Soviet Air Forces (VVS USSR): imbali Aviation Soviet zomkhosi

Imbali Aviation yiSoviet emkhosini kwaqala ngo-1918. Soviet Air Force kwasekwa ngaxeshanye ibutho elitsha. Ngowe-1918-1924 gg. babebizwa Workers 'kwaye Abalimi' Red Fleet, ngo-1924-1946 gg. - Air Force Red Army. Yaba kuphela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwakukho igama eliqhelekileyo i-USSR Air Force, apho wahlala de kwawa karhulumente eSoviet.

ziimbaxa

Inkxalabo yokuqala iiBolsheviks emva kokuba amandla yaba umzabalazo wezigalo nge "white". Imfazwe Civil kunye igazi ibonwe ayikwazanga kunyanzeleka ukuba benze ngaphandle ekwakheni umkhosi, nesinqanawa kunye nomoya anamandla. Ngoxa moya bekusekho yokufuna ulwazi, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabo eqala noko kamva. Russian Empire yashiya ilifa amandla Soviet ukwahlulwa enye, olu sapho lwaluquka imodeli ebizwa ngokuba "ilya Muromets". Aba C-22 yaba isiseko elizayo yiSoviet Air Force.

Ngowe-1918, kwakukho 38 squadrons, kwaye ngo-1920 i-Air Force fleet - sele 83. Ngelo imiphambili kweMfazwe Civil inxaxheba nama-350 moya. Iinkokeli RSFSR isazama yonke ukugcina ayikhulise Ballooning lemveli yasebukhosini. I yokuqala moya alimwi yiSoviet kwi esasiphambili uKonstantin Akashev, ababambelela kule sikhundla 1919-1921.

imifuziselo

ikamva USSR Air Force iflegi wavunywa ngo 1924 (ekuqaleni kubhekwe aerodrome iflegi kwingxelo ngenqwelomoya kunye neeyunithi). ilaphu Background waba ilanga. Phakathi kwakukho umfanekiso inkwenkwezi ebomvu, ngaphakathi kwayo - ihamile kunye irhengqa. Ke kwakukho nabanye abalinganiswa eziqaphelekayo: isilivere Ukunyuka amaphiko iibhleyidi elijikelezayo.

Njengoko ibhanile iflegi USSR Air Force savunywa ngo-1967. Umfanekiso zithandwa kakhulu. Malunga naye akazange amlibale nasemva ngokuwa USSR. Kulo mba, ngo-2004 safumana iflegi efanayo ye-Russian Federation Air Force. Umahluko minor: libunile inkwenkwezi ebomvu, izando kunye irhengqa, kwabakho anti-moya gun.

Uphuhliso nenani-1920-1930.

Nakubathetheli babantu War Civil, kwafuneka ukuba bahlele imikhosi elizayo abaxhobileyo USSR kwiimeko isiphithiphithi ukudideka. Kuphela emva kokoyiswa intshukumo "emhlophe" kunye nokudalwa kombuso inonamathelwano ithuba ukuqala lenguqulelo okuqhelekileyo moya. Ngowe-1924, i-Workers 'kwaye Abalimi' Red Air Fleet labizwa ngokuba Air Force Red Army. Kukho ulawulo olutsha amandla womoya.

Xa isebe eyodwa bahlela ekuhlaseleni, phantsi apho Obumbe kakhulu ngelo xesha kwaye legkobombardirovochnye Heavy bomber kwadingeka. Ngo-1930 landa kakhulu inani abalwa kunye nesabelo lobuntlola, phezu koko, zehla. Kwakukho yokuqala moya ezininzi (ezifana P-6 ezakhiwe Andrei Tupolev). Aba matshini angaba ngempumelelo ukukhonza ekuhlaseleni, ekuhlaseleni inomzimba nokuzeka kade uluhlu neempelesi mbono ngokulinganayo.

Ngowe-1932, imikhosi exhobileyo eSoviet Union wafumana uhlobo olutsha amabutho emoyeni. In indize waba zothutho kunye kwesimo ezakhe izixhobo zakhe. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, nangona isithethe kusekwa ngethuba leMfazwe Civil, ezintlwini ezintsha emkhosini ziye zaziswa. Ngoku ke bendiza Air Force ngokuzenzekelayo babe amagosa. Iindonga yezikolo zomthonyama kunye nezikolo eziphaphazelayo, ngamnye siphuma elikwisikhundla uLieutenant yesibini.

Ngowe-1933, la manqaku entsha imodeli "Mna" (ukusuka I-2 ukuya I-5) iye ingxelo yi-Air Force USSR. Babelwela-biplanes, kuphuhliswa Dmitriem Grigorovichem. Kwiminyaka yokuqala ezilishumi elinesihlanu fleet yiSoviet-moya zomkhosi zafakwa 2.5. Isabelo iimoto amazwe wanciphiswa ekhulwini ezimbalwa.

Air Force holiday

Kwakhona ngo-1933 (njengoko isigqibo seBhunga of Commissars Abantu) yasekwa yiSoviet Air Force Day. Njengoko lo mhla zehlobo e Sovnarkome ezikhethiweyo-18 ka-Agasti. Ngokusesikweni, ngemini lokuchwetheza ukuze lingqamane ekupheleni kuqeqesho zasehlotyeni yonyaka. Ngenxa yesithethe, le holide iye kudityaniswe ukhuphiswano ezahlukeneyo kunye andibaweli kwi ubuchule uqeqesho deck, Committe nomlilo, njalo-njalo. D.

Usuku Air Force USSR yasetyenziswa ukukhuthaza Aviation yoluntu kunye nomkhosi phakathi izihlwele Soviet uyazazi. Kwimibhiyozo kumsitho isikhumbuzo abangama ngabameli shishini, Osoaviahima kunye Civil Air Fleet. iholide yonyaka Ziko yaba isikhululo seenqwelo-moya Central ogama emva uMikhail Frunze eMoscow.

Esi siganeko yokuqala kwatsala ingqalelo iingcali kuphela kunye nabahlali eyinkunzi, kodwa iindwendwe ezininzi kuwo umzi, kwakunye nabameli ezisemthethweni amazwe angaphandle. Iholide ayikwazanga ukwenza ngaphandle inxaxheba Iosifa Stalina, amalungu Central Committee CPSU (b) kunye norhulumente.

kwakhona utshintsho

Ngowe-1939, iSoviet Air Forces basinda omnye fomato kwakhona. Umbutho yazo yangaphambili wabacimi uye endaweni yi wethu mihla kunye regimental. Ngokusebenzisa komhlaba, inkokheli eSoviet ababefuneka ukwandisa ifuthe Aviation. Emva yenguqu, iyunithi entsha Force basic Committe - butho (izilingo 5 butho, nto bungama-40 ukuya moya 60).

Phambi kokubhiyozela IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, umyinge yokuhlasela kunye bomber ndiza 51% yezithuthi iyonke. Kwakhona yinxalenye USSR Air Force yayiquka uqhagamshelo umlweli zobuntlola. Kweli lizwe ukuba utyando izikolo 18 ezindongeni alungiselela abasebenzi abatsha ukuba Aviation Soviet emkhosini. kancane yala maxesha iindlela zokufundisa. Nangona ekuqaleni ukuyondelelana kwendlela abasebenzi Soviet (abaqhubi, matiloshe, amagcisa, njalo njalo. D.) Ngaphaya inani olungqamelanayo kwi kumazwe nkulu, unyaka emva konyaka, ukuba umsantsa lwaya kangako.

La mava Spanish

Kuba okokuqala emva kokunqumama ixesha elide, iinqwelomoya Soviet Air Force iye yavavanywa lupwa ngexesha Spanish Civil War, eyaqala ngo-1936. ESoviet Union inkxaso friendly urhulumente "ekhohlo", ngubani balwa bezwe. Ukusuka eSoviet Union waya eSpeyin, hayi izixhobo zomkhosi kuphela, kodwa ngokuzithandela abaqhubi. Kungcono ukubonisa bona I-16, nto leyo bakwazi ukubonisa bona kakhulu ngempumelelo ngaphezu iinqwelomoya Luftwaffe.

Amava abe pilot yiSoviet eSpeyin, yaba gqitha. izifundo abaninzi bafunda iintolo nje kuphela, kodwa sokuhlola zasemoyeni. Kokubuya Spain, iingcali ziye phambili ngokukhawuleza kwinkonzo, ukuya ekuqaleni Enkulu Patriotic War, abaninzi babo baba colonels kunye nenyama. Ngexesha iphulo phesheya ehambelana ukukhulula of uthe kaStalin enkulu emkhosini. Ingcinezelo iphathwayo, moya. NKVD Wazisusa eninzi yabantu balwa nge "white".

IMfazwe Enkulu Yobuzwe

Kwiimpixano 1930 lwabonisa ukuba yiSoviet Air Force akukho ndlela ngaphantsi yaseYurophu. Noko ke, asondelayo imfazwe yehlabathi kunye ibonwe iingalo uhlanga zenzeka kwi World Endala. Well-eyasekwa eSpeyin, I-153 yaye mna-15 ngexesha uhlaselo German kwi eSoviet Union sele iphelelwe. Ukuqala kweMfazwe Patriotic Enkulu ngokubanzi yaba yintlekele yiSoviet Air Force. imikhosi utshaba ahlasela ilizwe ngokungalindelekanga, ngenxa ngesiquphe le bazuze inzuzo ebalulekileyo. zokuchopha yiSoviet kwi imida yasentshona ziye phantsi bombardment buhlungu. Xa iiyure yokuqala imfazwe wabatshabalalisa inani elikhulu-moya entsha, yaye akazange yakwazi ukuhamba hangars zabo (njengoko uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, babengama-2 amawaka).

Bakhutshwe kushishino eSoviet kwafuneka ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Okokuqala, iSoviet Air Force ufuna enze msinya ngenxa ilahleko, ngaphandle apho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba aze kuvakalisa umlo ngokulinganayo. Okwesibini, lonke nempi abayili baqhubeka ukwenza utshintsho eneenkcukacha ukuba oomatshini abatsha, ngaloo ndlela ukuphendula kwimingeni zobugcisa yotshaba.

Inkoliso yabo iminyaka emine ezoyikekayo Il-2 kunye Yak-1 wakhululwa. Le mifanekiso mibini kunye accounted for malunga nesiqingatha basekhaya moya zezithuthi. "Yak" Impumelelo yaba ngenxa yokuba moya kwaba iqonga elula ukuba ukuguqulwa ezininzi kunye nokuphuculwa. Umfuziselo yokuqala, eyaqaliswa ngo-1940, Kuchaza izihlandlo eziliqela. abayili Soviet benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuba 'Yaqui "akazange barhuqe emva kuphuhliso zabo isiJamani" Messerschmitt "(ngoko Yak-3 no Yak-9).

Ngu phakathi imfazwe emoyeni, ndayibeka zixatyiswe, yaye kamva lo moya eSoviet Union waza waqalisa ukuba ziphume zonke koomatshini yotshaba. Wadala nabanye baba bomber odumileyo, kuquka Tu-2 Pe-2. Red Star (zipeyintwe kwi fuselage wophawu USSR / Air Force) kwaba pilot German uphawu ingozi nokuya ukulwa enzima.

Umlo nxamnye Luftwaffe

Ebudeni bexesha IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic itshintshe kuphela epakini, kodwa ke lwesakhiwo sesebe le-Air Force. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1942 kwakukho Aviation onokulufikelela emva kwexesha elide. Le ezimbaxa, ukuthobela Umyalelo Ephakamileyo, kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ebudeni beminyaka yemfazwe eseleyo. Naye waqala ukwenza imikhosi emoyeni. Ezi zibandakanya ukubunjwa yonke moya ngaphambili.

A isixa esikhulu kwezibonelelo imali kuphuhliso ukulungiswa kweziseko. iivenkile ezintsha ziye ngokukhawuleza kulungiswa zize zibuyiselwe moya emfazweni yonakele. ESoviet network ukulungisa endle iye yaba yenye kakhulu phakathi zonke iinkqubo ezifanayo eziye zavela ngexesha yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi.

amadabi umoya ephambili eSoviet Union waqalisa yokungqubana umoya ngexesha Idabi eMoscow, Stalingrad kunye Kursk. amanani kombisa: ngo-1941 malunga 400 moya bathatha inxaxheba ekulweni, ngowe-1943 eli nani lakhula ukuba amawaka, ekupheleni kwemfazwe embindini malunga 7,500 zimoto Berlin esibhakabhakeni. Fleet lukhule ngomyinge elinyusayo. Ebudeni bexesha ushishino nempi zemikhosi USSR yaveliswa malunga 17 000 moya, kunye nezikolo moya baqeqeshwa 44.000 yabaqhubi (wafa 27 000). Amavo IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic waqala Ivan Kozhedub (iphumelele 62 uloyiso) kunye Alexander Pokryshkin (eligcinelwe ukuze lihlawulwe 59 kweWCED).

mngeni emitsha

Ngowe-1946, kungekudala emva kokuba imfazwe Wesithathu, i-Air Force ye-Red Army zaye ulinike igama eSoviet Air Forces. utshintsho kunye lombutho baye bachaphazeleka kuphela moya, kodwa yonke loo yecandelo lezokhuselo. Nangona Second World War yaphela, ihlabathi waqhubeka ahlale phantsi koxinzelelo. Yaqala kukumelana entsha - eli xesha phakathi eSoviet Union kunye United States.

Ngowe-1953 ukuba wadalwa Ministry of Defence USSR. amazwe MIC waqhubeka lokwandisa. Kukho iindidi ezintsha izixhobo zomkhosi-moya zatshintsha. Phakathi USSR kunye United States waqalisa iingalo ugqatso. Lonke uphuhliso ngakumbi Force Air waye subordinated ukuba ingqiqo single - ukubamba up zikufumane Melika. Design Bureau Sukhoi (Su), Mikoyan kunye Gurevich (MIG) waqalisa xesha layo aveza imveliso yomsebenzi.

Kokufika moya jet

I post-imfazwe ezintsha yokuqala elithile-ngokwenza lwavavanywa ngo-1946 moya jet. Yathatha siyishiye technology endala piston. Soviet Okokuqala Jets zentsimbi MIG-9 and Yak-15. Bakwazi ukoyisa uphawu isantya leekhilomitha 900 ngeyure, oko kukuthi, intsebenzo wabo amaxesha enye enesiqingatha ngaphezu imifuziselo yangaphambili-ngezizukulwana.

Iminyaka emininzi yamava ngokubanzi kootishala womoya yiSoviet ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II. imiba ephambili kunye neendawo ubuhlungu moya zasekhaya ezichongiweyo. It waqalisa inkqubo izixhobo maxesha ngenxa ukuphuculwa nentuthuzelo yayo, ergonomics kunye nokhuseleko. Naluphi na utshintsho (flight ibhatyi ye pilot, isixhobo kakhulu ezincinane kwiqela lenjongo control) kuxhaphaka uthatha imilo namhlanje. Yokuchaneka ngcono zokudubula kwi-moya waqalisa ukufaka iinkqubo radar phambili.

ukhuseleko elibala kuye uxanduva entsha yoKhuselo Forces. Ukuvela yemboniselo kwakhokelela nokwahlulwa kummandla yiSoviet Union inani lamacandelo, kuxhomekeke kufutshane emdeni kukarhulumente. Ngokuba eli cebo iyaqhubeka lokuhlela ngenqwelomoya (kude kunye ngaphambili). Kulo efanayo 1946 imikhosi emoyeni phambi inxalenye Force Air, ziye idla njengento esecaleni.

ngokukhawuleza sound

Ekuveleni-imi- 1940-1950-moya advanced jet eSoviet baqalisa uphuhliso kwimimandla ezininzi ezisemaphandleni: i Far North ne Chukotka. Le iindiza kwenziwa imigama emide ngenxa kwenye izizathu. iinkokeli Military walungisa ezintsonkothileyo eSoviet emkhosini-mveliso ukuba ungquzulwano olunokubakho eUnited States, ibekwe kwelinye icala lehlabathi. Nenjongo efanayo yakhiwa Tu-95 --elide Umgama bomber qhinga moya. Enye nqanaba ekuphuhlisweni yiSoviet Air Force waye ukungena izixhobo zabo izixhobo zenyukliya. Malunga kungeniswa ubuchwepheshe obutsha namhlanje kugwetywa ilungileyo le aziwayo iimyuziyam eyama ibekwe i kuquka kwi "yayilikomkhulu Russian emoyeni" Zhukovsky. Kwizinto ezifana costume ye-USSR Air Force kunye nezinye izixhobo labaqhubi Soviet ukubonisa ngendaleko ushishino wokhuselo lo.

Esinye isiganeko kwimbali Aviation Soviet wamajoni wasalela, xa ngowe-1950, i-Grant-17 wakwazi ngaphezu isantya nesandi. Irekhodi bayinikela wendiza odumileyo Ivan Ivashchenko. kungekudala Kuye apheliswe kuhlaselwa moya lixesha. Ngelo xesha, "umoya-to-phantsi" imijukujelwa ezintsha kunye Air Force baba 'umoya-to-moya. "

Ekupheleni-1960 kwathiwa yenzelwe imodeli wesithathu-isizukulwana (umzekelo, MIG-25 Yemfazwe). Aba matshini baye bakwazi ukubhabha ngesantya izihlandlo ezithathu isantya nesandi. Ukuveliswa serial yaphehlelelwa "migovskie" zolungiso ngohlobo ophezulu-yokuphakama kwesimo kunye bangamajoni interceptors. Ezi ntaka ziye zaphucuka ngokubonakalayo andize kunye kokwehla neempawu. Ukongeza, izinto ezintsha zahlukile kulo msebenzi multi-mode.

Ngowe-1974, lo wokuqala Soviet VTOL (Yak-38) enzelwa. Ukutshintsha izixhobo kunye nezixhobo elilinge. Flight Jacket baba ngakumbi ukhululekile kunye noncedo ukuze bazive bekhululekile nkqu omninzi kakhulu ngesantya ultra-high.

sizukulwana sesine

I latest moya eSoviet wayemi phezu kummandla Warsaw iSivumelwano Organisation. Aviation ixesha elide abazange bathathe inxaxheba naluphi na ungquzulwano, kodwa iye yabonisa isakhono layo kwisikali umthambo ezifana "Dnepr", "Berezina", "Dvina" njalo-njalo. D.

Ngo-1980 kwakukho eSoviet moya wesine-ngezizukulwana. Le modeli (Su-27, MIG-29, MIG-31, TU-160) yayiphawuleka kwi ngokomyalelo eziphuculweyo uphume. Ezinye zazo nangoku kwinkonzo kunye Russian Air Force.

Amathuba ngexesha ubuchule yakutshanje ziyadizwa imfazwe Afghan, beza kule minyaka 1979-1989. ekuhlaseleni Soviet kwafuneka ukuba zisebenze kwiimeko emfihlekweni engqongqo rhoqo umlilo anti-moya ukusuka emhlabeni. Ngexesha iphulo Afghanistan sele yenziwe malunga nezigidi nokuhlasela (oko kulahlekileyo ntaka malunga 300 no-100 moya). Ngo-1986 waqalisa ukuphuhlisa yesihlanu-isizukulwana iiprojekthi ezontathu. Igalelo le nto ibalulekileyo kwezi ezenziwa Sukhoi Design Bureau. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa ziyonakala imeko yezoqoqosho kunye ezopolitiko aye emsebenzini, yaye iiprojekthi sele emkhenkceni.

Le ngentambo wokugqibela

Perestroika yabalasela iinkqubo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ubudlelwane phakathi USSR kunye United States ekugqibeleni bazinza. IMfazwe uphelile, kwaye ngoku yesicelo wayengenguye utshaba qhinga, kugqatso ukuba kuyimfuneko kukunyusa rhoqo eyakhe ezintsonkothileyo yayo emkhosini-mveliso. Okwesibini, iinkokeli kwamagunya amakhulu amabini ezisayiniweyo amaxwebhu nal ezininzi, ngokoko athe, waqalisa izixhobo ngokudibeneyo.

Ngasekupheleni 1980, ukurhoxiswa yokuqala amajoni Soviet ukusuka Afghanistan, hayi nje kuphela, kodwa amazwe kweminquba yali kakade. Ahamba scale ekurhoxisweni Soviet Army ukusuka GDR, iqela apho phambili zayo ezinamandla. Amakhulu-moya abaye ekhaya. Uninzi okuseleyo RSFSR, abanye abantu abangeniswe Belarus okanye Ukraine.

Ngowe-1991, kwaye kwacaca ukuba eSoviet Union akaba azisekho kwimo yaso monolithic. Division of yenarha abaninzi ithi ezizimeleyo yakhokelela icandelo phambi jikelele yomkhosi. Kule ngxaki ongenakuwelwa kunye moya. ERussia lafumana malunga 2/3 lwabasebenzi kunye-40% ye izixhobo yiSoviet Air Force. Ezinye ilifa ndinesinye 11 Union republic (i aseBalti akazange athathe inxaxheba kwicandelo).