqeshwa abazange bafumane impembelelo eninzi kwiphondo labo kwaye abazange bakwazi ukuququzelela iqhinga.

Imfazwe nabamelwane

Nangona ngaphakathi kwelizwe iNgoma yenkonzo iphumelele ukuzinza, imeko yenkqubo yelizwe langaphandle ishiyeke kakhulu. I Khitan yaqhubeka ibeka ingxaki enkulu kwiChina. Iimfazwe kunye nabahlaziyiweyo abazange bakuncede ukubuyisela amaphondo asekumantla alahleke ngexesha lokuqhekeka. Ngama-1004, iNtambo yamaTyhiyibhi yaqukumbela umnqophiso kunye ne-Liao Empire, ngokuya kuthi imida yeli sibini yaqinisekiswa. Amazwe ayekwaziwa ngokuthi "ngabazalwana". Ngelo xesha, i-China ithembise ukuhlawula irhafu yaminyaka yonke yee-100,000 zesiliva zesiliva kunye ne-200,000 i-silk cuts. Ngo-1042 inkontileka entsha yagqitywa. Isixa sokuhlawula senyuka siphindwe kabini.

Phakathi kwangekhulu le-XI, ubukhosi beengoma eChina behambisana nentsha entsha. Ngasemngceleni walo osentshona-ntshona, i-Western Xia yavela. Olubukumkani lwakhiwa ngabantu baseTibetan baseTangut. Kwiminyaka eyi-1040-1044. Phakathi kwe-West Xia kunye neNgoma yeNgoma yayiyimfazwe. Kwaphela nge nyaniso yokuba i-Tanguts ixesha elide liyiqonda isikhundla sabo ngokumalunga neChina.

Ukuhlasela kweJurchen kunye nokuphangwa kweKaifeng

Ibhalansi yamazwe ngamazwe yaphulwa ekuqaleni kweXII leminyaka. Emva koko ilizwe lesiTungus leJurchen lavela eManchuria. Ngo-1115, kwavakaliswa ubukhosi baseJin. AmaTshayina, enethemba lokubuyisela amaphondo asekumantla, aphelelane kunye nabamelwane abatsha malunga noLiao. I Khitan yahlulwa. Ngo-1125 urhulumente weLiao wawa. AmaShayina abuyisela inxalenye yamaphondo asekumantla, kodwa ngoku kufuneka ahlawule iJurchens.

Izizwe ezitsha ezisenyakatho ezingasentla azizange zime eLiao. Ngo-1127, bathabatha inkunzi yeNgoma Kaifeng. Umlawuli waseTshayina uQin-tsung kunye neninzi yentsapho yakhe yathathwa entolongweni. Abangenelela bamthabathela ngasenyakatho kuManchuria. Ababhali beembali bajonga ukuwa kweKaifeng inhlekelele, efana nokulinganiselwa kweRome yiVandals kwinkulungwane yesihlanu. Indlunkulu yayixhomekeke emlilweni kwaye ngekamva ayinakuphinda iphinde ibuye ibe yinto ephakamileyo yeso sixeko esona sikhulu kunazo zonke, hhayi kwiChina kuphela.

Ukusuka kwintsapho elawulayo yengqumbo, abantu abangaqhelekanga bakwazi ukubalekela kuphela umzalwana kaMbusi uZhao Gou. Wayengekho kwikomkhulu kwiintsuku ezibulalayo zesixeko. UZhao Gou wathuthela kumaPhondo asezantsi. Wayebhengezwa ukuba nguloo mlawuli omtsha. Indlunkulu yayiyidolophu yaseLin'an (i-Hangzhou yangoku). Njengomphumo wokungena kwabafokazi, ubukhosi beNgoma yaseMzantsi balahlekelwa ulawulo lwesiqingatha saseChina (onke amaphondo asekumantla), kungenxa yoko yanikwa isiqalo "saseMzantsi". Ngaloo ndlela, i-1127 yayiyindawo yokuguqula yonke imbali yoBukumkani baseKesimeni.

Ixesha leNgoma yaseMzantsi

Xa ubukhosi beNtshonalanga yeNgoma behlala kwixesha elidlulileyo (960-1127), amagunya asebukhosi afuneka ahlanganisise yonke imikhosi ekhoyo ukuze alondoloze ukulawulwa kwezantsi kwelizwe. Imfazwe yaseChina ne-Jin Empire yahlala iminyaka eyi-15. Ngomnyaka we-1134, umlawuli wezempi onamandla ongu-Yue Fei wayemi entloko yenceba ethembekileyo yeNgoma. Kwangoku iChina, ithathwa njengenye yezona ziqhawe eziphakathi.

Imikhosi yaseYue Fei yakwazi ukunqanda ukuphumelela kwentshaba. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixesha leenkundla zaseburhulumenteni, iqela elichaphazelayo labahloniphekileyo layilungule, lizama ukuphelisa umnqophiso woxolo ngokukhawuleza. Imikhosi yaxothwa, kwaye uYue Fei wabulawa. Ngomnyaka we-1141, iNgoma noJin baqukumbela isivumelwano esiye saba yinto ehlazo kakhulu kuyo yonke imbali yaseTshayina. IJurchens yahamba onke amazwe ukuya ngasentla kuMlambo waseHuai Shui. Umlawuli waseLanga wazibheka njengomlawuli kumlawuli waseJin. AmaTshayina aqala ukuhlawula umvuzo wonyaka wama-250,000 lens.

I-Jin, i-Western Hsia kunye neLiao yenziwe ngamadada. Nangona kunjalo, ithi inengxenye enkulu yeChina, ngokuthe gqolo yawela phantsi kwefuthe leenkcubeko nezithethe zaseShayina . Oku kwakuyinyani ngokukodwa kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Ngako oko, nangona ubukumkani basemazantsi esengoma-song, obuneminyaka engama-11 e-R27 ewa phantsi kukaRhulumente, elahlekelwe yingxenye ebalulekileyo yezinto eziphathekayo, yakwazi ukuhlala isisiseko sempucuko eMpuma enkulu, igcinwe emva kokuhlasela kwabantu abangewona amaRussia.

ZoLimo

Iimfazwe ezininzi zachitheka iChina. Amaphondo asekumantla nakumaphondo achaphazeleka kakhulu. Imimandla esezantsi, ishiywe phantsi kolawulo lwentando yeeNgoma, yahlala kwimiba yenkqubela kwaye ngoko yasinda. Ukuzama ukubuyisela uqoqosho lwelizwe, urhulumente waseTshayina wachitha inxalenye ebalulekileyo yezibonelelo zayo ekugcinweni nasekuphuhliseni ezolimo.

Abalawuli babesebenzisa izixhobo zemveli zalo xesha: ukunkcenkceshela kwagcinwa, abalimi beza kwenziwa ikhefu zentela, kunye namazwe ashiyiweyo anikezelwa ukusetyenziswa. Izindlela zokulima zaphuculiswa, kwaye i-acreage yanda. Ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu le-10, ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkqubo yangaphambili yokuhlala komhlaba eChina yayisekelwe kwizabelo. Inani lamagumbi amancinci abucala.

Ubomi bezixeko

Uqoqosho lweChina kwii-X-XIII iinkulungwane. Kwakuboniswe ngokukhula ngokubanzi kwidolophu. Badlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini. Ezi ziinqaba zedolophu, amaziko olawulo, amachweba, amachweba, amaziko okurhweba kunye nokuthengiswa ngesandla. Ekuqaleni kwexesha leNgoma, kungekhona nje inkunzi yeKaifeng, kodwa noTshasha wayekhulu. Ngokukhawuleza kunabo bonke, izixeko zakhula kwintshona-mpuma yelizwe: Fuzhou, Yangzhou, Suzhou, Jianglin. Enye yale nqaba (i-Hangzhou) yaba yintloko yeNgoma yaseMzantsi. Nangona kunjalo, kwiidolophu ezinkulu zaseTshayina, kwakukho abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi-abantu-engabonakaliyo kwiYurophu ephakathi.

Ukuhlala kwimizi yasemadolobheni kwakungekho nje kuphela, kodwa kwaye kwakunobungakanani bemvelo. Izixeko zafumana izikhulu ezinkulu ngaphandle kweendonga zenkqantosi. Abahwebi kunye nabaculi bahlala kule mimandla. Ukubaluleka kwezolimo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla yabemi baseTshayina yaba yinto engapheliyo. Kwakudala indawo yokuvalwa yayiyinto eyadlulayo. Kunoko, bakha indawo enkulu (babizwa ngokuthi "i-Xiang"), bexhunyelelana ngomnatha oqhelekileyo wezitrato kunye neendlela.

Yezandla kunye nezoRhwebo

Kanye kunye nokuguqulwa kobugcisa bobugcisa, kukho ukunyuka kwindleko yokuveliswa kwesiChina. I-Tang Dynasty, Ingoma kunye nezinye iindawo zexesha labo zijolise kakhulu ekuphuhliseni i-metallurgy. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-XI leminyaka, iimigodi ezitsha ezingaphezu kwe-70 zavela kwiGunya loBukumkani. Isiqingatha sazo sasiyi-treasury, isiqingatha kubani babucala.

I-coke, amalahle kunye neekhemikhali zisetyenziswe kwi-metallurgy. Ukutsha kwezinto ezintsha (i-iron boilers) kubonakale kwenye into ebalulekileyo yoshishino - ukulungiselela ityuwa. Abacebisi, abasebenza ngelikalika, baqalisa ukuvelisa iintlobo zeempahla zodwa. Kwakukho iiworkshops ezinkulu. Basebenzisa abasebenzi bemvuzo, nangona ubudlelwane phakathi komqeshwa kunye nomqeshi behlala ebukhoboka kunye nentloko.

Ukushicilela kwimveliso kukhokelela ekuveleni kworhwebo lwasezidolophini kwinqununu esondeleyo yangaphambili. Ngaphambi kwaloo nto, ibenzela iinjongo zelizwe kuphela kunye ne-stratum encinci ye-elite. Ngoku abahwebi besixeko baqala ukuthengisa impahla yabo kubahlali abaqhelekileyo. Kukho uqoqosho lwabathengi. Kwakukho izitalato kunye neemarike, ezijoliswe ekuthengiseni izinto ezithile. Naluphina urhwebo lwarhatywe irhafu, olwenzela inzuzo enkulu kwinkunzi karhulumente.

Iingqekembe zeentetho zeentetho zafunyanwa ngabavubukuli kumazwe athile aseMpuma. Iziphumo ezifanayo zibonisa ukuba kwii-X-XIII iinkulungwane. Kwaphuhliswa kunye nezo zangaphandle zorhwebo. Impahla yaseTshayina yayithengiswa eLiao, e-Western Xia, eJapan nakwezinye iindawo zaseIndiya. Iindlela zokuhamba ngeenqanawa zazihlala zizinto zezivumelwano zezopolitiko phakathi kwamagunya. Kwizibuko ezihlanu ezinkulu zoBukumkani baseMbindi, kwakukho ii-Offices zeeMarhwebo ezizodwa (zilawula oonxibelelwano lwangaphandle bezorhwebo).

Nangona e- China ephakathi yayisungulwe inkxalabo enkulu yemali, kwilizwe lonke, ayengenalo ngokwaneleyo. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XI, urhulumente wazisa iibhanki. Ukuhlolwa kwephepha kwinto eqhelekileyo nakwiJin engummelwane. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XI, abaphathi baseMzantsi Afrika baqalisa ukusebenzisa eli sixhobo. Inkqubo yokunciphisa amanqaku ebhanki alandelwa.

Aristocrats kunye namagosa

Ziziphi iinguqu kwisakhiwo sentlalo esilethwe kuyo ubukhosi beNgoma? Ukufota, le mibhalo iboniswe yimbali kunye nembali yelo xesha. Bazilungisa ukuba kwii-X-XIII iinkulungwane. E-China kwakukho inkqubo yokuwa kwefuthe le-aristocracy. Ukucacisa ukubunjwa kwesigqeba sakhe kunye nesiphathamandla esiphezulu, abalawuli baqala ukubuyisela abameleli beentsapho ezintle kunye nabasebenzi abangaphantsi. Kodwa nangona izikhundla zobukhosi zancipha, azizange zinyamalale. Ukongezelela, impembelelo yagcinwa zizihlobo ezininzi zezindlu zobukhosi.

Kwakuyixesha leNgoma eyayingena kwiChina "yobudala begolide" ye-officialdom. Amandla akhuliswa ngokucwangcisiweyo kwaye aqinise amalungelo akhe. I-elevator yezenhlalakahle, apho i-Chinese engabalulekanga iwele kwii-bureaucracy, yaba yinkqubo yeemviwo. Kwakukho uluhlu olunye, oluzalisekisa i-bureaucracy. Babengabantu abafumana iidridi (shenshi). Kule mimandla kwafika abantu bezentengiselwano kunye nabanini bezohwebo, kunye nabanini-mhlaba abancinci nabaphakathi. Iimviwo azange zandise iklasi elilawulayo lamagosa, kodwa lenze insika ethembekileyo yenkqubo yemikhosi. Njengoko ixesha libonakalisile, isimo esilungileyo sangaphakathi sobume beNgoma satshatyalaliswa yiintshaba zangaphandle, kungekhona ngquzulwano lwalo lwangaphakathi kunye neengxabano zentlalo.

I nkcubeko

Ixesha eliphakathi kweChina ngexesha leNkcazo yeeNgoma yayichazwe ngobomi bezenkcubeko. Ngekhulu le-10, izibongo zolu hlobo zathandwa kwiBukumkani boMbindi. Abalobi abanjengoSu Shi no-Xin Qi Ji bashiya emva kweengoma ezininzi zeengoma. Kwiminyaka ezayo, kwavela uhlobo oluthile lwamabali amfutshane. Wathandwa ngabantu abahlala kwimizi, abarekhoda imisebenzi ekubuyiseleni abantu bezitalato. Ngethuba elifanayo, ulwimi oluthile lwahlukana nolwimi olubhaliweyo. Intetho yomlomo yaba yinto efana neyomhla. Ekubeni kulawulo lweNkcazo yeNgoma eChina, i-theater yasasazwa. Ezantsi kwakuthiwa yi yuanben, kwaye ngasenyakatho kwabizwa ngokuba yi-wenyan.

Abemi belilungelo kunye nabakhanyisiweyo beli lizwe babethanda i-calligraphy kunye nepeyinti. Lo mdla wenza ukuba kuvulwe amaziko emfundo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-10, i-Academy of Painting yavela eNanjing. Emva koko kwasuswa eKaifeng, kwaye emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwayo - e-Hangzhou. Enkundleni yabamlawuli kwakukho iimyuziyam apho kwakukho iingubo ezingaphezulu kweesithandathu zepeyinti kunye nezinye izinto zokudweba. Ininzi yale qoqo yafa ngexesha lokuhlasela kweJurchen. Xa upenda umzobo, i-motif eyaziwa kakhulu yiintaka, iintyatyambo kunye nemimango yomsindo. Ukuphuhliswa kweencwadi zokubhala, okwabangela ukuba uphuculo lweencwadi zenziwe, luphuhliswa.

Imfazwe emininzi kunye nabamelwane abanobukhohlakele baphumelela ngokubonakalayo kwiliphi lelifa lezobugcisa. Inkcubeko nomoya wabantu baye batshintsha ngokugqithisileyo xa kuthelekiswa namaxesha angaphambili. Ukuba ngexesha leTang Dynasty isiseko salo nawuphi na umsebenzi wobugcisa ukusuka kwiprafti ukuya kwiincwadi kwakuvulekileyo kunye nokonwaba, ngoko ngexesha lobukhosi ezi zinto zatshintshwa ngumbono woxolo oludlulileyo. Amanani enkcubeko aqala ukugxininisa ngakumbi nakwizinto zendalo kunye nehlabathi langaphakathi lomntu. Ubugcisa buxhomekeke ekuthandaneni nobudlelwane obusondeleyo. Kukho ukukhanyela umbala ogqithiseleyo kunye nokunciphisa. Kwakukho ukulungelelanisa nokulula. Ngethuba elifanayo, ngenxa yokubonakala kokushicilela, inkqubo ye-democratization of creativity yanda ngakumbi.

Ukubonakala kweMongol

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba beyingozi kangakanani abachasene nabo ngaphambili, ubukhosi beNgoma abuphelanga ngephutha ye-Jurchens okanye iTanguts, kodwa ngenxa yamaMongol. Ukuhlasela kwabasemzini abatsha baseTshayina kwaqala ngo-1209. Ngobusuku beGenghis Khan babumbene iindibano zabanye abazalwana bakhe kwaye wabanika iinjongo ezintsha zobungqina - ukunqoba ihlabathi. Umkhonto wabo wokunqoba waseMongeni waqala ngokuchanekileyo kunye namaphulo eChina.

Ngowe-1215, emathafeni wayithimba eBeijing, kangangokuba abanye phezu kwakhe yokuqala enkulu ukuya Power Jurchen. Jin Empire ekudala ubu lwangaphakathi kunye nengcinezelo yesizwe uninzi labantu bayo. Ukuba kule meko, wenza i Song Dynasty? A omaziyo emfutshane kunye kwimpumelelo Mongols waba ngokwaneleyo ukuba baqonde ukuba utshaba mbi kakhulu, ngaphezu kwabo bonke abo zangaphambili. Nakuba kunjalo, i-Chinese ayecinga ukuba xa ubuso loonothwal encedisayo ngabamelwane babo. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo zokuhlangabezana elifutshane usinike isiqhamo Inqanaba lesibini le Mongol lokuhlasela.

Ngowe-1227 ibutho ekugqibeleni athatha xia Koloni. Ngowe-1233-m, bawela umlambo omkhulu, kwiYellow River kungqinga Kaifeng. urhulumente jin likwazile ukuba kuphunywe Tsaychzhou. Nangona kunjalo, lo mzi yawa emva Kaifeng. amabutho Chinese wanceda uthwebula Mongols Tsaychzhou. I Iingoma Dynasty wayethembe ukuseka ubudlelwane nobuhlobo kunye Mongols, ukubabonisa ukunyaniseka encedisayo kwi edabini, kodwa izijekulo ubukhosi wenza akukho zayichukumisa basemzini. Ngo-1235 siye saqalisa abasemzini lokuhlasela rhoqo kwi izikumkani kumazantsi zehlabathi.

Kokuwa ubukhosi

Ngowe-1240-s aweza entloko noko buthathaka. Kwakunxibelelene nesibakala sokuba ngelixa Mongols waya phulo Enkulu Western, apho wadalwa zolotaya Orda, waza wafuna irhafu eRashiya. Xa ndiqhawule waseYurophu, emathafeni waphinda zenyuse uxinzelelo kwimida yayo empumalanga. Ngo-1257 kwaqala kuhlaselo lwemimandla Vietnam, kwaye kwelandelayo ngo-1258 - ukuya ilifa Song.

Iziko lokugqibela yokumelana kokupheliswa yi-Chinese kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva. Ukuwa iinqaba emazantsi e-Guangdong ngo-1279 uyinqumle ngembali Song Dynasty. Mbusi xesha inkwenkwe ka esixhenxe, Mark Bin. Usindisa nabacebisi bakhe, antywiliselwe Xijiang River emva kokoyiswa lokugqibela Chinese Navy. KuMbindi uBukumkani baqalisa isithuba Mongol mthetho. Waqhubeka de 1368, kwaye historiography wakhumbula njengoko Ixesha Yuan.