Ukupheliswa serfdom

ERashiya, ngokuthi phakathi kulimo kunye nabalimi umbuzo ngenkulungwane ye-19 yaba etsolo ingxaki kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Kuzo zonke United of Europe serfdom ukuba kukho kuphela ukuba nezikhubekiso kuphuhliso lwezentlalo, lwezopolitiko, kunye nezoqoqosho. serfdom Igcina sele ezinxulumene iimpawu ze lobuzwilakhe. Ukusukela kokusekwa lizwe kunye absolutism kuyo, urhulumente wathembela ngokupheleleyo kubanumzana, ngoko ke sanyanzeleka ukuba lithathele ingqalelo zonke izilangazelelo zakhe.

Uninzi amagosa karhulumente kunye norhulumente bayavumelana nesibakala sokuba serfdom eRashiya ihlazo kurhulumente onxulumene kwi kudidi States ngasemva. Umxholo yenkululeko yamahlwempu rhoqo kuxoxwe luluntu kwi 18 - yee-19 eminyaka. Ukupheliswa slavophiles serfdom ahlala iingqondo baseNtshona, i Decembrists. Lo mbuzo wenkululeko yamahlwempu ephakanyiswe ngabanye masekela lo mthetho Khomishoni - Chuprov, Maslov, Polezhaev. Ukupheliswa serfdom kunye nootitshala ukhathazeka, kunye nezinye olukhulu amatshantliziyo zentlalo.

Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-19 bya ziye zabangela ukuba kutshatyalaliswe imiba kwinkqubo feudal. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le nkqubo uye waphila luncedo kwayo, ikakhulu ukusuka kwindawo kwezoqoqosho ngayo. Ngokusekelwe umsebenzi ngamakhoboka, abanini yokulima ufuna ukwehla. ukuba uRhulumente yale karhulumente achaphazelekayo, njengoko inkxaso kubanini bachitha imali enkulu yemali.

Ukupheliswa serfdom yaba lizwe kuyimfuneko. Ukuphuculwa kwamagunya zoshishino kwakunzima ngokwemiqathango Sasungulwa ukuxhomekeka. Serfdom yaba umqobo nokwanda lwenkunzi ethe esityalwe kwimveliso. Ngaphezu koko, kuye kube nzima ukwenza imarike kwezemisebenzi ezamahala, ukwandisa okuthenga amandla yabemi.

Ukupheliswa serfdom kuthetha ukupha abalimi inkululeko kunye namalungelo oluntu. Le imanifesto wavunywa ngo-1861, ngomhla we-19 Februwari. Phantsi ngokutsha entsha, umlimi ukwenza izahlulo, ukuba unepropati engenakushenxiswa kwaye eshukumayo, ukuba asebenze kwiqumrhu elisemthethweni. Ukususela ngoko, abantu bakhululeka kogcino-mhlaba, ukuba ukutshata ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Amafama babevunyelwa ukuba bakhonze bafunde kwezinye iiklasi (kwabemi kunye nabathengisi).

Serfdom kwapheliswa, Noko ke, inkululeko lobuqu umlimi kakuhle. Ikakhulu, oku oluchaphazelekayo uluntu zolondolozo. uphuhliso yamaphephandaba elalini ubunini nzima zoluntu ilizwe, msebenzi, ngaphandle iziza. Le abalimi ngelo xesha aba ezinawo zentlalo kuphela, ngubani ahlawule irhafu yomntu, ephethe emkhosini kwaye sifakwe phantsi nokubethwa sisohlwayo.

Izibonelelo ekukhululweni abalimi elawula unikezelo yokusongela komhlaba. Noko ke, kule nkqubo ekukhawulelaneni nale ngxaki kakade bazisebenzisela wakhululwa ziye zehliswe kakhulu. Ukongeza, kubangela wabeka umlimi kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule intlawulelo. Kakade ke, imali akazange abe. Ukuvumbulula abaqeshisi ngentlawulelo, urhulumente uzinikele amafama mboleko iminyaka engama-49, nto leyo emele ama-80% yexabiso izabelo. Noko ke, ngo-1906, abalimi baye ukupheliswa ezi ntlawulo ngentlawulelo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba banikwa umyalelo we-2 mln yi ixesha. Engange, eseyiphantse kane ngaphezu ixabiso lemarike weli lizwe ngo-1861. Kwangaxeshanye, abalimi 'iintlawulo umnini abe ixesha elide waza wazala i-ekuthiwa ixesha-kunyanzelekile ukuba ilizwe elo ke waphuthiswa kuphela ngo-1881.

Ngokutsho ayephila, kuphuculo yamahlwempu lo mnyhadala mkhulu kangaka. Le imanifesto wakhululwa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30, uye wadala iimeko uphuhliso loqoqosho kweli lizwe ngelo xesha. Noko ke, ukupheliswa serfdom waba vumelwano nzima phakathi kuluntu nakuRhulumente.