1991 umbuso: Oonobangela kunye neziphumo

Kukho imbali karhulumente Russian ukuba komnye unyaka, leyo kuthiwa yotshintsho olululo. Xa imeko lobunzima kweli lizwe kongasentla kumda, ngoxa uMikhail Gorbachev akabanga saba nako ukusebenza, nkqu eziyingqongileyo ngoko nangoko, kwaye wenza konke okusemandleni ukusombulula imeko kweli lizwe ngenkani, kwaye abantu wanyula kubo ukunika uvelwano zabo, kwabakho ubhedu ngo-1991.

Iinkokheli endala karhulumente

Iinkokeli ezininzi CPSU, leyo wahlala uzibophelele ulawulo endala, uyazi ukuba uphuhliso ngokutsha ngokuthe ngcembe kukhokelela kwilahleko kwamandla abo, kodwa wayesenamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuthintela zohlaziyo lorhwebo kuqoqosho Russian. Ngale ndlela ke bazama ukuthintela yintlekele yokudodobala koqoqosho.

Kunjalo, ezi nkokeli abazange elinegunya kunjalo, ukuba iindlela ebanyanzela abayithintelayo intshukumo lwentando yesininzi. Ngoko ke indlela kuphela kule meko, nguwuphi kubo zibonakala kusenokwenzeka - isimo ebhengeziweyo yonxunguphalo. Akukho mntu akazange alindele ukuba, ngokunxulumene kwezi ziganeko ziyaqala 1991 ubhedu.

Isikhundla ezimbini Mihaila Sergeevicha Gorbacheva, okanye ukususwa kobunkokheli

Ezinye iinkokeli angqingqwa wazama ukuba noxinzelelo uMikhail Gorbachev, ngubani kwafuneka ngamaqhinga phakathi ubunkokheli endala kunye nabameli bezimpi yedemokhrasi ezibe bume yakhe. It Yakovlev ne Shevardnadze. Esi sikhundla ezingazinzanga Mihaila Sergeevicha Gorbacheva kukhokelele yokuba ngcembe wayelahlekelwa inkxaso omabini amaqela. Yaye kungekudala lo matshini baqalisa ukungena ulwazi malunga mdibi ezayo.

Ukususela ku-Apreli ukuya kuJulayi, uMikhail Gorbachev wayelungiselela isivumelwano, ebizwa ngokuba "Novo-Ogarevo", apho wayeza ukuthintela ukuwa eSoviet Union. Wayezimisele ukudlulisela isambuku namagunya Federal Republic. July 29, kwabanjwa intlanganiso kunye Gorbachev Nursultan Nazarbayev kunye Borisom Eltsinym. Oku kuxoxwa ngokweenkcukacha kwindawo engundoqo ye yesivumelwano, kwakunye ukubana ezayo evela kwizikhundla zabo iinkokeli ezininzi endilisekileyo. Kwesuka ke oko kwazeka kuyo iKGB. Ngoko ke, lo mcimbi Ziyasondela ukuya kwixesha apho imbali karhulumente Russian yaziwa ngokuba "i-Agasti putsch ngo-1991".

Abo babemenzele iyelenqe kunye neemfuno zabo

Ngokwendalo, inkokheli Communist Party sazikhathaza isigqibo uMikhail Sergeyevich. Kwaye ngethuba leeholide wakhe ugqibe ukubaxhaphaza imeko kunye nokusetyenziswa amandla. Xa uhlobo Liyelenqe abantu abaninzi abadumileyo inxaxheba. Le Vladimir Kryuchkov, ngelo xesha wayengusihlalo iKGB, Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanaev, Dmitriy Timofeevich Yazov, Valentin Sergeevich Pavlov, Boris Karlovich Pugo, kunye nabanye abaninzi, ngubani walungelelanisa mdibi 1991.

Putsch Agasti 18 wathumela uMikhail Sergeyevich, lowo phezu kwikhefu eCrimea, iqela abamele iimfuno nabavukeli. Kwaye ke wambekela kunye neemfuno zabo: ukuvakalisa imo yonxunguphalo. Kodwa xa uMikhail Gorbachev wala, bamngqonga likhaya layo angayinqumla yonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano.

Urhulumente yethutyana, okanye ezilindelekileyo engazange agcinwe

Bavuka kusasa ngo Agasti 19 kwikomkhulu weRashiya, malunga 800 izithuthi vehicles, ephelekwa ngumkhosi amawaka amane amadoda iye yaziswa. Kuzo zonke eendaba isaziso eendaba ukuba wadala iKomiti Emergency State, yaye wathabatha phezu onke amagunya ukuba elawula ilizwe. Ngale mini, abantu ukuvuka, vula iiseti zabo TV, wabona kuphela Ukuhlanganisa olungenasiphelo ballet elaziwayo elibizwa ngokuba "Swan Lake." Oku kusasa Agasti 1991 mdibi.

Abantu unoxanduva yelenqe, ababesithi Mihail Sergeevich Gorbachev ugula kakhulu kwaye asikwazi ukwenza kurhulumente, ngoko ke amagunya ayo wagqithela Yanayev, ngubani usekela-mongameli. Babenethemba lokuba abantu sele udiniwe ngokutsha liya kuba phezu ecaleni urhulumente omtsha, kodwa nkomfa press eziququzelelwe ngabo, apho wenza Gennady Yanayev, wenze umbono efanelekileyo.

Yeltsin nabaxhasi bakhe

Waqala 1991 akazange ayiphumelelanga nabaququzeleli putsch. Abantu abazange athathe icala zabo. Abaninzi bakholwa izenzo zabo mthethweni. Ingakumbi ukuba ngoAgasti 19 kuloo ntlanganiso, eyayibanjelwe ngaphandle House White, Yeltsin ndathetha nesizwe. Watsho ukuba le meko kweli lizwe kunye neziphumo yazibandakanya-1991 - yinto ubhedu.

Photo of Boris Yeltsin, senziwe ngexesha ukuthetha phambi kwabantu, iye yapapashwa kumaphephandaba ezininzi, nkqu amazwe yasentshona. Boris Yeltsin yaba ngokoluvo njengako amagosa abaliqela inkxaso ngokupheleleyo isikhundla sakhe.

Putsch 1991. ngokufutshane malunga neziganeko ezenzeka ngoAgasti 20 eMoscow

Inani elikhulu of Muscovites wathabatha ezitratweni nge-20 Agasti. Bonke bephela kufuneka wavala mdibi. I-White House, apho kwakukho Boris kunye nabaxhasi bakhe bayirhawula abavikeli (okanye, njengoko balibiza, simelana mdibi). Akha ngothango, bayirhawula isakhiwo, engafuni ukuba abuyele umyalelo omdala.

Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Muscovites ezininzi kangaka, yaye phantse umbala yonke nezazi. Nkqu odumileyo Mstislav Rostropovich ngokukodwa bantinga ukusuka eUnited States ukuxhasa abantu abaphila zabo. Le putsch-Agasti, 1991, oonobangela apho - ukuthingaza yobunkokheli endala ukuyeka ngokuzithandela igunya labo, ibize ndaweninye inani elikhulu labantu. amazwe ezininzi zixhasa abo wasivuna White House. Kwaye ke iziganeko kusasazwa kwilizwe lonke ngumsasazi phambili.

Ukungaphumeleli yelenqe, kunye ukubuya uMongameli

Imiboniso leyo ukungathobeli abaninzi kuye kwabangela ukuba isigqibo mdibi ukuba ahlasele ukwakha i-White House, baye bathunyelwa yesithathu ekuseni. Esi siganeko ezoyikekayo kwakhokelela ekubeni ixhoba ngaphezu kwesinye. Kodwa ngokubanzi, akazange aphumelele. Iinjengele, amajoni, nkqu uninzi ababelwa "Alpha" wala emlilweni abemi abaqhelekileyo. Abo babemenzele iyelenqe babanjwe, kwaye nomongameli iye yabuyela ngokukhuselekileyo elikomkhulu ngokuyeka isikhokhelo yonke imiyalelo mdibi nakanjani. Ngoko 1991 yaphela Agasti kombuso, i

Kodwa kule mihla latshintsha gqitha nje kuphela inhloko kodwa lonke ilizwe. Ezi ziganeko zenzeka utshintsho olukhulu kwimbali kumazwe amaninzi. ESoviet Union yaphela, yaye amandla ezopolitiko karhulumente ukuba yimbumba. Kamsinya nje 1991 kombuso, ngoAgasti 22 Rally eMoscow zaye zabanjwa kwakhona, emele intshukumo lwentando lizwe. Bathi ke abantu abathwele ilaphu omtsha tri-umbala iflegi yesizwe. Boris wacela izihlobo bonke babulawa ngexesha singqingiwe njalo ke White House Xolela, njengoko akaphumelela ukukhusela ezi ziganeko ezibuhlungu. Kodwa lonke wahlala umoya festive.

Izizathu ukungaphumeleli kombuso, kwaye ukuwa lokugqibela urhulumente wamaKomanisi

Yaphela mdibi 1991. Izizathu ezakhokelela ukusilela yayo, sibaphatha ezicacileyo. Kuqala kwinto zonke, uninzi lwabantu abahlala zikarhulumente Russian, akusekho wayefuna ukubuyela ngexesha kungekho kukhula. kakhulu lwabonakaliswa kungathenjwa ncam Communist Party. Nezinye izinto ezibangela - isiqingatha-abantliziyo esi senzo nabavukeli ngokwabo. Ke, phezu koko, kakhulu ungalwi kwicala le imikhosi lwentando yesininzi, apho zimelwe Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, uye wafumana inkxaso hayi kuphela ubunzima amaninzi abantu Russian, kodwa kumazwe aseNtshona.

1991 lika kuphela imiphumo ebuhlungu, kodwa nabo bazisa iinguqu ezinkulu lizwe. Uye wenza izakungenzeki uku ukulondoloza eSoviet Union, kwaye kananjalo ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwe-amandla CPSU. Ngenxa Boris Nikolayevich isalelo ukuba gxotha imisebenzi yalo emva kwexesha sele zonke ngoku zichithakala nje imibutho Komsomol nowamaKomanisi lonke kurhulumente. A Novemba 6 isigwebo elandelayo ngenqindi phantsi zivaliwe imisebenzi Communist Party.

imiphumo ebuhlungu ka Agasti mdibi

Abo babemenzele iyelenqe, okanye abameli weKomiti Emergency, kwakunye nabo luxhaswe kwizikhundla zabo, zaye ngoko nangoko babanjwa. Ezinye inani labo ngexesha uphando bazibulala. 1991 putsch athi ubomi eziliqela abemi abaqhelekileyo ababeze ukuziphendulela kwisakhiwo White House. Aba bantu banikwa isihloko Hero eSoviet Union. Amagama abo ngonaphakade kwimbali karhulumente Russian. It nguDmitry Komar, kulya Krichevsky kunye Vladimir Usov - abameli ulutsha eMoscow, ngubani na kubo ome endleleni ihamba izithuthi vehicles.

abake Iziganeko kwelo xesha bawela ilixa ulawulo lwamaKomanisi kweli lizwe. Ukuwa eSoviet Union kwabonakala, kunye izihlwele main inkxaso ngokupheleleyo ukuma imikhosi lwentando yesininzi. Oko ke iye yaba nefuthe mdibi karhulumente yenzekile. Agasti 1991 bangaqhubeka kuqwalaselwa ingongoma eyaba wajika imbali karhulumente Russian kwicala ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Yaba ngeli thuba ngokozwi waye stvergnuta inginginya, kwaye ukhetho wesininzi yaba kwicala lwentando yesininzi kunye nenkululeko. Russia singene kwixesha entsha yophuhliso.