Ngoobani Normanists kunye antinormanistov?

Kwizifundo zesayensi IsiRashiya ixesha elide kukho ingxoxo Normanists antinormanistov kwaye utshisa ibunzi indima ngokusemthethweni (Norsemen) ekubunjweni sokumiswa aphakathi eRashiya. Le mpikiswano lwenzeka moya ezahlukeneyo - le yeengcinga yezenzululwazi.

ingxoxo History

Imbambano malunga ngokusemthethweni Kwathi kwinkulungwane XVII, xa mbali Swedish baye basebenzisa ulwazi malunga esineengcambu Varangian Rus ukuxhasa ukwanda lizwe eMpuma Yurophu. mpendulo iye yabangela ukwalela ideologists yesizwe yenkulungwane XVIII (ngoko kuqala kwiinto zonke, uMikhail Lomonosov). Antinormanistov wakhanyela naluphi uxhulumaniso Rus kunye Vikings.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, le ukugxekwa iye yaphela. Xa kwafika ixesha elininzi imisebenzi ezinzulu yenzululwazi ngeelwimi, ku hlamusela imvelaphi yamagama yaseScandinavia weenkosana yokuqala Russian ngemithombo aphakathi (ezifana Oleg, Rurik, Igor, njalo njalo. N.). Ebalulekileyo kakhulu yaba kokupapashwa umkhenkethi odumileyo Danish Vilgelma Tomsena. Malunga Varangians wabonakala eRashiya ngenkulungwane VIII, kukho eninzi ubungqina rechecked. Ifuthe labo nenkcubeko nokuxubana empumalanga wafunda unanamhla.

Noko ke, imbambano Normanists antinormanistov wathathisa ngamandla sele ezintsha Stalin xesha, xa antinormanizma ingqiqo esasetyenziswa ze yamaNazi malunga ukongama abantu nesiJamani lenqaba (balwa kunye Scandinavians ngokuqhelekileyo izalamane basondeleyo ka amaJamani yobuhlanga). Ukususela kwimihla yiSoviet Union ukugxeka yonke uNorman wasinda ukuya namhlanje.

Imvelaphi Rurik

Inkoliso Normanists antinormanistov, bebangisana ngawo ungubani Rurik - benganga walawula Novgorod kwiminyaka 862-879. Lowo weza Russia kunye nabazalwana bakhe Truvor Sineus. Ngokutsho "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" ngo 862. Ilmen nokuxubana yendawo Finno-eFinland baye bamenywa ukuba alawule umhlaba Novgorod. izizwe Local ubunzima ekubambaneni engenasiphelo. ukuphikisana yangaphakathi phakathi kwe nokuxubana of the North-West of Russia yaqala emva koko ezidlulileyo Vikings njengoko behamba, bona irhafu ukuze afumane ukhuseleko lwabo. Independence kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho igazi rhoqo. Ekugqibeleni alwayo yeengcungcu Novgorod wavuma ukuba imeme umlawuli cala ngawo ikwazile ukunqanda ingxabano phakathi kwabo.

Lo mntu waba Rurik. Le Normanists kwingxabano antinormanistov ngokubhekisele impembelelo ukuba beza Vikings waba phezu eMpuma nokuxubana. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba inganga evela eScandinavia, kunye neqembu yakhe kunye nabacebisi. Encwadini yeembali hlanga ebizwa ngokuba "Rus". Normanists kunye antinormanistov ayashiyana ukutyhilwa kwale kota.

Ruric ifumene Novgorod, Sineus - Beloozero, Truvor - Izborsk. Igama ungumzalwana ubuyela Hrærekr - igama yaseScandinavia, ngoko akukho mathandabuzo ukuba elikheswa. Kodwa Normanists antinormanistov notoliko ezahlukeneyo ngemvelaphi kwenene lokuqala Novgorod. Ngokomzekelo, abanye abaphengululi ukuchonga nto Rerik yiJutland, owayephila phakathi kwinkulungwane IX kwaye ebeyinalo indlu scylding evela eDenmark. Le mbono isekelwe phezu ukufana lamagama, nangona lo msebenzi ezingabalulekanga - loo nto kuphela koko kwakuxhasa hypothesis.

imithombo zale

Yonke le mpikiswano Normanists mihla kunye antinormanistov ngokusekelwe yeziKronike aphakathi ukuba mhlawumbi okukhuphelweyo okanye inxalenye ziye ezilahlekileyo ngenxa imililo nezibambiso ukubola. Konke oku ivelisa kakhulu innuendo neembono.

Xa uthelekisa lo mba kwaye Normanists antinormanistov, kuye kucace ukuba ingxaki yabo ibandakanya yemihla Russian eziliqela, maxa wambi ezihlabanayo. Umzekelo, ukuba ezihlangwini Ryurika Oleg ekuqaleni ekuthiwa irhuluneli yakhe. Xa izivumelwano Byzantium ekuqaleni X ngenkulungwane kukhankanywa sele nje isalamane kumthetheli lokuqala Novgorod. imithombo Kamva Russian ka XII kwinkulungwane, nayo wacaphula lo mbono, iphikisane imisebenzi zokuqala chroniclers zasekhaya.

Enye ingxaki siyifumana yokuba akukho mbali amazwe imithombo ezizimeleyo kwexesha, eya kuqinisekisa kwebali Rurik kunye nabazalwana bakhe ababini. Kulo mba, akukho Umbhalo ngqo ngemisebenzi abathetheli Varangian.

uphando Swedish

Ngokwemveli, kukholelwa ukuba Normanists antinormanistov waza waqalisa nengxoxo yabo kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XVIII. Noko ke, ufundisiso yokuqala ukuzalana Scandinavians neRashiya asusela XVI-XVII kwiinkulungwane. Xa impangele baba baseYurophu bokuqala Koloni. Ngoko ke, umbuzo awazalelwa kuyo Vikings nomdla Isigidimi komlawuli eyathatha Herberstein. Kwi indlela izicwangciso waya kwezinye abaphandi.

Ingcamango imvelaphi Swedish ka Rurik wasivuna ngonozakuzaku Swedish kunye mbali Pet Petrey de Erlezunda, owayehlala eRashiya kweli xesha Boris Godunov. imisebenzi yakhe yaba athandwa bade baye kwelinye ilizwe yaye ziye zaguqulelwa German. Umbhali Swedish uOlaf Dalin, ngesicelo esemthethweni wabhala "I History of the karhulumente Swedish," Rurik uchaza kunye Erik Björnsson ukusuka yaseScandinavia Ynglings Minor. Noko ke, lo mbono sele luye lwabonisa.

Book Gottlieb Bayer

Okokuqala umsebenzi yenzululwazi elibhalisileyo olwaqaliswa normanizm ingqalelo isincoko "Kwi Varyag" eRashiya. Umbhali walo waba uprofesa e St Petersburg Academy of Sciences Gottlieb Bayer (1694-1738). Wabancina kuqala iseti yembali kwimithombo yokuqala zamaxesha, ekugqibeleni zaba kukudla okukhanyisayo izizukulwana ezizayo ezininzi izazinzulu.

Lokuqala Bayer wathembela encwadini yemicimbi yemihla kwexesha. Academician wenqaba zithandwa ngoko ke "ingcamango Prussia" ngokwendlela apho Vikings waba imvelaphi yuzhnobaltiyskoe. Xa umsebenzi wakhe waza wafumana iziqinisekiso kwimithombo iintlanga, umzekelo ukusuka yeembali Bertinskih.

Phantsi Bayer Vikings wayeyazi Scandinavians ngokwengqiqo ebanzi yeli gama: i balwa, Gotlanders, Danes kunye eNorway. Sokudala Ezolimi, yena sahlaziya zithandwa Russian kunye namagama neenkosana IX-X eminyaka. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umbhali lwaba imithombo efana nelitye neRunic imibhalo, imisebenzi isiGrike, kunye nezinye amangcwaba kwexesha. Bayer wathabatha imibhalo, kwaye baseByzantium uMlawuli X leminyaka, Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo. Ngenxa yale mbali msebenzi wagqiba ukuba amagama Rurik yaye Truvor imvelaphi laseScandinavia.

Sebenza Gerard Miller

Ezinye i "Varangian" ncwadi ngamaqhekeza umdla ingqalelo Vasiliya Tatischeva (1686 -1750), kwaye ziye zikhankanywe kuye "Imbali weRashiya 'yakhe. Ngelo xesha linye sisazinzulu Russian ngokwakhe wanamathela izikhundla ngqo malunga Bayer. Tatishchev yaba antinormanizma wokholo, Vikings bakholwa eFinland kunye nemvelaphi Finnish zibangelwa Rurik.

Ukongeza umbhali "Imbali Russia" ekuxoxweni kwawo yaseScandinavia embindini kwinkulungwane XVIII yayihanjelwe lwabaphandi ababini abadumileyo. Eyokuqala yaba esikhulu ethnographer nangokuma Gerard Miller (1705-1783), kwaye eyesibini - uMikhail Lomonosov (1711 - 1765). Last wasebenza ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kunye washiya uphawu ebalulekileyo kuquka kwingqeqesho zembali.

Ngowe-1749, ngomhla kumsitho elilandelayo igama imini ngemini uKumkanikazi Elizabeth, ikomkhulu yayiza Ndabamisela ibandla zoluntu, apho buchopho adumileyo iingxelo ukufunda-lubangelwe. Ngokukodwa Lomonosov wabhala "Eulogy 'yakhe edumileyo eso siganeko. Miller wakhetha isihloko kunokuba ezibuthelezi "The Origin yabantu kunye negama le-Russian." Okubhaliweyo ilungiswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kodwa zange ungeniswe kwimpikiswano kawonke kwaye sele kuhlelo yoshicilelo enzani.

Ingxelo Miller lalingathanda izazinzulu ezininzi kunye namagosa kufutshane uKumkanikazi layifumana "predosuzhdenie Russia." Woyisa thesis kunye Lomonosov, ngubani kukho iqela kabukhali thiyori i "Varyag" Unobangela Russia. Efanayo emibonweni yabo kwingxoxo Tatischev iphetshwe. Njengabantu amaxesha amaninzi kangaka ngaphambili 1749 Normanists theory and antinormanistov kwabangela ungquzulwano kakhulu phakathi zesayensi zasekhaya.

Miller e thesis egcwele zakhe ubukhulu becala kwaphinda yi Bayer. Thelekisa isikhundla Normanists antinormanistov kwaye izame ukumisela ukuba yintoni na iiyantlukwano zabo eziphambili. Bona lula kungenziwa bodwa ngokuthelekisa Miller kunye University novavanyo. Okokuqala, ukukhusela ithiyori Norman, wafanisa ukuba Scandinavians kwaye Vikings Uyabakhokela ngakwicala lo mbono, ubungqina obutsha. Ngokukodwa, Miller wakhankanya amagama ngokwemveli 'Russian "le enemisinga Dnieper, leyo banikwa yi umlawuli yaseByzantium Konstantinom Bagryanorodnym e wakhe othi" Ngomhla ulawulo ubukhosi ". Kwakhona umbhali imisebenzi yodumo umdla ukufunda lakhe libonisa ababhali yaseScandinavia zamaXesha Aphakathi kusasa, ukhankanya nokuxubana empumalanga.

Ababhali-mbali Normanists kunye antinormanistov badla babe bemidlalo umzabalazo entsonkothileyo yezopolitiko. Oko kuhlaselwa Miller kudalwe kangako inkalo yomsebenzi wakhe yenzululwazi, njengoko ukuncwasa yayo eceleni. lokulawula uElizabhete sele iqalile emva "elishumi mnyama", nini, ngexesha uAnny Ioannovny zaqokelelana itrone ezininzi kakhulu baseJamani. Phantsi uKumkanikazi omtsha walandelwa ngovukelo. It wagxeka zonke zezinye iintlanga, Sweden wenza kwaqalisa imfazwe. Kakade ke, Kungenxa yoku, umsebenzi, uthethe imvelaphi yaseScandinavia ka Rurik, yaduma smear. Miller, ukuba ingxaki, iimbono zabo, Noko ke, aliguqukanga. umsebenzi wakhe yapapashwa phesheya kwaye in Russian ukuba umfundi ngokubanzi iye kufumaneka kuphela ngo-2006.

ukuphikisana antinormanistov

impendulo ezicacileyo kokupapashwa Miller kwalandela ngumchasi yakhe iphambili Mihaila Lomonosova. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva block impikiswano Varangian Isazinzulu Russian baqalisa ukuba baqambe umsebenzi wakhe enkulu kwimbali yeli lizwe. Nakugqiba, akazange abe nexesha ngenxa yokuba ukufa ngequbuliso. Emva kokufa Lomonosov yapapashwa omnye umqulu kuphela wakhe "kwimbali yamandulo Russian." Noko ke, lo mbuzo i Varangians (njengesinye ophambili), umbhali emsebenzini wakhe ingqalelo.

"Russia phambi Rurik" uMikhail bachitha izahluko ezininzi enzima. Kuba nokuxubana, oko wakubalela nje kuphela nokuxubana, kodwa ke aseBalti (Lithuania, Zhmud, Prussians) kunye Veneto, amaMedi paflagontsev, bebanika imvelaphi eli qela eziqhelekileyo yobuhlanga iphantse ixesha kaTrojan War. Sele esi sithembiso zinokubonakala ingcamango yokuba akukho Vikings okanye naziphi na ezinye izizwe ayikwazanga nempembelelo ukuyilwa i Russia ozimeleyo, ogama imvelaphi asusela kudala. Eyona ethile engundoqo yomsebenzi Lomonosov yaba kukuba kuyo umbhali ngqo imigaqo historiography XVI-XVII iinkulungwane, ngoxa kwinzululwazi European ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha uhlalutyo ezibalulekileyo kule mithombo.

"Russophile" Ingcamango yokuba Rurik evela nokuxubana lwagcinwa kwaye n II, ziwubazele "Imbali" Vasiliya Tatischeva. Ngokomzekelo, enye historiographers ezibalulekileyo ixesha, uMikhail Shcherbatov (1733-1790) uthathwa umthetheli Novgorod abadala isalamane Ilmen Slovenes Gostomysl.

umbono Karamzin

Indlela elungeleleneyo ngakumbi kwaye kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nabantu awayephila zabo yenza UNikolai Karamzin (1766-1826). multi-volume Yakhe "Imbali kaRhulumente Russian" uye waba isenzeko ibalulekileyo inkcubeko Russian nenzululwazi.

Karamzin wamondela ngokulinganayo Normanists oko kuthethwayo kwaye antinormanistov. Iimpikiswano ku omabini bethathwa ingqalelo nangononophelo ubuninzi ku izibakala. Karamzin walibalela imisebenzi Bayer kunye Miller, siyifundile le ukuba yonke imbali. Kodwa antinormanskaya ingqiqo Tatishcheva kuyo yagxekwa. umbhali Special abakholwanga ekuthiwa ubungqina podcherpnut Ioakimovskaya irekhodi.

Karamzin Wathi zonke izibakala ezintandathu ezibalulekileyo ezixhasa imvelaphi yaseScandinavia ka Rurik kunye Varangians ngokubanzi. Okokuqala, ubungqina ababhali Western, umzekelo, Bishop Liutprand Cremona, apho Russ wacinga ukuba ngokusemthethweni. Okwesibini, igama Rurik, kunye nezinye iinkosana yakhelwe nge etymology ecacileyo yaseScandinavia. Okwesithathu, imithombo Byzantine. Vikings eConstantinople ngokuba kartel aseScandanavia. Okwesine, impikiswano Miller malunghana na amagama ohamba Dnieper. Okwesihlanu, ukuba ukufana zokuqokelelwa nemithetho Russian inyaniso nasemagumbini ezifanayo waseJamani kunye aseScandanavia. LeSithandathu, i "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka," apho umbhali Nestor wakhankanya ukuba Vikings ahlala ngasentshonalanga kuLwandle lweBaltic.

Uzuza Normanists

iingxoxo Hot abaphikisi ezizinzululwazi wenza ingxabano phakathi Normanists antinormanistov kunye enye "imibuzo abaqalekisiweyo 'eziphambili zembali Russian. Ingongoma ndaphucula imeko yayo incwadi yolwimi Danish Vilgelma Tomsena (1842-1927) "umbuso Russian Ikhaya." Oku kulo msebenzi eyokuqala ukuya kakuhle ngokupheleleyo e-worldwork theory Norman yamandulo. Uninzi incwadi Thomsen sahlukile neyezingaphambili ukukhetha Ezolimi. Iimpikiswano ze nzulu malunga icandelo kweelwimi kwimithombo zamaxesha, hayi baye balahlekelwa ukufaneleka kwabo namhlanje.

Njengoko esitheni kwayo kuphela Thomsen wathi Stepan Gedeonov (1816-1878), ekubeni yayiyimini umsebenzi wakhe 'The Vikings and Rus "wamenza Dane," imbonakalo cingisisi kakhulu. " Eminye imisebenzi antinormanskie ngeelwimi ebizwa nesayensi. Kwincwadi yakhe Thomsen wenza uhlolo olunzulu zemithombo Arab kunye aseByzantium kwi latin phezu Vikings.

Ukuhlalutya imvelaphi elithi "Russia", ISAZINZULU ebizwa ngokuba ingcambu ye engcanjini elingana Swedish yamazwi "ngomkhombe," yaye "ngokungakhatha-". Kule uqhagamshelo Thomsen wacebisa ukuba igama enjalo babezibiza i Scandinavians, owayehlala kunxweme Gulf of Finland, kwaye uhambo oluya kumazwe angabamelwane. Ngokufanayo, a ngeelwimi ezenziwe elithi "Vikings". Ngokutsho hypothesis wakhe, livela engcanjini "var" Swedish, bona bubonakala "indawo" okanye "ukhuseleko".

Thomsen wakhetha elinesibini amazwi yamandulo iilwimi, ngubani na ngokucacileyo kuyabonakala etymology yaseScandinavia (Tiuna, iigridi, ivenkile, intonga, njalo njalo. D.). UPawulos isifundo sakhe, umbhali ecetywayo isikweko capacious: i Scandinavians zibeke isiseko imeko encinane, nto leyo eye nokuxubana zalo landile bebaninzi wawumkhulu. Xa uthelekisa lo mba kwaye Normanists antinormanistov, uthelekiso enjalo ngokuyimfuneko lixhomekeke kwi ngxoxo ukuba kwaziswa kuqala Dane Vilhelm Thomsen.

sisiphumo sempikiswano

Xa kukhangelwa ukuba ngubani tye ngendlela Normanists imbambano kunye antinormanistov, kufanele kugxininiswe ukuba ubambene yabo intsingiselo kuphela kwimeko kakhulu kwinkulungwane XIX, xa ukuyilwa urhulumente ezinxulumene ngemvelaphi ubukhosi. Kodwa ke umbhali umthombo isitshixo aphakathi "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" Nestor wathi kwimibuzo emithathu ngokwahlukileyo, "apho waya" Abantu Slavic abo Rurik kwaye, ekugqibeleni, njani iRussia ngokwayo. Ehlabathini indlela efanayo namhlanje ibambelela kwinzululwazi zembali.

AbaNormanist banamhlanje kunye nama-anti-Normanists baqhubeka bephikisana nabo, nangona bekude kwacaca ukuba inkqubo yokubunjwa kukaRhulumente ayixhomekeke kubuhlanga bendlu yolawulo. Inyaniso yokuba uRurik wayengumfokazi u-Varangian akazange amthintele unyana wakhe u-Igor ukususela ebusaneni ekukhuleni kwindawo ehluke ngokupheleleyo kunye nokufana. Inzala yakhe uSvyatoslav kunye nomzukulu wakhe uVladimir kakade akazange akhumbuze amaScandinavians - ayengamaSlav ngegazi, ngomkhwa okanye ulwimi. Into efanayo yenzeke kunye namaqela ase-Varangian abacebisi, amaqhawe kunye nabanye abasemntla ababizwa ngokuba bavela ngaphesheya kolwandle baya eRashiya.

Thelekisa izikhundla ze-Norminists kunye ne-antinormanists, zama ukuqonda indlela enkulu impembelelo yabaseScandinavia ngayo ekudalweni kwe-Old Age. Nangona i-Novgorod yayilawulwa yi-Varangian (iRurik), kwaye i-Kiev ithathwe ngumcebisi okanye isihlobo sayo (Oleg), ubuninzi belizwe labantu abatsha bahlala beSlavic. Isiqhelo saseScandinavia ekugqibeleni sichitha kulo lulwandle. Kwaye ngoko ukunqoba kwezenzululwazi kubaxhasi be "Varangian theory" akunakunciphisa "ukuziqhenya kweSizwe saseRussia ezinkulu", ngokubhekiselele kuzo ii-Norminists zokuqala kunye nabaxhasi bezinto. Ukukubeka ngokufutshane, le meko ihlala idala. Izifundo zobugcisa kunye neengcali ze-Varangian ithonya kwi-Ancient Rus ziqhubeka namhlanje, kodwa zichaphazela iinkcukacha ezincinci: amagama athile ngolwimi lwesiRashiya, amasiko kwimicimbi yempi, njalonjalo.