Le mimiselo yokuqala. Sudebnik Ivan 4

Tsar Ivan IV, edibanisa abantu abanyanisekileyo, kwasekwa urhulumente omtsha. Yayibizwa ngokuba "ezikhethiweyo nguye." Njengenxalenye yale rhulumente kukho abathile izinduna ezindala eMoscow nezihandiba, zibonisa umdla yokwanda eMoscow.

Imisebenzi "okhethiweyo banoyolo"

umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha urhulumente ejoliswe ikakhulu kulo lonke likarhulumente, lo ngoxolelwaniso ka imidla izinduna, abefundisi kunye izikhulu. Ekuqaleni kuka-1549 kweli yesicelo Palace, yazizisa ndaweni-nye abameli kwiiklasi aphezulu yoluntu. Xa "Cathedral xo" Ukumkani wenza intetho ukuba umtshutshisi nxamnye izinduna. Ivan IV wathi abameli iiklasi ephezulu akuzenzi indawo yabo, wabanyanzela ukuba sibumbane imigudu yabo ekomelezeni eRashiya. Iintlanganiso zilandelayo nikela kwimiba ebalulekileyo karhulumente. In Russia ngelo xesha Obumbe ifomu ngokuphathelele-ezimele neNgonyama.

Sudebnik Ivan 4

Olu xwebhu yaba lesikhumbuzo umthetho Russian, okokuqala kwimbali weRashiya isenzo somthetho emisiweyo. Ivan 4 loMthetho eyaye yamkelwa yokuqala Zemsky Sobor ngo-1549. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, ngo-1551-m, uxwebhu evunyiweyo Stoglavy Cathedral, ubuncinane inyathelo kakumkani. isenzo Legal waba, ngokubanzi, orientation pro-government. Ukwamkelwa Sudebnik Ivan 4 zibandakanya ukuphelisa amalungelo athile abathetheli kunye nokomeleza indima abasemagunyeni esembindini yenkundla karhulumente. Olu xwebhu sele iqokelelwe amanqaku ezilikhulu.

Sudebnik Ivan 4. Umxholo: Nciphisa namagunya asekuhlaleni

Imisebenzi volosteley kunye neerhuluneli sele inokufakwa sikhokelo ethile: ityala 'abaphangi khoboka "zadluliselwa kubadala labial. Ekubeni kuphuculo eyandisiweyo imida ukuba ngaphambili kuphela counties wasentla. Sudebnik Ivan 4 egwetyelwe ngokusemthethweni utshintsho. Volosteli, nabalawuli kunye nezinye neerhuluneli, oqeshwe nokumkani ndawo, ayikwazanga maziwasingathe amatyala ngaphandle inxaxheba abameli oluntu. Zinyulwe abantu engcono kwiimeko-umlimi ekuhlaleni, nkokeli kunye Dvorsky. Ngaphandle kwezi, kwindawo nganye elobulali yayiza kuba kunobhala wenkundla yakhe kunobhala wenkundla. nobuchule bakhe kuquka ulawulo zoshishino abantu zelokishi. Indlela ukohlwaya Sudebnik Ivan-4, ukuya kwiinkqubo labantu abanyulwe kwafuneka ukuba alawule isifungo.

utshintsho kwezentla-

Ukuze ukomeleza ngcono isiseko ekuhlaleni kwamandla karhulumente baqala ukwandisa amalungelo amalungu iklasi nkonzo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ka servicemen sethutyana Law Ivan 4 esalelweyo xa amakhoboka yobukhoboka. Ngaphezu koko, ukubaluleka iqhotyoshelwe ubudlelwane phakathi ummiselo oxhomekeke kumafama kunye feudalists ezisemthethweni; efakiweyo Yurev imini. Ngandlel 'ithile, urhulumente uzame ukwandisa amalungelo abalimi. Abantu abaxhomekeke banikwa ithuba inxaxheba kwimicimbi karhulumente, inkqubo komuntu. Xa oku nabalawuli okanye xa kuxoxwa, nokuba phambi kwakhe ayikwazanga abanjwe ngaphandle kwemvume yoluntu yamahlwempu yeeNkosi elinyuliweyo, abadala kunye barmen. Sudebnik Ivan 4 wanika umlimi Thethani irhafu ubeko ekunene, indlela kweliso, self-government.

amathuba amatsha zamafama

Of uMthetho yaqinisekisa ilungelo labantu abaxhomekeke ukuya ngokukhululekileyo. Kwinqaku olawula eli lungelo, ithi ngokucacileyo ukuba ukongeza iintlawulo kwi "saa" yaye "abadala" akukho eminye imisebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba enze ukudluliselwa simahla umlimi akukho mfuneko ukwenza naziphi na izibalo kunye umnini, ukongeza kwezo zibonelelo. Nkosi, ke, akanalo ilungelo lokubamba abantu abaye bahlawulwa le misebenzi mibini. Ngokomthetho akuvumelekanga ukuguqula abalimi zibe ngamakhoboka. Inguqulelo owayevunyelwe ukuba umninindlu onke amatyala sele bahlawulwe oxhomekekileyo.

inkqubo penalty ezithile ngokwezinga

Sudebnik Ivan 4 zinika amalungu imbeko kuluntu. Kodwa izohlwayo azizambeko ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kuba sisithuko yentlawulo umlimi 1 Ruble, umntu ipoma - 5, merchant zaseprayimari - 50, unobhala - 200 boyar - 600 Amakhosikazi kunye ihlawulwe kabini kunabantu abakuluhlu efanayo.

Amatyala kunye nobungqina

inkqubo entsonkothileyo yomthetho phambi kokuba mthetho kufuneka yoconjululwa yi Kungquzulwano phakathi kwamaqela engenantandabuzo. Ophumelele kwi "endle", ke ngoko kuqwalaselwa ukuze aphumelele ityala. Sudebnik le ndlela inkqubo kuphela inani iimeko. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, iye akubanga "i" phakathi "umlweli neboytsom". Phezu kwabantu yokugqibela zagula, abancinane okanye abadala. Ngaphandle ukuze izihlandlo xa "neboets" wayezimisele ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kule entsimini. Kwakhona avunyelwe ukuba athumele endaweni yakhe emfazweni, "ezakhe." Kufuneka wathi "endle" of Sudebnik kusengenziwa kuphela ukusombulula imbambano, kodwa ukufumanisa ukuba ukuchana yesingqino wamangqina.