Amakhoboka zigaba nabalimi kunye neempawu zazo

Xa Russian Tsar Ivan imikhosi lweSithathu olusisiseko kumbuso ejoliswe "ukuqokelela amazwe Russian" ngeenxa eMoscow, ngokutsho ukukhululwa ukusuka khans ye-mkhosi. Kumhlaba eqhotyoshelweyo ezifunekayo ukuseka iinkqubo ukusetyenziswa kwazo, nto leyo ikhokelele ekubeni inkqubo yomiwo mhlaba wendawo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ilizwe karhulumente yafuduswa servitor ukusetyenziswa okwethutyana okanye lobomi umvuzo ngenkonzo kunye umthombo wengeniso. Ngaloo wabumba amabutho Local. On amazwe benani ezisandul elingenamthunja 1497 asebenza kusekho amafama ngokuzithandela kakhulu, ngubani na ukuhamba ukusuka kwenye "umqashi" kwenye imiswe, ekwenzeni intlawulo yokusetyenziswa lwezindlu kunye nomhlaba kunye nokunika onke amatyala.

Ezolimo ungakuvumeli kwiintshukumo rhoqo

Kwaba apho de 1497. amakhoboka abalimi? Izigaba Umjikelo kwezolimo akazange okunene negalelo kwintshukumo esebenzayo kumafama ukusuka kwicandelo ukuya kwelinye. Oku kungenxa yokuba ilungiselelo ezifunekayo ikhaya elitsha, indawo entsha yoqeqesho phantsi izityalo, ukudalwa yobonelelo reserve okokuqala. Ngoko ke, nabalimi yokuzithandela ixesha abafani emithethweni yaye bafudukela, enyanisweni, hayi rhoqo, kodwa ilungelo lokwenza. Micinga zomhlaba kwinkulungwane ye-15 kuye kwagqitywa ukuba bazohlule babe novoprihodtsev kunye starozhiltsev. Eyokuqala ezinokuthi ukubala ngenzuzo inkosi yakhe feudal (ukutsala eqela labasebenzi kwezolimo), kwaye eyesibini iirhafu kunye irhafu ayikho likhulu kakhulu, ekubeni asebenza rhoqo, yaye baba eninzi inzala. Abalimi akwazi ukusebenza njengenxalenye isityalo (iinkamba) okanye inzala (amaqhosha esilivere).

Yibani yokuzikhethela kuphela phantse ebusika

wenza njani amakhoboka abalimi? Amanqanaba yale nkqubo Wasolula kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela. Yonke into yatshintsha kunye nokwamkelwa Ivan iseti lesithathu lwemithetho - Sudebnik, ocacisa ukuba indlela esa kude host enye ukuya kwenye Umlimi kuphela emva kokuba umsebenzi wasefama, ngexesha koSuku eSt George kunye kwiveki ngaphambi okanye emva kokuba intlawulo 'abadala. " Ndimelwe kukuba, kuyo yonke le minyaka umthendeleko saint - George ngegorha Great - ibhiyozelwa ngeentsuku ezahlukeneyo. Ngokwekhalenda endala, namhla iwela ngoNovemba 26, kwiinkulungwane 16-17, oko kubhiyozelwa ngoDisemba 6, nangemihla yethu - 9 kuDisemba. Sudebnik kwakhona kugqiba ubungakanani "abadala", nto leyo engange omnye kumakhaya ibekwe emasimini, kunye polrublya abaphuma kwiifama emi emahlathini, baxhasa kule ndawo. Kwangaxeshanye, lo umrhumo olwalubekwe iminyaka emine, oko kukuthi, ukuba umfama uye wahlala kwaye wasebenza nyaka, kufuneka ahlawule ikota isixa-mali ekugqitywe Sudebnik.

Iimpawu manqanaba engundoqo amakhoboka abalimi

Nyana kunye indlalifa Ivan III, Vasily wesithathu, zandiswa impangele ngokuthi kongezwe Ryazan, Novgorod-Seversky kunye Starodub ukubusa. Ukuba iinkqubo akhutheleyo lonke igunya, nto leyo bephelekwa ukunciphisa ngamandla izinduna kunye nokukhula belizwe wabanumzana, kwi amafa apho kwafuneka umntu ukuba asebenze. Le meko iye yenyuka ebudeni bolawulo Ivan IV (i esibi), owathi e Sudebnik wakhe 1550 yaqinisekisa ilungelo abaqeshisi ukuba nabalimi kuphela koSuku eSt George, ngoxa kuncitshiswa amalungelo abalimi kunye namakhoboka, nokuvusa "omdala" ezimbini hit the jackpot. Amanqanaba amakhoboka abalimi baseRashiya elinye emva kwelinye.

micinga Non-zikhululekile eRashiya ukususela kumaxesha amandulo

Malunga menials kufuneka bathi namagama ambalwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Le status akanalungelo ngokwakhe umntu zakho ukususela kwixesha oozilawuli Rus yaMandulo de 1723. Ikhoboka ke ikhoboka ngqo (ikhoboka kwabathinjwa emfazweni ebizwa ngokuba "Chelyadyn" kwaye waba indawo efanelekileyo imbi kwikhoboka). Amakhoboka kwakhona wawa ngexesha lemfazwe, ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho (umthetheli singathatha amakhoboka kungena umntu ababulalayo nokubulala inkunzi, umlilo ihashe-ukweba), xa amatyala xa kuhlawulwe amatyala okanye non-free evela kubazali ekuzalweni.

Ikhoboka abe ivolontiya, xa indoda itshata umntu non-free abathengisa ngokwakhe (ubuncinane 0.5 hryvnia, kodwa phambi kwamangqina), bakhonza njengegosa okanye Tiuna (nezinye ubudlelwane kunokwenzeka kwimeko yokugqibela). Kunye nomnini amakhoboka ukhululekile ukwenza nantoni na, kuquka ukuthengisa ayixhelele ngexesha elifanayo ukuba uxanduva ngezenzo zabo amaqela esithathu. Amakhoboka ayesebenza apho, baya kuninikela apho, kuquka emhlabeni. Ngoko sinokuthi ukuba amakhoboka abalimi, amanyathelo ezinxulumene iinkulungwane 15-16, enyanisweni, ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo eziphuhlileyo inkqubo ngamakhoboka.

A ban buso engokutshintshwa

Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe (ngo-1581) Ivan Grozny iye ezibekwe izithintelo ukutshintshwa micinga I V Day Yurev, ukuba aqhube ubalo jikelele yelizwe kunye yokuhlola ubungakanani kunye nobulunga nolawulo phezu kwalo. Yaba esinye isiganeko elabangela kubukhoboka ngakumbi abalimi. Amanqanaba yophuhliso amakhoboka nkqubo, ke, kubalelwa kweli xesha njengoko esibi, yaye ukumkani Fyodor Ivanovich, obonakala umthetho onjalo sikhutshwe ngo 1592.

Abaxhasi kokuvalwa esibi abonisa ukuba woqinisekiso phambi 1592 ziqulathe izikhombisi kwi "esalelweyo (ezithintelweyo) zasehlotyeni", ngelixa abaxhasi Fedor bakholelwa ukuba ukungabikho iimbekiselo kwi "iminyaka esalelweyo" kwi usebenziso lwamaxwebhu emva 1592 lubonisa ukuba umsebenzi yaziswa kwi-1592-1593 biennium. Kucaca kulo mba ayikho kude. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukupheliswa Day St. George akazange enze kwi yonke kummandla Russia - engasezantsi abalimi akwazi ukuhamba ukusuka host enye ukuya kwenye elide ngokwaneleyo.

Zalisa ekukhotyokisweni abalimi

Izigaba ezingundoqo amakhoboka abalimi ngenkulungwane ye-16 zange iphele le misebenzi ikhankanywe apha ngentla. Ngowe-1597 kwathiwa yaziswa umthetho phezu kwiminyaka eli xesha lisikelweyo, elathi laseka ukuba umlimi mbaleki zibuyiselwe umnini wangaphambili iminyaka emi-5. Ukuba eli gama ngenxa kuphelelwa yaye umnini wangaphambili iye akasifakanga isicelo uphando, afike wahlala kwindawo entsha. Njengoko lo moya kwakujongwa na ukuhamba kunye ukubuya wenziwa yonke impahla kunye nosapho.

iminyaka Fixed ngokuyinxenye irhoxisiwe phantsi Boris Godunov

Amanqanaba amakhoboka ngokwasemthethweni abalimi benza ukuya 1597 ngokubhekiselele kuphela umfama, nkqu nomfazi wakhe nabantwana, ababa 'esisigxina' ukuze ilizwe. Yiminyaka elishumi emva kokuba ukwamkelwa imithetho kwexesha ixesha (1607) le meko iye kunyanzeleka abasebenzi zasemaphandleni engaboni kakuhle emva Vasilii Shuyskom wakhupha umyalelo ukuze bandise uphando ukuya kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, leyo ayanda kakhulu amalungelo abanini kwi yokwaphuka abalimi. Eli phepha wazama ukungqina ukuba alikho semthethweni elo minyaka ixesha ukurhoxiswa ebudeni bolawulo Boris Godunov, owenza umnyinyiva, mhlawumbi ngenxa yendlala kunyaka 1601-1602.

Yintoni ukugqiba onke amanqanaba amakhoboka abalimi? Ngokufutshane - lokubhangisa ngokupheleleyo iminyaka umda ngexesha lomsebenzi zokucupha kunye abasabileyo elingunaphakade. Oku kwenzeka phantsi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, kwaye ngokusesikweni Code Council -1649. Kuphela emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama ezimakhulu mabini, ngowe-1861, serfdom kuya kutshitshiswa zize namafama Russian ziya kufumana inkululeko isalamane.