Ekuhlaseleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II: eSoviet, American, IsiNgesi, German

Kwi ngaphambili nangesemva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi savula intlaninge ekuhlaseleni. Bonke aba iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa, kodwa ke kubaluleke ngokulinganayo ngenxa ngokwemikhosi yabo. Ukubamba imisebenzi emininzi waba engenakwenzeka okanye inzima kakhulu ngaphandle aseMelika kokujoliswe yotshaba.

"Heinkel"

Omnye Heinkel Nguye ekuhlaseleni ezingundoqo ixhaphakileyo Luftwaffe 111. Kuyo yonke bekukho 7.600 ezinjalo oomatshini. Ezinye zazo zitshintsha kwaye inomzimba attack moya. Imbali le projekthi yaqala nesibakala sokuba Ernest Heinkel (moya abadumileyo isiJamani) sagqiba ukwakha umkhweli moya ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini. Lo mbono udumo kangangokuba sokuthandabuza zalo malunga nendlela iinkokheli ezintsha kwezopolitiko ku Germany, kwakunye neengcali shishino. Noko ke, Heinkel akadlali. Wathuma uyilo umatshini abazalwana UGÜNTER.

Kwase yokuqala wayelungele ngo-1932. Wakwazi ukuba ukubetha iirekhodi-ngoko ngesantya esibhakabhakeni, kwabakho impumelelo engenakuphikwa ekuqaleni projekthi ezingaqondakaliyo. Kodwa hayi Heinkel yena 111, kodwa olandelayo kuphela. moya zabakhweli baba nomdla emkhosini. Abameli Luftwaffe wenza ekuqaleni kwendalo zokuguqulwa zomkhosi. moya kuthuthwa ukuba kwi fast efanayo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye bomber obulalayo.

Ezi zithuthi yokuqala mpi yashiya hangars zabo ngethuba Spanish War Civil. Aircraft wafumana iButho "Condor". Iziphumo isicelo sabo wadibana ubunkokheli lwamaNazi. Le projekthi isaqhubeka. Kamva Heinkel Lowo 111 esetyenziswa kwi Front Koloni. Kwaba ngexesha Blitzkrieg eFransi. ukuhlasela utshaba abaninzi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II wanika indlela eya moya German kwi iinkcukacha. ngesantya lakhe elikhulu ukuba yogqithe utshaba balekela ekufuneni. Iraq ikakhulu ekucaca ukuba zokuchopha kunye nezinye izibonelelo ebalulekileyo enobuqhinga eFransi. inkxaso air ngokunzulu wavumela Wehrmacht ukuba benze ngempumelelo emhlabeni. ekuhlaseleni German wenza igalelo elibonakalayo kwimpumelelo ngamaNazi eJamani ngexesha lokuqala Second World War.

"Junkers"

Ngowe-1940 Heinkel yaqalisa ngokuthe ngcembe indawo ngaphezu mihla Junkers Ju 88 ( "Junkers Ju-88"). 15,000 kwezi modeli kwenziwa ngethuba operation esebenzayo. indispensability kwabo nsimbi. Njengoko umthetho, ekuhlaseleni yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yona injongo ethile - iziqhushumbisi iithagethi komhlaba. Kunye "Junkers" yonke into eyahlukileyo. Kuye isetyenziswe njenge bomber, inomzimba bomber, kwesimo kunye ukulwa ebusuku.

Njengoko ngexesha lakhe "Heinkel" Lo moya umise irekhodi isantya entsha, ukufikelela iikhilomitha 580 ngeyure. Noko ke, ukuveliswa "Junkers" waqala kakhulu emva kwexesha. Ngenxa yoko, xa imfazwe wayekulungele iimoto kuphela 12. Ngoko ke, xa lokuqala Luftwaffe isetyenziswa ikakhulu Heinkel. Ngowe-1940, ishishini waseJamani emkhosini, ekugqibeleni wavelisa moya entsha ngokwaneleyo. Imikhumbi waqala ukujikeleza.

Uvavanyo lokuqala kakhulu ukuba lakwaYuda 88 waqala Idabi eBritani. Xa ihlobo ekwindla lika 1940 moya waseJamani bazama nzima ukumbamba umoya phezu eNgilani, isixeko laqhushumbiswa kunye nosomashishini. Ju 88 yadlala indima ephambili kule msebenzi. La mava British eye wavumela abayili German ukwenza iinguqulelo ezininzi imodeli, leyo kwafuneka ukungenwa kalula kwayo. ngasemva enyusiweyo guns umatshini kunye isikrweqe moya amatsha indawo.

Ekupheleni Idabi eBritani Luftwaffe wafumana ukuguqulwa omtsha, uba injini enamandla ngakumbi. Oku "Junkers" kususa onke iintsilelo yangaphambili waba moya loyikekayo German. Phantse zonke ekuhlaseleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II zitshintshile kulo lonke ungquzulwano. Besusa iimpawu extra ziyahlaziywa kwaye ufumane izinto ezintsha. Bebonke isiphelo sinye yaye Ju 88. Ukususela ekuqaleni yokusebenza bezisetyenziselwa njenge bomber emanzini, kodwa airframe nako ukuthwala umthwalo kakhulu, banikwa imo loo zokuqhushumbisa a. Ngoko ke, ngo-1943, imodeli nobukhulu bayo yaguquka noko. Emva kwale ukuguqulwa, abaqhubi bakwazi kwakhona kweqokobhe kwi-engile degrees 45.

"Sokubambisa"

Xa uthotho bomber eSoviet "Pe-2" ethandwa, eqhelekileyo (wavelisa iiyunithi malunga-11 000). "Sokubambisa" yayibizwa Red Army. Yaba Classic bomber-injini ngamawele, eyenzelwe zisekwe kumfanekiso weqela le "VA-100". Lo moya yokuqala-moya entsha eyenziwe ngoDisemba 1939.

Ngokutsho ukuhlelwa kokuyilwa, "Pe-2" ongowakhe ukuba nizkoplanam ephantsi-iphiko. Le fuselage yayahlulwe lamagumbi ezintathu. Ndlwana wahlala esasihamba kunye pilot. Inxalenye phakathi fuselage ekhululekile. Ngelo ndlwana umsila lwenzelwe le shooter, naye wakhonza imisebenzi umqhubi kunomathotholo. Le modeli lifumene ifestile enkulu - zonke ekuhlaseleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II abadinga a ukubukela engile ngokubanzi. Lo moya lowo wokuqala eSoviet Union wafumana ulawulo yombane iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Amava yaba luvavanyo, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba le nkqubo iye neengxaki ezininzi. Ngenxa yezi matshini zisoloko umlilo okhawulezileyo ngenxa ukuhlangana iintlantsi kunye umphunga ipetroli.

Njengamanye ezininzi moya yiSoviet yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, ngexesha isiJamani "Pawns 'ekhubekisayo sijamelene neengxaki ezininzi. Yomkhosi wakhe ngokucacileyo engalungiswanga ukuba uhlaselo engalindelekanga. Kwiintsuku zokuqala Operation "Barbarossa", izikhululo abaninzi phantsi lathatyathwa moya lutshaba, nezixhobo, nto leyo igcinwa kwi yokuma yatshatyalaliswa kwanangaphambi kokuba ixesha ukuze sortie ubuncinane enye. "Pe-2" akusoloko isetyenziselwa injongo eyenzelwe yona (oko kukuthi, njengokuba likude-bomber). Ezi ntaka fambisiwaka kaninzi kwiqela. Kwimisebenzi efana iziqhushumbisi, liyayeka ukuba ingongoma kunye nokufumana unsighted xa umyalelo iziqhushumbisi wafaka "inkosi" crew. Kwiinyanga zokuqala yemfazwe, "Pe-2" watsibela phantse. Esi sikolo sasinolwalamano kunye nokungabikho kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo. Kuphela emva kokuba nge flight abaqeqeshwayo zezikolo wathabatha amaza eziliqela, indiza nako ukumtyhilela kwisakhono sawo esipheleleyo.

Bomber Pavla Suhova

Ngaphantsi eyayiqhelekile elinye bomber - "Su-2." Wayebalasele yi iindleko eziphezulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye nobugcisa phambili ukuvelisa. Akuzange kube kuphela bomber eSoviet, kodwa ngenxa nje ukubukela engile elungileyo, kunye spotter zokudubula. Aircraft Paul Dry kuphunyezwe ngokwandiswa ukutshintshwa ipateni isantya ukuya neebhombu ukunqunyanyiswa engaphakathi, ibekwe ngaphakathi fuselage.

Njengabo bonke moya kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, "Su" nazo zonke izenzakalo ngamaxesha anzima. Ngokutsho ingcamango Sukhoi bomber wenziwa ngokupheleleyo ngensimbi. Noko ke, kukho ukunqongophala nokoyika aluminiyam. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iprojekthi namabhongo zange iphunyezwe.

"Su-2" zithembekile ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye moya Soviet emkhosini. Ngokomzekelo, malunga 5000 nokuhlasela lwenziwa ngo-1941, i-Force Air ezilahlekileyo 222 bomber (kwaba malunga enye ilahleko kwi namagqiza 22). Yeyona sisalathisi ilungileyo eSoviet. Kwi-avareji ilahleko deadweight yaba moya mnye, kunye notyeshelo-14, nto leyo amaxesha 1.6 kungenzeka ngakumbi.

Eli qela ibe ngabantu ababini. Uluhlu iphezulu ilingana ayi 910, kwaye ngesantya emoyeni - 486 leekhilomitha ngeyure. Amandla motor wesiqhelo ngu 1330 enjini. Imbali ukusetyenziswa "crackers", njengoko kunjalo kunye namanye imifuziselo, lizele imizekelo yokusebenza Red Army. Ngokomzekelo, ngoSeptemba 12, 1941 umqhubi Elena Zelenko wenza ramming moya utshaba "Mna-109", angabi ukuba amaphiko ayo. Pilot wambulala, kwaye Umatiloshe betekisi ngokomyalelo wayo. Oku kwakunjalo eyaziwa kuphela inkunzi yegusha ukushaya kwi "Su-2."

"IL-4"

Ngowe-1939, kwakukho ixesha elide bomber, owenza igalelo elikhulu kuloyiso yiSoviet phezu eJamani kwiMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Loo "IL-4", yaphuhliswa phantsi kobunkokheli Sergei Ilyushin OKB-240. ekuqaleni Kuye yaziwa ngokuba "DB-3." Xa ndiza yakhethwa "IL-4" ngoMatshi 1942, apho wahlala kwimbali.

Model "DB-3" kukho inani lokusilela ukuba babe sibulale ukulwa notshaba. Nangakumbi, lo moya ubunzima ezivuzayo amafutha kunye neentanda itanki yamafutha, ukusilela kwinkqubo elekhtrons, isisu semoto kukuwohloka njalo njalo. D. Kweli matshini, abaqhubi bayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uqeqesho lwabo kwaba nzima kakhulu ukugcina kwikhosi isuka ngexesha ephakamisa emoyeni. mngeni mkhulu ngokuba "DB-3" waba War Winter. EFinland ikwazile ukufumana umatshini zone "ufile".

Ukulungiswa iimpazamo yaqala emva kokugqitywa phulo. Nangona nesantya ngenkani zokuguqulwa moya, ukuya ekuqaleni IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic Asiyiyo yonke-omtsha "IL-4" basindiswa ukususela ezingalunganga yemodeli odlulileyo. Kwisigaba sokuqala lohlaselo waseJamani, xa mveliso zokhuselo ungxamile, babalekela East, umgangatho iimveliso (kubandakanywa ngenqwelomoya) zehla kakhulu. Lo matshini zange abenayo I yayizihambela, nangona yena usoloko esigcina kwi ibhanki okanye kulahleka kuyo. Ukongeza, le bomber eSoviet wafumana carburetors emi kakubi, ngenxa apho kukho inkunkuma ngokugqithiseleyo zepetroli, yaye ngenxa yoko ukunciphisa ixesha ukubhabha.

Kuphela emva kokuba impumelelo umgangatho yemfazwe "-IL 4" yaye ngendlela ephawulekayo. Oku lula ngabecandelo yokubuyiselwa, kwakunye nokusetyenziswa kwe ezintsha iinjineli imicephe moya kunye nabayili. Ngokuthe ngcembe, "IL-4" uye waba enkulu eSoviet kwexesha elide bomber. Indiza pilot adumileyo kunye Heroes eSoviet Union Vladimir Vyazovsky nguDmitry Barashev, uVladimir Borisov, UNikolai Gastello, etc ...

"Idabi"

Ekupheleni kwale 1930. Fairey Aviation Inkampani sele iyile moya entsha. Baba ekuhlaseleni-engined single ezisetyenziswa Air Force of Great Britain ne Belgium. umenzi lilonke wenza ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini kwezi modeli. Fairey Battle yayisetyenziswa kuphela kwinqanaba lokuqala imfazwe. Emva kwexesha uye wabonisa kakuhle yayo kuthelekiswa iinqwelomoya waseJamani, lo bomber Waziqhiwula yena wayengaphambili. Kamva esetyenziswa njenge-moya yoqeqesho.

Bobubi eziphambili yemodeli baba: kade, abanqongopheleyo kuluhlu bengakhuselekanga umlilo anti-moya. Lo msebenzi osemqoka wesibili ingakumbi etshabalalisayo. Battle wankqonkqoza kakhulu nezinye. Kunjalo, yinto bomber le modeli liyifumene UK uloyiso yokuqala lokomfuziselo emoyeni ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Ngezikhali uyayenza (ngokwe umthwalo iibhombu) 450 kg - kaninzi ukuba yenziwa ezine iziqhushumbisi edubulayo 113-kg. Amaqokobhe aqhubeka iilifti hydraulic, amaphiko Cyber kwi niche. Xa wa izivingco (ngaphandle iziqhushumbisi kwindawo likude) Ukuseta ixesha intlekele. Le emehlweni ilawulwa Nomqhubi, ibekwe-moya kuba ngusihlalo umqhubi lowo. Aircraft kwezikhali Uyalwa yayiquka umpu womatshini "Browning", ngubani waba iphiko lasekunene imoto, ngokunjalo umpu umatshini "Vickers"-moya ngasemva. Athandwa bomber kwakubangelwa kwenye into ebalulekileyo - ukuba lula ukusingatha. Ukusuka nokuqhuba abantu abanyamezela kunye yure zisezantsi flight.

"Abaphangi"

AmaMelika ethatha le niche of a twin-injini medium bomber Martin B-26 ngamatutu. -Moya yokuqala yale manqaku emoyeni okokuqala ngqa ngoNovemba 1940, ngosuku olwandulela yesiBini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Emva kweenyanga eziliqela nokusebenza yokuqala B-26 wabonakala VB-26b ukulungiswa. Lafumana ukhuselo isikrweqe oluncediswayo, izixhobo ezintsha. Ukwanda namaphiko moya. Oku kwenziwa ukuze sinciphise isantya efunekayo ukuze kokwehla. Ezinye iinguqulelo zahlukile ukwanda engile yokuhlaselwa isuka kunye neempawu eziphuculweyo. Xa iyonke iminyaka of operation livelise ngaphezu kwama 5,000 moya kule modeli.

Umsebenzi wokuqala zilwe "abaphangi 'kwenzeka ngo-Apreli 1942 esibhakabhakeni of New Guinea. Kamva, 500 kwezi moya ngenjongo yokubonisa ukuba UK iprogram Faka-Lease. Inani elikhulu kubo wenza ngokulwa eMntla Afrika kunye lweMeditera. B-26 wenza bt yalo msebenzi omtsha ezinkulu mmandla. iintsuku ezisibhozo emgceni yaba iziqhushumbisi eentloko ezaxhobela German kwaye Italian kufutshane nedolophu Tunisian ka Sousse. Ngehlobo lowe-1943 iyafana B-26 wathabatha inxaxheba behlasela eRoma. Aircraft ATM zokuchopha kunye zihlangana, ibangela umonakalo omkhulu izibonelelo ngamaNazi.

Ngenxa yempumelelo iimoto yayo American isetyenziswa kakhulu kwemfuneko. Ekupheleni konyaka-1944, bona inxaxheba dudula le counteroffensive German ezintabeni Ardenniskih. Ngexesha lezi amadabi abaziingwanyalala zalahleka 60 B-26. Le ukulahlekelwa akunakwenzeka ukuba uqaphele, njengoko baseMerika ezinikwe eYurophu, ngakumbi nangakumbi iinqwelo-moya zabo. Emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, "abaphangi" wanika indlela eya mihla ngakumbi "Douglas» (A-26).

"Mitchell"

Enye bomber medium waseMelika i-B-25 Mitchell. Yaba moya iwele-injini gear ezinamavili lokumisa ibekwe kwindawo phambili kweli fuselage kunye nomthwalo iibhombu ka 544 kilograms. Njengoko isikrweqe Uyalwa "Mitchell" ndafumana eliphakathi-abanjalo imipu machine. Bathi akhiwe ngomsila kunye impumlo lo moya, kwakunye iifestile yakhe ekhethekileyo.

Kwase yokuqala yakhiwa ngo-1939 Inglewood. Movement amandla moya injini ezinikwa ezimbini ngamnye of 1100 enjini (kamva baye indawo yi namandla kakhulu). Umyalelo kwimveliso "Mitchell" esatyikitywa ngoSeptemba 1939. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa, iingcali baye benza iinguqu ezithile ukuze kubume moya. Kuye ngokutsha ngokupheleleyo cabin wayo - ngoku zombini abaqhubi ukuhlala kufutshane omnye komnye. Kwase yokuqala amaphiko phezu fuselage. Zakuba zigqityiwe, baye bafudukela obusezantsi kancinci - embindini.

Kuyilo moya, ezintsha amatanki amafutha uphawu ziye zaziswa. Eli qela wafumana ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo - ezongezelelweyo plate isikrweqe. bomber ezifana waziwa ngokuba ifomu B-25A. Ezi moya bathatha inxaxheba edabini yokuqala kunye yaseJapan emva kokuvakaliswa imfazwe. Ongumzekelo uqoqo umatshini-umpu ogama B-25B. Izixhobo zilawulwa yi entsha kakhulu ngexesha sikagesi drive. B-25B sele ithunyelwe ku Australia. Ukongeza, ukuba iinkumbulo angenela eTokyo ngo-1942. "Mitchells" bathenga Army yeNetherlands, kodwa uphazanyiswe lo myalelo. Nangona kunjalo, lo odiza indlela ebekusaya waya phesheya - kwi-UK kunye USSR.

"Havok"

Easy bomber American Douglas-A 20 umonakalo ndiza yinxalenye yentsapho, nayo leyo equka wahlaselwa emhlabeni kunye ukulwa ebusuku. Ngexesha koomatshini imfazwe le modeli wabonakala ngokwemikhosi eziliqela, kuquka i-British ne nkqu Soviet. Ekuhlaseleni wafumana igama IsiNgesi I-umonakalo ( "umonakalo"), t. E. "umonakalo".

Abameli sokuqala sale ntsapho umyalelo yi-US Army Air Corps entwasahlobo ka-1939. Umfuziselo omtsha uba injini turbocharged ngamandla kabani na 1700 enjini. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wabonisa ukuba lupholile kunye neengxaki nokuthembeka. Ngoko ke, zonke iinqwelo ezine zaveliswa kuloo yoqwalaselo enjalo. Oomatshini balandelayo iinjini ezintsha (ngaphandle kwiinqwelo). Ekugqibeleni, ngentwasahlobo yowe-1941 i-Air Corps wafumana ukulungele-bomber A-20 yayo yokuqala. kwezikhali wayo wawuquka imipu emine umatshini shelwe ngababini empumlo lo matshini. Le ndiza kukwazi ukusebenzisa iintlobo amaqokobhe. Ngokuba kuye ziye ukuvelisa kilogram-11 Ziyaqhubeka iparashute ukuqhekeka. Ngowe-1942, le modeli ubonakele ukuguqulwa Gunship. Yena waye moya iguqulwe kancinane. Indawo kwababezikhonza mitsi mini, iye endaweni ibhetri lwemipu ezine.

Ngowe-1940 US Army iyalele ngakumbi A-20b amawaka. ukuguqulwa New wabonakala emva kokuba kuye kwagqitywa ukuba i "umonakalo" iingalo ezinamandla ngakumbi encinane, kuquka eyongezelelweyo imipu umatshini enzima. 2/3 beqela athunyelwa eSoviet Union le program Faka-Izibophelelo, ngelixa abanye wahlala kwinkonzo US. Uninzi ukuguqulwa mass yaba A-20G. It wakhululwa phantse amathathu amawaka ezi moya.

yemfuneko engathethekiyo "umonakalo" ukuya kumyinge zithwele izityalo ze "Douglas". ubunkokheli kwayo lokudlulisela ilayisenisi ekuveliseni "iBoeing" ngaphambili akwazi ukufumana moya ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Oomatshini ekhutshwe le nkampani, wafumana ezinye izixhobo zombane.

"Mosquito"

Nge nsimbi De Havilland Mosquito ngexesha Second World War akwazi baphikise kuphela German Ju-88. abayili baseBritani baye bakwazi ukwenza bomber, apho kungenxa yokuba ngesantya esiphezulu akufuneki ezingalweni zokuzikhusela.

Lo moya ayikwazanga ukungena imveliso kuba le projekthi akazange nje bebulewe ngamagosa. I AMAGQABAZA ▸ yokuqala zenziwa uhlelo eliqingqiweyo cars 50. Emva koko, imveliso ndiza wayeka wambi kangangoko ezintathu ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Kuphela ulawulo ukuzingisa "Ford Motors" inkampani wanika bomber isiqalo ebomini. Xa kwase yokuqala "Mosquito" wathabatha off, wonke umntu wamangaliswa yokusebenza yayo ngoNovemba 1940.

Isiseko kuyilo moya yaba monoplane. Front wahlala umqhubi, nto leyo ebonisa isishwankathelo omhle ndlwana. A isici esasenza wemoto into yokuba phantse sonke isakhiwo yayenziwe ngamaplanga. Wings bafumana ngombala eyenziwe ngamaplanga inomfana spars. Radiators ebekwe kwi gumbi phambili lwe iphiko phakathi fuselage kunye iinjini. Olu phawu kuyilo eze luncedo ngexesha yokulwa.

Kwiinguqulelo kamva "Mosquito" amaphiko ayo uye wandiswa ukusuka kuma-16 ukuya 16.5 m. Nge inkqubo zeemoto yokugqiba baphucuka, kwakunye injini. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo moya yokuqala wabonwa nje intlola. Yaba kuphela emva kokuba kwacaca ukuba uyilo ezilula inika iinkcukacha-moya obalaseleyo, kwagqitywa ukusebenzisa umatshini njenge bomber. "Mosquito" lalisetyenziswa kwi Allied lezomoya izixeko German kwinqanaba yokugqibela imfazwe. Zazisetyenziswa hayi kuphela ukuhlasela indawo, kodwa ukunyenyisa umlilo yezinye moya. model ilahleko baba phakathi incinane ungquzulwano eYurophu (16 ilahleko ngo-1000 nokuhlasela). Ngenxa ngesantya nokuphakama kwalo moya "Mosquito" yaba ukulwenza flak kunye nabalwi German. Le ngozi kuphela kakhulu ukuba jet bomber yaba Messerschmitt Me.262.