Imbali yendalo kunye nenkcazo epheleleyo yeNkcazo yomThetho we-1550

I-Code of Law ka-Ivan IV yaseGrozny yabhalwa ngo-1550. Kwakusekelwe kwidokhumenti yangaphambili, ebhalwe iminyaka emithathu ngaphambili ngaphantsi kwe-Ivan III. Ikhowudi entsha yemithetho yaba yinto yokuqala esemthethweni esemthethweni yomthetho kwimbali ye-Ancient Rus, eyabonwa njengowona kuphela umthombo wobulungisa beenkqubo. Inkcazo epheleleyo yeNkcazo yomThetho we-1550, equka inkcazo emfutshane yeemfuno zayo eziphambili, ichazwe kweli nqaku.

Imfuneko yokudala uxwebhu olutsha

Kwiminyaka yekhulu le-XV-XVI inkqubo yokubunjwa nokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe aseRussia iphelile, kwaye kubakho isimo esithile sendawo esisodwa . Ngoku wonke amandla agxininise eMoscow kwaye ephantsi kwezandla zikaMkhulukazi uDuke. Ukususela apho wabusa onke amazwe akhe.

Ngeli xesha, kwakukho utshintsho oluphawulekayo kumbandela wobunini bomhlaba, kuba ixesha leza-feudalism laliza. Olu tshintsho lwakhokelela ekubeni imithetho eyamkelwe ngaphambili ayengasayi kulawulo ngokupheleleyo ulwalamano olutsha oluye lwavela kwi-socio-economic sector. Kwakukho isidingo sokwakha umthombo ogqityiweyo kwaye uphelelekileyo wobuhlobo bezomthetho, obunokukhokelwa ekwenzeni izigqibo kwimiba ethile. Ngako oko, izinto ezifunekayo zokubonakala kwenkqubo entsha yeCode zazinguquko ezenziwa ngu-Ivan oyoyikrakra, kunye nokungabikho komthetho wexesha elidlulileyo. Ukongezelela, kukho imfuneko yokucacisa amanye amanqaku akhe.

Injongo yokudala idokhumenti entsha, eyayiyi-Code of Law ka-1550, isishwankathelo esiza kunikezelwa ngezantsi, kwakukuvala izikhewu ezininzi zekhowudi engagqibekanga yemithetho. Oku kwafezekiswa ngokuyongezelela ngezenzo zamanyathelo ezomthetho zanamhlanje.

Ukudala i-Code of Law ehlaziyiweyo

Ikhulu leminyaka lika- Ivan the Terrible lihambelane nexesha apho i-Code of Law yenziwe ngo-1550. Imbali yokudalwa kwale xwebhu yile ndlela ilandelayo: ngaphantsi kwefuthe lika-clergyman Sylvester, kwaye kunye ncediso lwesiganeko sabacebisi abahlanganiswe ngumbusi, i-tsar yaqalisa ukulungiswa. Ukuqala kokuphunyezwa kwabo kudibaniswe nekrisiti enkulu, eyayibanjelwe eMoscow ngo-1550-1551. Kwakuye kuye i-Code yangaphambili ye-1497 yahlelwa. Kwimiqulu e-100 ekhoyo ekhompyutheni entsha, 37 yabonakala kuphela ekufikeni kwamandla ka-Ivan onkantya. Isicatshulwa esisiseko sekhowudi endala sele senziwe ngokubanzi.

Isishwankathelo

Phakathi kwekhulu le-XVI eRussia, amanqaku omthetho omtsha anqume ubudlelwane babantu kungekhona kuphela komnye, kodwa kunye nelizwe. Bonke bangena kwi-Code of Law ka-1550. Isishwankathelo kunye nenkcazo yamanqaku athile abonisa indlela ehlaziywe ngayo ekudalweni kwayo, xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokuqala zemithetho. I-Code of Law ka-Ivan i-Terrible ibandakanya imigangatho yombutho, ipropati, uxanduva, inzala, umthetho wobugebengu, kunye nenkcazo yeenkqubo zokukhangela kunye nokulinga.

Izibonelelo ezisisiseko

U-Ivan oyikrakra kunye nabazalwana bakhe kunye namakhwenkwe athile avumelana noMgaqo woMthetho we-1550. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aloo xwebhu aqinisekisile isithethe sangaphambili, ngokubhekiselele kuyo, ngaphezu koko kubalawuli abaqeshwe yi-tsar, abadala nababiziweyo ngokuthi yilovalniki, oko kukuthi, abagwebi abaye babanga umnqamlezo, babekho. Babenxaxheba ngokusemthethweni nabathathi-nxaxheba kwiinkqubo. Ukongezelela kubarhulumente, iiprotokthi zafuneka zihlanganiswe ngamabhalana aseZemstvo. Amaphepha acatshangwa asebenzayo kuphela emva kokuba asayinwe ngumntu oyintloko kunye nabapheki. Abalawuli kunye nabancedisi babo - i-tyuns ayinakubamba umntu ngaphandle kokuchazela izizathu zokuvalelwa.

Kananjalo naseSudebnik, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa kulawulo lwengingqi noluntu. Ukutshintshiselwa kwachaphazeleka ikakhulu kubunkokheli bendawo, kodwa ngelo xesha i-system endala yokutya yayilondolozwe.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeKhowudi yomThetho we-1550 ziquka inxalenye yentlalo yomthetho omtsha. Ijongene nemiba emibini ephambili-abantu abaxhomekeke kuyo, ababenama-serfs nabasimizi, kunye nomhlaba. Uxwebhu olutsha lujoliswe ekuphuculeni inkqubo yobulungisa kwaye lwenze ukuba lubekwe iliso ngabameli bendawo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-16, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla ngabantu abaqeshwe ngu-mlawuli, kunye nabagwebi, kwasasazeka. Le meko yezinto ayikwazanga kodwa iboniswe kwiKhowudi yeMithetho yeTyar. Olu xwebhu luqulethe amanqaku athi abagwebi abakwazi ukuthatha izithembiso, ukuphindezela kwaye babe ngabahlobo omnye nomnye. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvinjelwa kwakungekho jikelele kwaye kuphazamisekile, ngenxa yokungathobeli kwakufuneka ukuba ibe isohlwayo esiqinileyo: umrhumo wentlawulo, ukuvalelwa okanye ukubetha.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeKhowudi yomThetho we-1550 ayiyi kuphelela, ukuba ingathethi ngenye imeko ebaluleke kakhulu. Ijaji ayinalo ilungelo lokuthumela abamangalelwa phambi kwakhe ngaphambi kokuba aqonde intsingiselo yesikhalazo sabo. Ukuba igosa alizange lizalisekise ngokufanelekileyo imisebenzi yakhe kwaye ezi ngxelo zokuxhaphazwa zafika kukumkani, ngoko umphathiswa womthetho angazifumana emva kweengcingo.

Imigangatho yoMthetho woLuntu

Bekuyimfuneko ukulawula kunye nokuphuhlisa phambili zonke iintsebenziswano ezinzima zoluntu nezentlalo. Izifundo zakhe zinokubambisana, ezibandakanya abantu ababini okanye ngaphezulu, kunye nabazimeleyo. Yonke imiba kule ndawo yayilawulwa nguMgaqo woMthetho we-1550. Amalungelo epropati angafumaneka ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano, ukubanjwa, ukunikezelwa, ukufumanisa okanye umyalelo.

Indlela eqhelekileyo ngelo xesha ukufumana amalungelo kwipropati kwakuyimvumelwano. Wayevalelwe phakathi kwekhulu le-XVI kuphela ngomlomo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lemvumelwano isivumelwano esivele sikhona ngohlobo lwentengiso ebhaliweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yizigqila. Olu xwebhu lusayinwe ngabanye ngamaqela anyanzelekileyo. Ukuba babengabhalanga, iphepha lalisayinwa ngabahlobo babo okanye ngooyise bokomoya.

Ngethuba lexesha, kwakukho i-serf okanye uhlobo olungabonakaliyo lwentengiso, phantsi kweenkontileka ezinxulumene nokutshatyalaliswa kwezindlu zangasese, zaqala ukusebenza emva kokuba zibhaliswe.

Umthetho wefa

Inqununu ephakamileyo yophuhliso lwayo kwiminyaka elinesine elinesine elinesibhozo yayingekho kuphela ukwandiswa kweendlalifa, kodwa nokuhlanganiswa kwamalungelo abo kwipropati. Kwaye oku kwindlela ezininzi kwanegalelo kumgaqo omtsha woMthetho we-1550. Ngomfutshane, ilungiselelo eliphambili loMthetho wefa lingaqulunqwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: lenze ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenziwe nantoni na ilungu lentsapho. Yayibhalwe ngokubhaliweyo, ize ivunyiwe phambi kobudikoni kunye namahemuhemu.

Isangqa sezindlalifa ngaphantsi komthetho lowo senziwa ngabantwana kunye nabasendlini. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, kwakuquka ezinye izalamane. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba bekukhathalele ifa leendawo zokhokho. Ngaboo onyana abahlala ngexesha lokufa kwentloko yentsapho ekhaya lakhe banokufumana isabelo sabo sepropati. Abazalwana babefanele bazuze iindawo ezilinganayo. Ukuba intsapho yayingabantwana nje kuphela, kodwa kunye neentombi, ezi zilandelayo zazingenalo ilungelo lokuthengisa impahla.

Usuku lukaYuryev

Ikhowudi yangaphambili yeemithetho malunga nokudluliswa kweendawo ezisuka kwelinye idolophana ukuya kwelinye, kunye nakumntu omdala womhlaba ukuya kwelinye elitsha, lawela kuMgaqo woMthetho we-1550. Abasimizi bavunyelwe ukwenza ukuhamba okunjalo kuphela ngexesha elichanekileyo - ekwindla ngeveki phambi kweSt George's Day kunye nexesha elifanayo emva kwalo. Oku kunika ilungelo lokukhetha umnini-mhlaba omhle kwaye, kufuneka kuphawulwe, abaninzi basebenzise, beshiya kubabi ababi.

Kutheni kwenzeka ukuba ukunyuka okunjalo kwenzeke ekuwa? Oku bekubangelwa kukuba xa ukuvuna sele kugqityiwe, ukutshintshwa kwabahlali kwi-master of former to new did not feel painless for both of them. Ubume bobudlelwane bomhlaba bunqamle ukukhawulelana kwamanye amazwe kwizenzo ezinjalo. Ngokomzekelo, umnini-mhlaba wayengenalo ilungelo lokuqhuba umlimi kwilizwe eliqashisayo ngaphambi kokuvuna, kwaye umlimi, akakwazi ukushiya umninikhaya ngaphandle kokuhlawula naye emva kokuphela kwesivuno. Ngaloo ndlela, umthetho wawusisigxina esicacileyo, ngexesha lawo macala omabini afuneka ahlawule.

Umthetho wobugebengu

Ndiyabulela kuxwebhu olutsha olwamkelwa ngu-Ivan the Terrible, iminye imithetho iyenze utshintsho olukhulu. Umthetho wezobugebengu wawungenjalo. I-Code of Law ka-1550, ngokungafani neyokudlulileyo, ichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho kungekhona njengento yokuhlambalaza, oko kukuthi, kubangele umonakalo wokuziphatha okanye umonakalo kwiqela labantu okanye umntu, kodwa waqala ukuwahlukanisa njengezenzo ezingekho mthethweni ezenziwe kummandla. Ngaloo ndlela, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho libhekwa ngokungathobeli imimiselo, imigaqo, kunye nokungathobeli ukuthanda komlawuli.

Ukwahlulelwa kwamatyala

Kwi-Sudebnik entsha ngokokuqala ngqa waqala ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokuphulwa. Kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwakukho ubugwenxa obwenziwe kummandla. Okokuqala, babedlubulisa - bethengisa ilizwe labo okanye isikhulu, besenza icebo, bacela ukuvukela okanye ukuvukela.

Kwinqanaba elingezantsi kukho ukungaziphathi kakuhle kunye neentyala ezenziwe ngokulandelwa komgaqo-karhulumente kunye ngqo nenkundla. Oku kunokuba isityholo, ukukhwabanisa, ubungqina bobuxoki, ukukhwabanisa, njalo njalo.

Emva koko kwafika izenzo zobugebengu ezenziwe kumntu. Ezi ziquka ukubulala nokuhlambalaza isenzo okanye igama. Iyokugqibela yayiyizophulo-mthetho: ukuthumba ikhoboka, ukuba, ukuphanga nokuphanga.

Izindlela zokuhlawula ulwaphulo-mthetho

I-Code of Law ka-1550 ibaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yezohlwayo zezenzo ezenzileyo, kwaye yazisa kwakhona amatsha - ukwahlukana kunye nokwesatshiswa komenzi wesono. Isihlwayo esibi kakhulu, ngokuqinisekileyo, sasihlwaywa. NguMlawuli kuphela onokuyikhansela. Isijeziso esibi kakhulu kwakubizwa ngokuba yi-commercial execution, xa i-marketplace yommangalelwa yatshitshiswa ngesibetho. Ezinye izijeziso zomzimba nezenzelwe ukuhlawulwa.

Kwakukho izigwebo ezongezelelweyo ngendlela yeefayili kunye nezinye izigwebo zemali. Baxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwiimeko zentlalo yexhoba kunye nobunzima bezenzo.

Ngoko ke, ngcaciso emfutshane, inkcazo epheleleyo yoMgaqo woMthetho we-1550 ibonakala. Ixwebhu leXesha le-16 luchaza ngcaciso ethile kwimigaqo ephambili elawula urhulumente waseRussia ophakathi. Kufuneka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ikhowudi yemithetho ka-Ivan the Terrible ayikho nje isikhumbuzo sembali, kodwa isiseko esisekelwe kulo mthetho.