Iinqanawa Columbus: isihloko, incazelo. Inqanawa Columbus 'Santa Maria'. "Nina" inqanawa Hristofora Kolumba

"Columbus wafumanisa Melika, lo matiloshe omkhulu" - njengoko bathi ingoma enye ... Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba ngomkhombe, umkhenkethi odumileyo iminyaka emininzi wayefuna mali ngenxa ukusebenzisana kwabo. Nangona izidwangube ezininzi ixesha yeprojekthi Hristofora Kolumba wayeza ethandwa nguye, ukuze yokwaba imali ukuze sibe nokumiliselwa, baba Musa ukungxama. Nangona kunjalo, lo discoverer elizayo wayengumntu odlamkileyo, kwaye baqokelela imali kuyimfuneko, kwaye ofakelwe imikhombe emithathu, nganye eneyazo ibali yayo ezimangalisayo.

Hristofor Kolumb

Phambi kokufunda imikhombe, wenza uhambo lwakhe edume Columbus, kubalulekile ukukhumbula Umlawuli omkhulu.

Hristofor Kolumb wazalwa ngo-1451 kwi-Republic of Genoa. izazinzulu bakhe ubuzwe ingakumbi shushu mpikiswano. Christopher ngokwakhe uthathwa Umatiloshe iSpanish, njengoko abantu baseSpeyin kuthwala ngohambo lwakhe. Noko ke, imithombo eyahlukeneyo zibhekisela ibe Italian, IsiCatalan nkqu umYuda waguquka ubuKristu.

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, indoda Columbus wayebalasele, wamnika ithuba lokuba bafumane imfundo ephucukileyo kwiYunivesithi isixeko Italian ka Pavia. Emva kokufunda UChristopher waba ngokufuthi ukuqubha. Amaninzi, yena inxaxheba kuloo matutu kurhwebo olwandle. Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwa entrainment yokuhamba zaselwandle elinethoba Columbus watshata intombi nomhloli odumileyo kak Felipe De Palestrello.

Xa discoverer elizayo of America emashumi mabini anantathu, waqala ukuba akhokele i imbalelwano esebenzayo kunye nofundiswayo sale odumileyo Paolo Toscanelli, ababembikela into eya India phesheya Atlantic Ocean.

Emva kokuchitha izibalo zabo, Hristofor Kolumb wayeqinisekile ukuchana kwintanga zakhe ebuhlanti. Ngoko ke, kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo wazithoba iprojekthi yeehambo abantu abaninzi kwizinhanha Genoa. Kodwa abazange bayiqonde kuye, yaye akazange ngezimali.

Badana kunye bamazwe, Columbus inikeza ukuba ukuhlela hambo ukuya uKumkani ePortugal, nasemva aziingangamsha, abefundisi Spain. Kodwa ekuhambeni kweminyaka, yaye akukho namnye umntu kulwabiwo mali yeprojekthi Columbus. Sigulo, Umlawuli wajika nokuba kukumkani yaseBritani, kodwa bonke lilize. Yaye xa kanye wayeza ukuya eFransi apho ukuzama luck yabo, iKumkanikazi yaseSpain Isabella lathembisa ukuba ukuhlawulela hambo.

travel Columbus

Yonke le wamazwe enkulu wenza uhambo ezine ukusuka eYurophu ukuya eMelika. Bonke kwenziwa kwisithuba ukususela 1492 ukuya 1504.

Ngexesha hambo yokuqala Columbus naye wahamba malunga ngabantu ezilikhulu kwiinqanawa amathathu. Iyonke zokujikeleza wathabatha iinyanga ezisixhenxe ezinesiqingatha. Ngeli uhambo, abahloli wafumanisa kwisiqithi Cuba, Haiti kunye Bahamas kwi zeCaribbean. Columbus wafumanisa ilizwe iminyaka emininzi, ebizwa eWest Indies. Okuqaphelekayo kukuba, abanye abaphandi bathi Injongo hambo ka Columbus wayengekho India, kunye Japan.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngenxa iingxabano ezahlukeneyo kwilizwe elivulekileyo, bayeka ukuba kwipropati kuphela Crown Spanish yaye yahlulwa phakathi amagunya yaseYurophu olwandle.

Nangona uChristopher waye hambo yesithathu Vasco da Gama wafumanisa hi ndlela leyinene eIndiya, ngaloo ukubeka ibala phezu udumo Columbus ubuqhophololo. Emva koko, kanye wamazwe nasentanjeni wathunyelwa ekhaya, kwaye wayefuna ukuba ndigwebe, kodwa izityebi Spanish sele wenze imali entle kumhlaba evulekileyo, Columbus babemkhusela yaye yafumana kokukhululwa kwakhe.

Ukuzama ukubonisa ityala labo, Umlawuli wathatha uhambo yesine, apho ekugqibeleni efika kwilizwekazi of America.

Kule yakutshanje minyaka, ubomi Hristofor Kolumb wazama ukuba aphinde isihloko ungunyana wabanumzana, wamnika owathwesa sibini, ngookumkani iSpanish, kwakunye namalungelo amazwe zoluntu. Noko ke, akazange ukuphatha ukuyenza loo nto. Emva kokufa Amanxiwa discoverer perezahoronyali izihlandlo eziliqela, kangangokuba ngoku kukho ezininzi kunokwenzeka ingcwaba Hristofora Kolumba.

Ezintathu Columbus nqanawa (Karakka kunye caravels)

Xa Hristofor Kolumb wamenza ekugqibeleni imali ngohambo lwakhe lokuqala, yena inxaxheba kumalungiselelo weenqanawa.

Okukuqala kunyanzelekile yayikukuqinisekisa inani. Ekubeni inkampani yakhe kakhulu yayiyingozi, ukuxhobisa umkhosi omkhulu imali eninzi. Ngelo xesha iinqanawa omnye okanye emibini - encinane kakhulu. Ngoko, kwagqitywa yokuxhobisa iiyunithi ezintathu. Ziziphi iinqanawa Columbus? Chief phakathi kwabo - Karakka "Santa Maria", kunye caravels ezimbini, "Nina," yaye "Pinta".

Karakka kunye caravel - ntoni na?

Inqanawa Hristofora Kolumba 'Santa Maria' ngokohlobo waba Karakka. Ngoko wabiza eqhelekileyo kwi 15-16 kwiinkulungwane th, ngesikhephe iinqanawa ngokuba 3-4 iimasti. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba omkhulu ngexesha eYurophu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi iinqanawa ukuba ibekwe ngokukhululekileyo ezingamakhulu amahlanu ukuya eliwaka. Ukuba sicinga ukuba yonke crew imikhombe emithathu Columbus yaba bantu ezilikhulu, mhlawumbi, "Santa Maria" lo Karakka encinane.

Ezinye iinqanawa Columbus (igama labo "Nina" yaye "Pinta") zaba caravels. Le inqanawa 2-3-lwemasti eqhelekileyo kuloo minyaka efanayo. Ngokungafaniyo Karakka, baba ngaphantsi ifanele uhambo olude. Noko ke, baba ezikwazi, kwaye kulula kwaye sitshiphu, ngoko ngokukhawuleza zithi bagxothwa karakki enkulu.

"Santa Maria" inqanawa nguColumbus

Njengoko umzobo Umatiloshe enkulu, sabonakala iinqanawa zakhe ezintathu zokuqala azikhange zigcinwe. Inkcazelo iinqanawa Columbus, kwakunye iipateni zabo, kunokuba baberhabaxa kwaye avela amazwi okuzibonela asinda kwiminyaka emininzi kamva Document of izazinzulu okanye.

Njengoko kukholelwa ngokuqhelekileyo, "Santa Maria" yaba enye-kumgangatho encinci Karakka kunye iimasti ezintathu. Kuthathwa ukuba ubude inqanawa yayingu-25 m, yaye ububanzi -. 8 m Draft kwaba malunga 1200 ubambe umkhombe-3 m ngokunzulu, yaye kumgangatho yaba kwibhanka nokuxhomekeka, ezingontsini egcinwe noovimba .. Xa itanki iqonga ngunxantathu.

"Santa Maria" (inqanawa nguColumbus) yafakwa ngemipu ezininzi calibers ezahlukeneyo, eyenzelwe ukuba umlilo iibhola ngamatye. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iirekhodi zakhe Umlawuli ngamaxesha ngokuba flagship wakhe Karakka, lo caravel. Aziwa Columbus nqanawa behlelo uJuan de la Kos, naye umphathi wakhe.

Bayahlelwa "Santa Maria"

Ngelishwa, "Santa Maria" akazange omiselwe ukuba abuyele ekhaya ukuya eSpeyin kwasekuqaleni ngoDisemba 1492 lokuqala, ngexesha uhambo lokuqala, aziwa Columbus wahlala phezu izixhobo kufuphi Haiti. Eqonda ukuba asindise "Santa Maria" akunakwenzeka, uChristopher wayalela ndithabatha kuyo, konke oko kungaba ixabiso, mazigqithiselwe caravel. umkhombe ngokwayo kwagqitywa ekubeni ibattery izixhobo zokwakha, ukusuka apho kamva kwi siqithi efanayo Fort "iKrismesi" ( "La Navidad") yakhiwa.

"Nina"

Ngokutsho discoverer ababephila, "Nina" (inqanawa nguColumbus) yaba inqanawa Intandokazi discoverer amazwe amatsha. Kuzo zonke ngohambo lwakhe ifihle kuye iikhilomitha ezingamashumi amane anesihlanu amawaka ngaphezu. Emva kokufa "Santa Maria" na ajika aba yeyona aziwa Columbus.

Igama Real le sikhephe "Santa Clara", kodwa ke amalungu ohambo babembiza kuye "usana," nto leyo izandi Spanish ezifana "Nina". Umnini sikhephe Juan juanita. Kodwa uhambo lokuqala Columbus umphathi "Nini" waba Vicente Yáñez Pinzón.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, ubukhulu "Santa Clara" wayemalunga 17 m ubude ne 5,5 m ububanzi. Kwakhona ayekholelwa ukuba kukho iimasti amathathu kwi "Nine." Ngokutsho ulwazi yelog sikhephe, ekuqaleni kweli caravel ke ungasuki iiseyile, yaye emva kokuhlala elikwiiCanary Islands, kwafakwa yi imigca ethe ngqo.

Ekuqaleni, lo sikhephe amalungu nje amabini abasebenzi, kodwa emva kokuba "Santa Maria" ukufa ngakumbi kubo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba phezu kwayo oomatiloshe kwixesha lokuqala bebelele koomandlalo, uthatha phezu isithethe amaNdiya.

Okumiselwe "Nini"

Ngokukhuselekileyo emva eSpain emva kwiphulo yokuqala Columbus, "Nina" nayo yathatha inxaxheba kohambo yesibini ka Christopher ukuya elunxwemeni America. Ngexesha elidume 1495 kwenkanyamba "Santa Clara" yaba inqanawa lokusinda kuphela.

Phakathi ozithandayo inqanawa discoverer 1496th kunye 1498th of America yathinjwa Pirates, kodwa ngenxa nesibindi ikomkhulu lalo wakhululwa waza waya lwesithathu uhambo of Columbus.

Emva 1501 akukho ulwazi malunga nayo, mhlawumbi caravel yazika ngexesha elinye maphulo.

"Pinta"

data ngqo kwi imbonakalo nezobugcisa iimpawu inqanawa embalini iye yasinda.

Siyazi kuphela ukuba inqanawa Columbus 'Pinta' yaba caravel inkulu kwiphulo yokuqala ka umhambi enkulu. Noko ke, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo emva kokufa "Santa Maria" intloko ukuqubha bakhetha ukuba kuyo njengoko flagship. Kungenzeka, yaba umkhosi, nomphathi wenqanawa - UMartín Alonso Pinzón. Eneneni, ebudeni hambo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo umngeni isigqibo Columbus. Mhlawumbi Umlawuli omkhulu Boyika uqhushululu ngoko wakhetha inqanawa apho umthetheli kwakukho uMzalwan 'Martin - dyondzisaka Vicente.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba Yehlabathi Elitsha waba ngowokuqala ukuba abone matiloshe kunye "Pinta".

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iinqanawa wabuyela ekhaya ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, umthetheli "Pinta" yonke imikhosi befuna inqanawa yakhe wafika kuqala eSpeyin, enethemba ke ndithi kuni iindaba ezilungileyo. Kodwa emva ezimbalwa iiyure ngenxa yesaqhwithi.

"Pinta" IliShwa

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ngendlela ekhulisa bayahlelwa nqanawa "Pinta" emva uhambo Columbus, ayaziwa. Kukho ubungqina bokuba emva kokubuya umphathi wenqanawa yaba kwilizwe kubanda kakhulu yamkelwa. Kwaye ngenxa yeengxaki zempilo ezifunyenwe ngethuba hambo, wafa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva. Mhlawumbi inqanawa okanye ithengiswe waliguqula igama layo, okanye babulawa ngexesha uhambo elilandelayo.

Ezinye iinqanawa Columbus

Ukuba ngexesha hambo lokuqala kwezithuthi Columbus 'yayibandakanya yobugcisa ezincinane ezintathu kuphela, elinesibini bekukho elishumi elinesixhenxe engukumkani wesithathu - ezintandathu, kunye neyesine - zone. Oku kubangelwe ilahleko entembeko Hristoforu Kolumbu. Okuphoxayo kukuba, emva kwamashumi nje ambalwa Columbus ziya kuba yenye amaqhawe kakhulu eSpeyin.

Amagama uninzi lwezo mpahla azikhange zigcinwe. Siyazi kuphela ukuba aziwa kwiphulo yesibini inqanawa ebizwa ngokuba "Marie-Galante", yaye le yesine - "La Capital".

Emva kweminyaka emininzi kangaka, emveni afumaneka kwezinye iinqanawa Columbus nohambo lwabo uhambo lwakhe lokuqala, waza wavula ihlabathi elitsha kubo bonke abantu, kuba iyamangalisa bakwazi ukuqubha konke ngayo. Emva kokuba nokutshitshiswa kwee-Crown baseSpeyin baba yinkundla enamandla ngakumbi kwaye voluminous, kodwa abanikazi bawo abafuni emngciphekweni kubo. Iindaba ezimnandi kukuba abanini "Santa Maria", "Santa Clara" ( "Nini"), kwaye "Pinta" babengenayo kwaye bafika kungena Columbus hambo. Kanye ngenxa yoko nakungena ngonaphakade ngembali yehlabathi njengoko vula ziziqithi ezimbini ezintsha kunye nemisinga.