Yintoni ezasebukhosini ilifa? Ingcinga, iimpawu kunye nemizekelo

Xa inkcazo inkqubo yezopolitiko kunye namaziko amagunya yaseYurophu bamandulo, thina badla ngokujongana ingcamango "nelokishi neNgonyama." Olu hlobo urhulumente uphawu eFransi, Russia, Germany njalo njalo. D. Eli nqaku liza kuxubusha ntoni "nelokishi neNgonyama," jonga kwi iimpawu zayo nokuphunyezwa imizekelo aphakathi kumazwe.

le nkcazelo

NeNgonyama - luhlobo karhulumente apho amandla ephakamileyo na ezandleni umntu, kwaye ilifa. Ngokwemveli, yahlulelwe kwii iintlobo: ingundoqo, bondage, patrimonial, ummeli womntu kuluntu lwakhe, yobuthixo. Ngoko ke yintoni na ezasebukhosini ilifa? Kuyinto oluthile karhulumente, leyo yasasazwa amagunya yaseYurophu Western kumaXesha Aphakathi. Lubonakala yi-nxaxheba abameli kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo (okanye okufanayo) xa elawula lizwe. La maqumrhu ukwenza imisebenzi mthetho yaye iingcebiso.

feature

1. Amandla eliqingqiweyo kumkani.
2. Isahlulo kubemi karhulumente ibe ngamafa.
3. mandla lonke ulawulo.
4. Ngaba abantu esebenzayo kwezopolitiko abasuka kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo.
5. Ukwahlulwa imisebenzi yolawulo karhulumente phakathi imonarch umzimba ummeli.

Ukuze siqonde ngcono ukuba ukumkani estate kufuneka ingqalelo ukusebenza kwayo kumazwe aphakathi le mizekelo.

Estate neNgonyama eNgilani

Olu hlobo yolawulo iye yaphuhliswa eNgilani ngenkulungwane XIII. De kube lelo xesha, ilizwe sele zimilile lifa wobukhosi. Phezulu yoluntu yayiba zizigwili. A indima ebalulekileyo kubomi yezoqoqosho iNgilani baqalisa ukudlala yezikhulu. Ukongeza, izikhundla zabo bomeleze iindwalutho nabaphetheyo nasezidolophini. Xa uYohane Lackland nemihlaba feudal balwa ngamandla ephakamileyo. Sele imi--60. ngekhulu XIII. yajika yaba imfazwe yamakhaya. Isiphumo sale umzabalazo indalo ngo-1295 "umzekelo" wePalamente. Kwakugcwele yeenkosi ezinkulu zonqulo nezehlabathi. Ngethuba welifa-ezimele neNgonyama, imisebenzi iPalamente yaseBritani kukuqinisekisa isixa irhafu kunye nolawulo labantu abaphezulu. Kamva kulo mzimba ufumene ilungelo lokuba inxaxheba ekwenzeni imithetho. Ekhulwini XIV. phantsi Edward IPalamente III yahlulwa ezingontsini ezimbini: i yeenkosi kunye Commons. I kuqala ibe kartel kunye abakumgangatho ophakathi, le yesibini - ukusuka baron okanye oontanga amafa (kwixesha elizayo).

Estate neNgonyama e France

umzimba estate-ummeli yokuqala eli lizwe yasekwa ngexesha kaFilipu IV. Ukususela 1484, waba eyaziwa ngokuba States Jikelele. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umzimba waba umfelandawonye olusondeleyo umbuso kwaye eneneni ivakalise izinto zawo. Njengenxalenye States-Jikelele zontathu amafa French (abefundisi, zithandwa kunye 'yesithathu ") elabekwa. Ukumkani, njengoko umgaqo, lusetyenziselwa injongo yokunika inkxaso States-Jikelele kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Waze wacela uluvo amafa yemithetho, nangona ukwamkelwa kwabo ingafuneki kwemvume okanye ukuvunywa kwalo mzimba. Jikelele States kwakhona isicelo ummeli izicelo igunya elongamileyo okanye uqhankqalazo. Bavela ezahlukeneyo zentlalo iiklasi uhlangane nize nixoxe ngemiba ngokwahlukeneyo. Oku akukhethi ungquzulwano phakathi kwamaqela asekuhlaleni. Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIII. France kusiya kuqokelelana yephondo States (local). A indima enkulu phakathi kwabo kwinkulungwane XV. IPalamente wadlala Paris.

Estate neNgonyama eRussia

ERashiya, le fom karhulumente apho ngo-1569, xa uIvan Grozny obize le Cathedral yokuqala. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuyilwa kule meko amalungu ummeli waba iimpawu zayo. Mu kuya kwa nshita amagunya yaseYurophu kwi Russian Zemsky Sobor agcine amandla kakumkani. Eli gunya kwakukho Boyar Duma, ukwahlula Cathedral kunye nabameli anyuliweyo phakathi kwabemi kunye nezidwangube. OLawulo estate neNgonyama eRashiya wabiza umyalelo okhethekileyo wokumkani. Zemsky Sobor wabizwa ukuze kuxoxwe ngemiba ebalulekileyo yesizwe. Benza izigqibo nkqubo angaphandle kunye karhulumente, ngokunjalo nentloko onyulwe karhulumente. Ngoko ke, Boris Godunov, V. Shumsky kunye M. Romanov weza etroneni kwi isimemo ye Zemsky Sobor.

Ekubeni 30 zenkulungwane XVI. kwabakho inkqubo an eRashiya. Eyona ngenkuthalo lenzeka ebudeni bolawulo Ivan labangcangcazelisi. Imiyalelo kwakhona abasemagunyeni neenkundla kwakunye nolawulo kunye wadala zonke unit indawo.

Estate neNgonyama e Germany

Iqumrhu estate-ummeli ephambili amandla eJamani yaba Reichstag. Ngokungafaniyo amaziko ezifanayo eNgilani eFransi, izilingo nocatshulo "ezintlwini komlawuli", ezingenakulinganiswa ukuba isithethi iimfuno zabo bonke abantu. Reichstag wathabatha imilo kwinkulungwane XIV. yaye iquka lalikhathazwe ezintathu: abathetheli ombuso, electors, imizi asebukhosini. indima enkulu ebomini ngurhulumente ukudlalwa kuqala. imizi ombuso lalikhathazwe zange kuba nevoti eyahlulayo ngayo nayiphi na imibandela. umsebenzi yawo phantsi nkqubo nabathetheli.

I Reichstag yayiququzelelwe umlawuli kabini ngonyaka. Abameli curiae ezahlukeneyo behamba nokwenza izigqibo ngokwahlukeneyo. imisebenzi kakuhle kuchaziwe Reichstag wayengekho. Lo mzimba, kunye noMlawuli wayethetha nkqubo angaphandle, emkhosini, iingxaki zemali okanye indawo. Noko ke, impembelelo yawo imicimbi karhulumente yaba ncinci.

iziphumo

Ngoko ke, ukuze baqonde oko ukumkani kwilifa, kuyimfuneko ukuba sihlaziye ukusebenza imizekelo kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo State nabameli ziye zaphuhliswa ukuze XIII - XV eminyaka. Kumafa labo, njengoko umthetho, yaquka abameli bazo zonke iiklasi. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha ukwamkelwa naziphi na izigqibo ukuba lilizwi iphambili yezikhulu kunye nabefundisi.