Makhe sizame ukuphendula umbuzo malunga nemvelaphi yeempawu zecuneiform

Iyintoni i-cuneiform, namhlanje, bambalwa abazi, njengommiselo, ezi ngcali ezincinci kwintsimi nenkcubeko ye-philology. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kubonga ukubhala kwe-cuneiform esinethuba lokubhala phantsi iingcamango zethu namazwi kwiphepha. Ngoko ke, kweli nqaku, siza kuzama ukuphendula umbuzo othi imvelaphi yezithonjana ze-cuneiform.

Yintoni ebhaliweyo yombhalo?

I-Cuneiform ibizwa ngokuba yindlela yakudala yokubhala, apho iimpawu ezithile zafakwa kwiiphilisi zedongwe ngoncedo lwaloo nto.

Njengahlobo lokubhala umbhalo we-cuneiform lwavela kwinkcubeko yeSomerian. Oku kwavumela ukutshintshwa kolwazi kwisizukulwana kwisizukulwana kunye negalelo kwili lizwe lithatha isikhundla esiphambili kwiLizwe laMandulo.

Kwakhona, abavubukuli baye bafumanisa iindlela ezininzi zokubhala zakudala, ezifana ne-cuneiform. Le ngumbhalo wasePersianiform, obizwa ngokuba yi-Ugaritic, kunye nencwadi yaseProro-Minoan.

Ilizwe elidumileyo le-cuneiform

Ukuphendula umbuzo malunga nemvelaphi yeempawu ze-cuneiform, siya kufunda imeko yokubhala kwimbali yaseSumeriya eyaziwa kakhulu neyaziwayo.

Iipilisi ze-cuneiform zokuqala zeli lizwe, ezaziwa kwizinzulu zanamhlanje, zibuyele ku-3500 BC. E.

Phakathi kwemilambo uTigris no-Ewufrathe umbuso waseSumeriya owaziwa kakhulu wahlala phantsi. Kwakuyimihlaba enezixeko ezinabantu abaninzi, kunye nomzimba wemithetho yayo, enesiko sencwadi esityebi, esakhiwa ngamacwecwe amdongwe.

Kule macwecwe ulwahlulo oluhlukileyo lubhaliweyo: ukusuka kumlandeli wemithetho ukuya kubalo lwezindlu.

Iimpawu zodwa zazisondele kakhulu kunentsingiselo kwi-hieroglyphics. Nangona kunjalo, babesele babonise ukudibanisa amagama athile kwaye banemeko enomxholo kunama-hieroglyphs aseYiputa yaseYiputa.

I-hypothesis malunga nokubonakala kweempawu zecuneiform ezibhalwe

Imvelaphi yeempawu zecuneiform eMesopotamiya inemibuzo emininzi. Ngokwezinye zazo eziqhelekileyo zazo, iimpawu zecuneiform zivela ngale ndlela.

Abanikazi bezakhiwo ezinkulu zokulima kunye neenkomo baphoqelelwe ukuba bagcine iiirekhodi zabo zepropati. Ngenxa yoko, kwidongwe, eyayiqhelekileyo kwezo ndawo, zenze iifaneli ezikhethekileyo, ezabizwa ngokuba yimibhobho. Iimpawu zazibunjwa ngendlela yezilwanyana okanye iintaka zasekhaya, kunye nendlela yokutya okusanhlamvu, amaqanda, njl.

Iimpawu zenziwe kwinqanawa yodongwe, eyayisityinwe ngesitywina somntu, kuba nguye kuphela okwazi ukufikelela kulolu lwazi.

Ukuqhubela phambili, ngokuphuhliswa kwentuthuko yabantu, kwakuyinto yokuqheleka ukuba ibhale umbhalo oqhelekileyo wale mibhokheni kwisibonda sesitya sobumba, kwaye isitya ngokwawo satshintsha sajika saba yipilisi elula yedongwe.

Inkcazo yeeptogramgram ishintshile. Ukuba ngaphambili babenomlinganiso wokulingisa kwaye bajonge njengezo zilwanyana abazitshoyo, ngoku baqala ukutyunjwa ngokwemimiselo kunye nokucwangcisa ngokucwangcisa ngodongwe olutsha okanye baze basebenzise upende olukhethekileyo ngenduku yokubhala.

Ngoko, sinokuqonda ukuba yintoni imvelaphi yeempawu ze-cuneiform, kuba ezi ziyi-pictogram zangaphambili.

Ukuhlanganiswa kweefoto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwanika igama elitsha. Ngaloo ndlela, i-ideography, esebenzisa iimpawu, yabonakala. Umzekelo, ukuba iimpawu ezimbini zithetha iqanda neentaka, oko kwakuthetha "ukuzala kunye nenhlalakahle". Iimpawu zokudala zamandulo zivumela ukuba sicinge ngolu hlobo.

Ngendlela, ukubhala kwe-cuneiform, evezwe kwisiko laseSumeriya, kwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke elaseMbindi Mpuma, ngokuchaseneyo nama- hieroglyphs aseTshayina naseYiputa. Iimpawu ze-cuneiform zaziqondakala ngakumbi, zazilula ukukhumbula nokubhala. Ngako oko, namhlanje ungakwazi ukufunda inani elincinci lamacwecwe enobumba ngala ma rekhodi.

Abaphengululi banamhlanje bakholelwa ukuba i- cuneiform yaseSumalia yayinempembelelo ecacileyo kwileta yaseFenike, eyathi yathonya ukudala i-alfabhethi yamandulo yesiGrike, eyayihlobo lwenkokheli yama-alphabets ehlabathini lonke.

Nangona kunjalo, kamva lolu hlobo lwencwadi lulahlekile. Kwangexesha elide iipilisi zedongwe zazingcwatyelwa emhlabeni, ukuba izazi zenzululwazi zaseYurophu zazingakhange ziwaqwalasele ngokusondeleyo kwikhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokugqibela.

Imbali yokuchaza izibonakaliso ze-cuneiform

Ukufunda umbuzo wendlela imvelaphi yeempawu ze-cuneiform, akunakwenzeka ukungawunaki ingxaki yokuzichaza.

Imizamo yokuchaza le miqondiso yenziwe yizinzulu zangekhulu le-19. Izinto eziphathekayo njengemibhalo kwiiplate zexesha elidlulileyo, ukubalula izihloko zabalawuli kunye neemfanelo zabo.

Ngethuba lokucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala kwintsimi yeBhabhiloni YaseBhabhiloni, akufumanekanga kuphela iisampula ze-cuneiform ezininzi, kodwa kunye nezichazi-magama zakuqala, ngokwemiqathango ephakamileyo yeli lizwe.

Ndiyabulela kwezi ziphumo, ezininzi izibhebhe zedongwe zaye zagqitywa. Izazi-mlando ziye zafumana idatha ebalulekileyo ebomini kwi-Ancient Sumerians. Kuza kube yimhla, kuphela iisampulu ezindala ze-cuneiform, okubizwa ngokuba yi-Proto-Sumerian leta, ihlala ingacacisiwe.