Inkqubo yokubhala, oko eyasetyenziswa Sumerians. Ngoonobumba yokubhala: imbali, ingakumbi

yakwazi yaseSamariya - ilifa encinane inxalenye ukuba wasala emva koku impucuko yamandulo. Ngelishwa, inkoliso ezikhumbuzo kulahlekile. Kuphela amacwecwe odongwe kunye nabalinganiswa ezizodwa, apho wabhala Sumerians - ngoonobumba. Ukuze ixesha elide wahlala akanakwaziwa engekasonjululwa, kodwa ngenxa yemizamo izazinzulu abantu ngoku data ukuba impucuko waseMesopotamiya.

Sumerians: bangobani

Impucuko (inguqulelo ngokoqobo "blackheads") - enye zokuqala ezenzeka emhlabeni wethu. Imvelaphi yabantu amabali yenye yeengxaki ibunzi: eliphikisa izazinzulu kwenziwa kuze. Le meko ke nokuba kunikwa igama elithi "ingxaki yaseSamariya". Ukufunwa nobungqina bezinto zakudala zavelisa kancinci into, ngoko, owona mthombo uphambili isifundo ebaleni Ezolimi. Sumerians ngoonobumba nto ilungileyo abalondolozwa bonke, waqalisa ukuba kufundwa ukusuka kwindawo umbono ngokokuzalana kweelwimi.

Bamalunga nama-5000 neminyaka BC entilini kweTigris kunye umEfrate kumazantsi eMesopotamiya wabonakala yokuhlala kamva yaba impucuko enamandla. ezafunyanwa zakudala zibonisa indlela esithile ngokoMthetho zoqoqosho i Sumerians. Bekuyekile kumacwecwe odongwe iintetho ezininzi ngayo.

Ukwembiwa kwisixeko samandulo bamaSumeri of Uruk kukhokelela kwisigqibo kucace ukuba izixeko bamaSumeri zaye zasedolophini ngokwaneleyo: kwakukho onobu bugcisa iiklasi, abarhwebi, abaphathi. Ngaphandle imizi emiweyo ngabalusi kunye nabalimi.

Ulwimi le Sumerians

Nesi - into kweelwimi umdla kakhulu. Kungenzeka, weza akumazantsi eMesopotamiya ukusuka eIndiya. Phakathi 1-2 amawaka eminyaka abantu abathetha ngayo, kodwa kungekudala andigweqe isiAkkadia.

kunjalo Sumerians waqhubeka ukusebenzisa ulwimi sookhokho babo kwizinto zonqulo, oko kuthwalelwa phandle umsebenzi yolawulo, wafundisa ezikolweni. Oku waqhubeka kwaze ekuqaleni xesha lethu. Indlela yokwenza ulwimi lwakho kwileta Sumerians? Zemibhalo yayisetyenziswa kanye le njongo.

Ngelishwa, akuzange kube lula ukubuyisela isakhiwo phonetic ulwimi yaseSamariya, ngenxa yokuba uhlobo xa intsingiselo lungelelanisa kwaye ngokwegrama ilizwi e affixes emininzi Kongezelelwa ingcambu.

Kwemvelo zemibhalo

Ukuvela kwe yoonobumba yaseSamariya ingqamana kokuqalisa umsebenzi yezoqoqosho. Elidityaniswe nesibakala ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukulungisa iziqalelo ulawulo okanye urhwebo. Kufuneka ke ukuba ngoonobumba yaseSamariya incwadi yokuqala ukuvela, awamnika sona isiseko ezinye iinkqubo yokubhala eMesopotamiya.

Ekuqaleni abhalwe amaxabiso digital, ngoxa kude ekubhaleni. A isixa esithile emifanekiso elijongene ngodongwe ezikhethekileyo - iimpawu. Enye umqondiso - into efanayo.

Kuphuhliso loqoqosho ukuba ubenetloni, ngoko inani ngalinye baqalisa ukwenza ubhalo okhethekileyo. Izibonakaliso egcinwe kwisingxobo ekhethekileyo, eyayinomfanekiso umnini itywina. Ngelishwa, ukuze ubale amagama, kwakufuneka ukuba ndimaphule igumbi, uze atywinwe kwakhona. Ukunenzela lula, kufutshane itywina waqalisa ukubonisa ulwazi malunga nokubhalwe, uze ke ekugqibeleni sabhenela amanani shwaka ngokupheleleyo - ezinye ukuvela. Yaye kwakukho amacwecwe odongwe yokuqala. Oko zimelwe kubo, nto ezifana icon: Amagama athile amanani ezithile izinto.

Kamva, lo icon waqalisa ukubonisa kunye neesimboli abstract. Umzekelo, iinkukhu kunye namaqanda picture close sele kubonisiwe ngokutyeba. Le ncwadi iye Indawo YobuzweKCharselect (symbols imiqondiso).

Inqanaba elilandelayo - uyilo phonetic of pictograms neeideogram. Kufuneka ke ukuba umqondiso ngamnye ukubasempilweni uyilo ethile isandi, apho kungekho ngokunxulumene umfanekiso le into. Indlela iyatshintsha, kulula (zombini - chaza ngezantsi). Ukongeza, abalinganiswa ziphuhlisiwe lula, abantu ecaleni ojolise.

Ukuvela zemibhalo wabanika amandla okuqhubela makasizalise tracings ka-magama, apho kwenzeka esebenzayo kakhulu.

Ngoonobumba yokubhala: nemigaqo esisiseko

Yintoni na yokubhala? Ngumzali, i Sumerians abazange bakwazi ukufunda leta hayi umgaqo. itekisi ebhaliweyo babona, ngenxa yokuba isiseko sokubhala Indawo YobuzweKCharselect.

Kwi mark ezinefuthe umbandela apho ukubhala - udongwe. Kutheni na? Singalibali ke ukuba eMesopotamiya - loo mmandla, apho phantse kungekho mithi, ifanele ukwenziwa (khumbula Slavic ezinde ixolo kunye papyrus zamaYiputa, eyenziwe likhaba ngoqalo), wayengekho apho, kunye namatye. Kodwa ke zomdongwe imilambo umlambo ngokwaneleyo, ngoko lisetyenziswa yi the Sumerians.

Amalungiselelo lencwadi ikeyiki ngodongwe, ukuba zimile njenge isangqa okanye uxande. Kuthiwe a wand eyodwa ebizwa ngokuba Kapama. It yayenziwe kwezinto eziqinileyo ezifana ithambo. Icebiso e Kapama waba ntathu. inkqubo leta ukutshonisa intonga kwi nodongwe, kwaye kushiya indlela ethile. Kapama xa ephuma udongwe, inxalenye elide lo nxantathu zishiya nomzila ngathi imnyama, ngoko igama - "ngoonobumba". Ukuze ugcine umbhalo, zivela zivuthiswe eziko.

Imvelaphi lokubhala syllabic

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla, phambi kokuba kubekho ngoonobumba ukusuka Sumerians wayekho olunye uhlobo yamanqaku - pictography ke ideography. Iimpawu Kamva zibe lula, umzekelo, endaweni yonke intaka obuvezwa dladla kuphela. Ke inani yamanqaku kancane kancane - ziba igagasi, uza kuthetha mabinzana kuphela ngqo, kodwa ke abstract - kwanele ukuba ubonise inani kwezinye ideogram. Ngoko ke, emi ecaleni kwe "Amanye Amazwe" kunye "mfazi" libhekisela ingcamango "khoboka." Ngoko ke, ixabiso abalinganiswa ezithile ezibonakalayo ukusuka kumxholo ngokubanzi. Le ndlela yokuthetha kuthiwa logograph.

Kodwa kwaba nzima ukubonisa phezu neeideogram udongwe, njalo ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngamnye kubo indawo ethi idibanise oluthile ngodwi-noxolelwano. Oku kwabangela inkqubo yokubhala ngakumbi, evumela ukusetyenziswa samalunga izandi ezithile afanayo. Ngenxa yoko, baqala ukuphuhlisa syllabary, eyathatha ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo.

Ukucazulula ixabiso for nezinye iilwimi

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX yabalasela yimizamo ukuqonda undoqo zemibhalo yaseSamariya. uxabiso ngemizamo emikhulu eyenziweyo kule Grotefend. Kodwa ekugqibeleni mbhalo Behistun ukuba izakhi ezininzi izicatshulwa. Wazikrola kwizicatshulwa engxondorheni eziqulathwe imizekelo Old basePersi, Elamite, uchaze isiAkkadia. Ukuwuqonda zeetekisi Rawlins.

Ukuvela kwe yoonobumba yaseSamariya nempembelelo ukubhalwa kwamanye amazwe waseMesopotamiya. Ukusasaza impucuko weza nayo, kwaye nelizwi-syllabic uhlobo lokubhala, nto leyo yamkelwe kwezinye iintlanga. Ingakumbi zibonwa ngokucacileyo nghena ngoonobumba yaseSamariya e Elamite, Hurrian, amaHeti neleta Urartian.