Ukukhululwa kweCrimea, ngo-1944. Ukusebenza kakubi kweCrimea

Usebenziso oluhlaselayo lweCrimea lwe-1944 lubhekwa njengenye yeeprojekthi ezibalulekileyo ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic. Kwaqala ngo-8 uEpreli. Masiqhubeke sicinga ngendlela inkululeko eyenziwa ngayo inkululeko yaseCrimea.

Iimeko kwi-peninsula

NgoSeptemba 26 - Novemba 5, 1943 iMelitopolskaya yabanjwa, kwaye ngo-Oktobha 31-Novemba 11 wonyaka ofanayo-ukusebenza kwe-Kerch-Eltegensky. Amajoni aseSoviet aphumelele ukugqithisa iinqonga kwi-Perekop Isthmus. Iibhulorho kwiPeninsula yase Kerch kunye nxalenye esezantsi yeSivash zathathwa. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhululwa okupheleleyo kweCrimea kwakungenamandla okwaneleyo. I-peninsula yayihlala iqela elincinci leentshaba, ngokusekelwe ekukhuseleni. Kwi-Perekop Isthmus kunye ne-bridgehead e-Sivash ezikhundleni zeentshaba zineentathu, kunye ne-Kerch Peninsula - ezine iindidi.

Izithuba zamaqela

Emva kokuba axoshe intshaba ephuma kwi-peninsula, i-Black Sea Fleet yase-USSR inokuphinda ibuye isakhelo esicwangcisiweyo. Oku kuya kuphucula iimeko zokubeka iinqanawa nokulwa. Ukongezelela, i-peninsula yaseCrimea ifake i-Balkan iplanethi yamaJamani, ukuxinana kwabo abakhulu, abadlulayo kwiindawo ezikude kunxweme. Kule nkalo, ubukhokeli baseJamani, ngokubhekiselele kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcinweni kwintsimi. Bekholelwa ukuba oku kuya kulondoloza inkxaso yaseTurkey kunye neBalkan. Inkokheli ye-17 Army, esekelwe kwi-peninsula, yayinomsebenzi wokugcina indawo leyo yokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo, umyalelo wetshaba uvelise isicwangciso esicacisiweyo "Adler" xa kwenzeka ukufuduka.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwemikhosi

Ekuqaleni kuka-1944, umkhosi waseJamani waqiniswa ngamaqela amabini. Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari, i-73 yifike kwi-peninsula, kwaye ekuqaleni kweeKwindla-111 zeeyunithi zokulala. Ngo-Ephreli imikhosi yamabutho yayinabana 12. Phakathi kwazo kwaku-7 isiRomania kunye nesi-5 saseJamani. Ukongezelela, bekukho ukuhlaselwa kwe-brigades 2 kwisakhiwo samandla, ukuqiniswa okuhlukeneyo. Ngokubanzi, inani lempi lalingaphezu kwamawaka ayi-195 abantu. Iiyunithi zazingamaphekula angama-3,600 kunye nezibhamu, ii-tanks ezingama-215. Ukusuka emoyeni, umkhosi wawuxhaswa yi-148. Inxaxheba ephambili kwiimfazwe ezivela kwicala laseSoviet kwakuza kudlala i-4 Ukrainian Front. Umyalelo wemikhosi wawuqhutywe yi-gene. Tolbukhin. Umkhosi wawuquka:

1. I-Army yama-51 kunye no-2.
2. Iindawo ezingama-78 kunye ne-16 ezinqatyisiweyo.
3. 19 yePanzer Corps.

Kwakhona, i-Ukrainian ye-Front Front yaxhaswa yi-8 ye-Air Army. Njengenxalenye yemikhosi kwakukho i-brigade ehlukene phantsi komyalelo we-Eremenko. Izenzo zakhe zaxhaswa nenkxaso yomoya. Kwiimfazwe zazibandakanya iinqanawa. Banikwa umthetho ngu-Oktyabrsky Philip Sergeevich. Ubutyebi bakhe babecinga ukuxhasa ukukhusekisa nokuphazamisa inxibelelwano yobutshaba. Ukongezelela, i-flotila yezempi yase-Azov yayiyingxenye yamasosha aseSoviet. Yayilelwe ngu-Admiral Gorshkov emva. Umkhosi wakhe waxhasa ukuhlaselwa kweMpi yamaLwandle ahlukeneyo.

Inani elipheleleyo leqela laseSoviet lalingabantu abangama-470waka. Ukulahlwa kwemikhosi kwakungama-6000 ama-mortars kunye nezibhamu, ii-559 iiyunithi ezizimeleyo kunye namatanki. Ukusuka elwandle, imisebenzi yokuncedisa abantwana yayisekela abahamba ngeenqwelo ezi-4, i-cruiser 1 kunye neenqwelo ezi-2 zokujikeleza, ama-6 ababhubhisi, i-8 base-trawlers, iinqwelo zokuhamba nge-80 kunye ne-47 torpedo boats, i-undermarines ezingama-29, iinqanawa ezingama-34 ezikhuselekile, izikebhe ezintathu kunye nezinye iimpahla ezincedisayo.

Inkxaso esebenzayo ye-Soviet Army yanikezelwa ngamaqela aseCrimea, awamasebe ayenziwe ekuqaleni kwawo-1944. Inani labo lilonke lalingabantu abangama-4 000. Iiyunithi zabumbene eMahompuma, eMntla nasemazantsi. Imikhosi ye-USSR yayinobungakanani obukhulu kwimpi yabutshaba. Izenzo zamasosha aseSoviet zadibaniswa nguMarshals Vasilevsky noVoroshilov.

Iingxaki ngexesha elide

Ukukhululwa kweCrimea ngo-1944 kwakufuneka kuqale ngoFebruwari, inani le-18-19. Ngomhla ka-6 kuFebruwari, isicwangciso sokulwa senziwa. Nangona kunjalo, eli phulo lihlehliselwe eziliqela emva koko. Ngelo xesha, ukulwa kwenzeka kwiNxweme yaseDnieper. Umyinge womyalelo uthumele uVasilevsky umyalelo wokuqalisa ukugxeka phambi kokuba inkululeko yimihlaba ifike eKherson.

Emva koko, omnye umyalelo wanikwa. Ngokukodwa, uVasilevsky walelwa ukuba aqale ukusebenza ngaphandle komhla ka-1 Matshi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inkululeko yodonga lwaseDnieper iya kudlula. Nangona kunjalo, umlawuli wachaza i-GHQ ukuba, ngokunikezelwa kweemeko zemozulu, ukulwa kufuneka kuhlehliswe kude kube ngo-Matshi. Ngalo mhla wokugqibela, uMyalelo oPhezulu uyavuma. Nangona kunjalo, sele u-16.03 uVasilevsky ufumene umyalelo omtsha, ngokubhekiselele kulo msebenzi owawufunekayo ukuba uqale emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwesithili saseNikolayev kwaye uqhubele phambili e-Odessa. Kodwa emva koko, ngenxa yeemeko zesimo sezulu, ukulwa kufuneka kuhlehliselwe kude kube ngu-Ephreli 8.

Izicwangciso zomyalelo waseSoviet

Ukukhululwa kweCrimea ngowe-1944 kwakufuneka kwenziwe nge-170 km. Izithuba zeentshaba kufuneka zithathwe kwiintsuku eziyi-10-12. Ngexesha elifanayo, isantya sesantya sesantya sasine-12-15 km, itanki elingu-30-35 km. Isicwangciso somyalelo siqulethwe ngamagxathu athile ngokusuka kumntla - ukusuka eSivash nasePerekop, kwaye ukusuka empuma-ukusuka kwi-Kerch Peninsula. Ngoxa beqhuba ukukhululwa kwe-Sevastopol neSimferopol, kwacetywa ukwahlukana kunye nokucwangcisa ulwahlulo lweentshaba, ukukhusela i-retreat yayo kwi-peninsula. Iphulo eliphambili lalifuneka ukuba lithathwe kwi-bridge head inxalenye yeSivash. Ngokuphumelela kwezenzo, iinjongo eziphambili zavela kwizikhundla ezintathu zentshaba. Emva kokuba bathathe i-Dzhankoy, imikhosi yaseSoviet yakwazi ukuqhubela phambili kwiSimferopol kunye neCherch Peninsula emva kwamaJamani. Impembelelo encedisayo yayicingwa kwiPerekop Isthmus. Ngaphambi kokuba i-Army yaseLwandle ehlukileyo ilawulwe ukuba iphumelele ekukhuseleni kwabahlaseli ngasentla kwe Kerch. Inxalenye yalo yayikuhlasela ecaleni eliselunxwemeni ye-peninsula. Iinjongo eziphambili zijoliswe ekukhululeni i-Sevastopol neSimferopol.

Ukukhululwa kweCrimea ngo-1944: ukuqala kweemfazwe

Kwiintsuku ezintlanu ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, izakhiwo ezininzi zexesha elide zatshatyalaliswa zixhobo zokulwa. Ngo-Apreli 7, i-intelligence yezempi yayiqhutywe kusihlwa. Uqinisekisile ulwazi olukhoyo kumyalelo weSoviet malunga neqela lokutshaba. Ngomhla wesibhozo ka-Ephreli ukulungiselela ukuhamba kunye nokuqhutyelwa kwamatye. Ngokubanzi, kuthatha iiyure ezingama-2.5. Ukukhululwa kweCrimea ngowe-1944 kwaqala ngokubetha kwemikhosi ye-Army yama-51 phantsi komyalelo weLieutenant-General Kreiser. Ukuhlaselwa kwalwa kuvela kwinqanaba leebhuloho engxenyeni esezantsi yeSivash. Ukulwa ngokukrakra kwakuqhubeka iintsuku ezimbini. Ngenxa yoko, amabutho aseSoviet aphumelele ukukhusela amaJamani. Ibutho lama-51 lahlasela i-flank yeqela lasePerekop. Ngaloo xesha u-Zakharov wadibanisa i-2 yolindidi engena kwi-Armiansk. Ngo-Apreli-11 ekuseni, ibutho le-tank le-19 lafunyanwa ngu-Dzhankoy.

Ngaphantsi komyalelo weVasiliev, iyunithi iphumelele ukuya kuSimferopol. AmaJamani, aphunyuke kwi-encirclement, ashiya iinqaba ze-Perekop Isthmus waza waqala ukubuyela kwi-Kerch Peninsula. Ngobusuku be-11.04 uhlaselo lwaqala ulwahlulo oluPhezulu lweePrimorsky. Ngentsasa imikhosi yayibambe iKerch, iqhosha elikhuselayo elinqabileyo elisempuma ye-peninsula. Kuzo zonke izikhokelo, intshutshiso yamaJamani yaqala, eyabuyela eSevastopol. Kulo nxalenye esentshona yonxweme ukuhlaselwa kwaBalindi aba-2. Ibutho e-Evpatoria. I-51 Army, ekusebenziseni izinto eziphumeleleyo ze-Ninety Corps, yaqalisa ukuqhubela phambili eSimferopol ngokusebenzisa ibhanti. Imikhosi yoMkhosi oKhethekileyo wahamba ngeBegiorsk (iKarasubazar) kunye neFoodsia ukuya eSevastopol. Ngo-Apreli 13, ama-Soviet awamkhulula uFoodsia, iSimferopol, i-Evpatoria, kunye nosuku lwesi-14-15-Yalta, Bakhchisaray, Alushta.

Ngelo xesha amaJamani aqhubeka nokubuyela. Ukuhamba kweempi ze-4 kunye ne-8 kwathintela ngamandla kwimikhosi yaseJamani kunye nee-hubs zokunxibelelana. UOktobha uFilip Sergeevich, eyalela iinqanawa zaseSoviet, wanikeza imiyalelo yokucima iinqanawa ezikhuphekileyo.

Abaqabane

I-Crimea phantsi komhlaba yabonisa ubuqhawe obuqhayisa kunye nesibindi kwimfazwe. Ngaphambi kokuqulunqwa kwamaqela, umsebenzi wawunokutshabalalisa iiyunithi, imizila yokunxibelelana, emva kweentshaba, ukuxhoma kunye nokuqhankqalaza kwintlambo yeentaba, ukutshabalalisa iitrato, ukuphazamisa ichweba eYalta, ukukhusela amabutho aseJamani-aseRomania ukuba aqhubele phambili aze aphume. Abaphangi basemhlabeni nabo babefanele banqande intshaba ekubhubhiseni izithuthi kunye nezoshishino, izixeko.

Ukugquma kweSevastopol: ukulungiselela

Ngo-Apreli 15-16, i-Soviet Army yaqalisa amalungiselelo okuhlaselwa. Umsindo omkhulu kulindelwe kulendawo yeBalaklava. Kulo mzobo, iinxalenye kunye nokuqhagamshelana kwendawo ehlukeneyo kunye ne-Left flank yeMikhosi ye-51 ibandakanye inxaxheba. Amajoni aseSoviet ayedinga ukugqithisa intshaba e-Sapun-intaba kunye nokuphakama kwe-North-east yeKarani. Ngaloo ndlela, iqela leentshaba liza kunqunyulwa kwiindawo ezikutshona entshonalanga yeSevastopol. Umyalelo wawukholelwa ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa kweentshaba kwiNtaba yaseSapun, nangona kukho ubunzima obuhamba nohlaselo, bekuya kwenza ukuba kuphazamise ukuzinza kwezikhundla ezikhuselayo zentshaba. Kwi-2 gv band. Umkhosi uceba ukwenza isiteti sesibini. Ukuphazamisa ingqalelo yabahlaseli, wayefanele ukuba iintsuku ezimbini ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa. Umyalelo waseSoviet wabeka phambi kwemikhosi umsebenzi wokuqhekeza ukukhusela kumzantsi-mpuma weBelbek ngamacandelo e-55th Rifle kunye no-13 Guards Corps. Umkhosi wawuza kuhlakulela inxalenye engasempuma yesiqithi saseNyakatho kunye neentaba zeMekenziev ukwenzela ukutshintshisa iqela leentshaba emanzini aze alitshabalalise.

Ukulwa

Ngo-Ephreli 19 no-23, kwenziwa iinzame ezimbini zokugqithisa izikhundla ezikhuselekileyo zesithili saseSevastopol. Nangona kunjalo, imikhosi yamaSoviet yahluleka. Umyalelo uthathe isigqibo sokuhlanganisela imikhosi, ulungiselele umkhosi, ulindele ukushisa amafutha kunye neenqwelo.

Ukuhlaselwa kwaqala ngoMeyi 5. Amabutho aBalindi aba-2. Imikhosi yadlulela kwinqwelo, ichoxisa intshaba ukuba idlulise amaqela ukusuka kwezinye izikhokelo. Ngo-10: 30 ngoMeyi 7, kunye nenkxaso enamandla yenkampani, kwaqala ukuhlaselwa ngokubanzi. Imikhosi yeqela laseSoviet eliphambili lakwazi ukugqithisa ukukhusela iintshaba kwi-9 kilometer. Kwikhondo lokulwa, amajoni athatha iSapun Intaba. NgoMeyi 9, amasosha aseSoviet awela eSevastopol ukusuka empuma-mpuma, empuma nasentla, ekhulula isixeko. Imikhosi ekhoyo ye-17 Army yeentshaba, elandelwa yi-19 Corps, yabuyela eKapa Khersones, apho yabhujiswa khona. Ekuthunjweni kwakungama-21 000 amajoni kunye namajoni otshaba. Amajoni aseSoviet athabathe izixhobo nezixhobo zokusebenza.

Ukugqitywa kweemfazwe

Ngowe-1941-1942 iminyaka. Intshaba yathabatha iintsuku ezingama-250 ukuba zithathe iSevastopol, abemi bayo babezikhuselelele izindonga zayo, kwathatha imikhosi yamaSoviet kuphela iintsuku ezingama-35 ukuyikhulula. Ngomhla we-Meyi 15, ikomkhulu laqala ukufumana ulwazi malunga neengqungquthela ezaziqhutywe kwiinkqubo kunye nemigangatho yemikhosi eyenzelwe ukuxothwa kweentshaba ezivela kwi-peninsula.

Isiphelo

Ukukhululwa kweCrimea ngo-1944 kwanika ukubuyiswa kommandla obaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho kunye noqhinga kwilizwe laseSoviet. Ezi ziinjongo eziphambili zemisebenzi yempi eyafezwayo. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, ibhaso loyilwayo lenziwe ngokuthatha inxaxheba ekuxothweni kweentshaba kwimimandla yesinqe. Nangona kunjalo, indondo yeCrimea ayizange ifakwe.