Impucuko yamandulo East yamandulo. Impucuko yokuqala East Ancient

Imbali Ancient ebesoloko umdla ukwanda nje phakathi abaphandi zobungcali, kodwa abemi abaqhelekileyo. Akumangalisi, njengoko iimfihlelo efihliweyo neenkungu kwexesha, hayi nje simhleke ubungqola, kodwa unako ukunika iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi abahlupha kunye mihla abantu.

Kwezentlalo kunye izazinzulu zezopolitiko nangoku uphando polity wamaPersi Empire, eyathatha ixesha elide ngaphezu baseRoma. Kodwa ingakumbi imibuzo emininzi kubangela ukuba impucuko yamandulo yamandulo East. Ukuba ookhokho bethu siyazi eninzi kakhulu, ukususela States ezininzi xesha - kakhulu - a kukhankanywa engacacanga kuphela amaphepha imisebenzi mbali bamandulo.

Noko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngabo iinkcubeko, nto leyo usuke uphawu ebalulekileyo kwimbali. Nabanako kuchongwa impucuko ethile East Ancient, eyenziwe ungenzeka ukuvela izakhiwo zikarhulumente?

Imvelaphi ekwenzeke kuzo ilitye le yokuqala karhulumente

Ehlabathini ngenkulungwane ye-11 BC, baqale kuvela imfundo yokuqala enkulu yoluntu. Ngaloo mihla, bevela kuphela emva kokoyiswa abantu omnye komnye. Abalawuli ithi zokuqala ngokufuthi amadoda abanamakhono, kodwa umlinganiselo tipolitiki. Owona mnqweno wabo ukwandiswa yokuphanga, ugcine umda, ukuba iphumelele kuphela ngenkani. Ngokubanzi, indlela ebonakala ngayo impucuko yamandulo East (inkoliso yabo, kunjalo) ubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuxhomekeka uqoqosho kazwelonke ngenxa yehambo ngempumelelo ngeemfazwe loloyiso.

Ukuba kuhlaselwa yimpumelelo, ngoko ezandleni zabahlaseli bazifumanisa amawaka amakhoboka kunye imimandla enkulu, laso ngoko obkladyvayut unikelo eqolo. surplus kwabonakala ukuba imali ookumkani ziqulathe nababhali, izifundiswa kunye namagcisa, apho siyazi into malunga ngaloo maxesha ukuxakeka. Ngokuthe ngcembe abaphathi ngcono uhlobo lorhulumente, yabona imfuneko ukwakha inqaba enkulu.

Axhatshazwe abantu azive ngaphakathi kurhulumente enye, kungcono ukuba sazana, uhlanga ezitsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba u kandziyisa iimpawu eziphambili mpucuko basempumalanga yamandulo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amaqela amaninzi uhlanga eyaziwa ngomnqweno abo ukoyisa, hayi babefuna ukuba balitshabalalise inkcubeko, ukubhala kunye nolwimi ezizweni oyiswe.

Yiloo impucuko enkulu ezahlukeneyo eMpuma yamandulo. Uluhlu ulunika umbono ocacile.

Eyona miba ibalulekileyo ithi yamandulo

Ukuvela kwamagunya ezinkulu ngokwenene negalelo izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, evela North weza izizwe abehambise amahashe abo zizilwanyana zasekhaya. Lo iza yokwenene imfazwe: ngoku umkhosi ngokugqibeleleyo axhobileyo akwazi ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza imigama emide. Kwakukho iinqwelo enamandla, ezibe ukuba angcangcazelise yotshaba. Ngoko ke, uphuhliso impucuko yamandulo East waya isantya omhle kakhulu.

Ekugqibeleni, abantu baye bafunda ukuvelisa sentsimbi ezisemgangathweni ezisemgangathweni: izixhobo zentsimbi kwezolimo ukuba ngcono ukuba umlimi womhlaba nokukhula ukutya ngakumbi, nezikrweqe sentsimbi ngeyona ixesha elide, kwaye kulula ukuba itshone isikrweqe amakrele zobhedu kunye amakrele. Musa ukuma ngxi, kunye nesiko impucuko yamandulo East: kwakukho iseti iindlela ezintsha kwimizobo, inkqubo yokubhala yaye nolawulo loluntu.

Imiphumo ukuvela emphaya zokuqala olukhulu kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kakade ke, inkqubo nokudaleka lalikhatshwa ukuqhambuka ibonwe kubundlobongela, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ngayo le inkangeleko yabo negalelo kuphuhliso okukhawulezileyo kwenzululwazi kwinqanaba loluntu. Ngoko ke yintoni na impucuko yamandulo East Ancient?

amaHeti

Kukholelwa ukuba bukhosi ephuhliswe kuqala amalungiselelo bakaHeti. Abantu eyimfihlakalo kunene, kuba ukususela ngoko, kwathabatha ixesha elininzi, ngoko ke credible oku imithombo nje abanayo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ekule yaseYurophu Indo-uhlanga, yaye Asia Minor weza evela kwenye emantla. Eneneni, ekuqaleni amaHeti esekwe ithi eziliqela, kodwa BC ngenkulungwane XVIII, kokuba bamanyane kwenye. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yophuhliso kudlule phantse yonke impucuko baseMpuma amandulo kudala.

Likomkhulu umHeti wesizwe ibekwe kwisixeko Hattusa. Njengabanye abantu abaninzi bamandulo, baye benza kuphela iinkomo namantshontsho nezolimo. Nangona kunjalo, kakhulu kakuhle kwaye baye kakuhle ishishini lemigodi. Ngoko kakuhle ukuba phakathi mbali ukuba abantu kuthathwa ukuba nguvulindlela zobugcisa yentsimbi ukunyibilikisa.

Kodwa oko utsho mfundo yale mpucuko ye-East Ancient? grade 10 kwisikolo ngasinye ukuze nazi ukuba amaHeti ikwazile ukumisela phakathi zonke iinkcubeko woyisa urhwebo elungileyo namaqhina zenkcubeko.

eloyisile amaHeti

NamaHeti abanamava kunye amajoni akhaliphileyo: kwi BC ngenkulungwane XVII bayithabatha ngokupheleleyo phezu kumantla Aram. Ngowe-1595 BC, phantsi koxinzelelo zabo iBhabhiloni kaHomer. Kunye amaPersi, amaHeti usoloko azakubalulwa kukuba phantse akukho yokugonyamela kwabo izizwe oyiswe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho mfuneko yokufumana ukwamkelwa zabaxhasi bakhe, wakhetha ukugcina igunya esemthethweni ookumkani (kwi imeko azizalisayo ezinye iimfuno zabo). Luvukelo lokuqala oluphemeleleyo ukuya bakaHeti waba amaYiputa.

I imfazwe phakathi kwabo eyathatha elide kakhulu, ibe nempumelelo ocacile ababa nako ukufikelela nakubani na. Ngokupheleleyo ubulumko, naphakathi kweentlanga isivumelwano ekugcineni uxolo. Nakuze yaqala ukufumana okuziinkozo cheap ukusuka bhuma laseYiputa, ngoxa amaYiputa ngokwabo uyakholiswa kakhulu unikezelo ekrwada. Ngokubanzi, phantse wonke amazwe baseMpuma yamandulo yaye kudala waba amaqhina olusondeleyo kwezoqoqosho, kwezenkcubeko nakwezoqoqosho kunye nabanye.

Ukufa umHeti yempucuko

Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba amaHeti abe elinoxolo kangaka ngenkani-Asiriya. Nangona amandla abo banda ngendlela engathethekiyo, yaye abantu beza ngokukhawuleza imfazwe waphuma emideni umHeti karhulumente. Kakade ke, lo yokugqibela yi hayi kakhulu ezitsalwa nethemba imfazwe kwi miba mibini. Noko ke, ukususela ukufa amaHeti ayigcinwa. Ababhali-mbali kulo lonke ihlabathi nangoku bexambulisana malunga nendlela oku ezilahlekileyo impucuko ye-East Ancient. Egypt alinanto yakwenza nalo, ekubeni ooFaro abantu empini bekukho izivumelwano uxolo.

Kungenzeka, oku ngaphandle kongenelelo "Abantu Sea." Mhlawumbi la maqela okuyimfihlakalo wamajoni wakwazi ukuhamba ukuya Hattusa kwaye kuwonakalisa lo mzi. Hi ndlela leyi, eYiputa yayikwajamelene ukuhlaselwa kwabo, kodwa kaRamses III wakwazi ukuba ziphumeze oyiswa, emva koko ngobunzulu ukuhlaselwa 'omkhulu' ehle kakhulu. Loo yimpucuko yamandulo East Ancient?

Asiriya Urartu

Okokuqala, lo Asiriya zikhankanywe ngasentla wathabatha ilizwe kangako. capital wabo lowo umzi ka uAshur ibekwe kwi iTigris River. Zithanda yonke enye kwiklasi, ziye uzukile, ngoonyana bakaHeti, kodwa ingakumbi phambili kwakhona kwimibandela zorhwebo. Isimanga, kodwa ekuqaleni abantu wayengekho ingakumbi silwe, kodwa ngenxa ngexesha ubukho ngurhulumente ivame kwikhompyutha abamelwane.

Kodwa sele kwinkulungwane XIV BC i-Asiriya yayinjalo nako ukufaka kwikhompyutha ukubandezeleka waseBhabheli, kummandla 9-10 Century ngokwabo kakhulu abethwa izizwe amadlelo ubunzima phantse kwimpucuko yehlabathi lamandulo. East yamandulo nazo rhoqo abakhuselekanga ungenelelo zabo.

Ngelo xesha kunxweme Lake Van (eCaucasus) endandihlala abantu ngendlela emangazayo, owathiywa Asiriya kwathiwa Urartu. Kwakhona kule BC ngenkulungwane ye-10, abaninzi nakhandiweyo ngokwezizwe zabo zidityaniswe, isishiya kwimeko esinamandla Urartu. "Yanceda" kubamelwane zayo Asiriya, njengoko zabo rhoqo ziye zanyanzela nkqu ngamaXhosa ezininzi fiefs zasekuhlaleni ingqalelo imfuneko ukuhlangana. Kuyasa yabantu Urartu nama lo BC ngenkulungwane yesibhozo. Emva koko ke zangaphambili abacinezelwa ngokwabo kunokukhokelela iimfazwe loloyiso ukulwa nabacinezeli zabo.

Relations kunye Urartu

Ngeli xesha, ookumkani baseAsiriya ngokuphindaphindiweyo ubunzima ukusuka ngokoyiswa Urartu. iintsilelo Military musa ukwandisa udumo lwabo phakathi kwabantu, noqhankqalazo flash ngoko kaninzi baba gobe kuvela phakathi elite sigqibo. Bamalunga nama-750 BC weza amandla, kumkani okrelekrele ngenkohlakalo uTigilati-pilezere III, ngubani ngoko nangoko benza ekomelezeni yomkhosi.

Oku rearmed ngokupheleleyo imikhosi yayo, nokunika izixhobo zentsimbi yokuqala-eklasini, yaye wenza angehli imfazwe kwasekusekweni loqoqosho lwesizwe. Yena kunye nabalandeli bakhe bakwazi qhoboshela Asiriya ubukumkani isixa esikhulu somhlaba omtsha owned phambi kwezinye impucuko zehlabathi lamandulo. East Ancient ifumene inkcubeko entsha lubalaseleyo.

Kwiminyaka nje eli-40 emva kokuba olwaqalwa-Asiriya likwazile ukuchitha Urartu. Ukongeza, bahlula izizwe ezininzi ePalestina neSiriya, abamba inxalenye enkulu laseYiputa neBhabhiloni. Kuba okokuqala kwimbali yale mpucuko wofika kusetyenziswa indlela kuthuthwa ngenkani. Babefuna zivalele izizwe oyisa, ukuze ndibutshitshise yaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba balahle ukholo lwabo nolwimi.

Mu kuya kwa nshita amaHeti namaPhesiya, baba edumileyo zokubonisa ukuba oyiswe. Ngoko, loo nto ithathwa umenzi sookumkani baseAsiriya isethi ubuchule sentuthumbo ephucukileyo kunye nokubulawa kakhulu kubulawa. Noko ke, ukususela zaqalwa rhoqo kunye imvukelo ukuba usindiswe. Kodwa asifanele ndiyaqonda villains notorious: ngokunjalo zonke impucuko enkulu eMpuma yamandulo, abantu kuhlwayela "nengqiqo, okulungileyo ngonaphakade."

impumelelo Asiriya

ubutyebi Incredible olufumaneke ngokuba amaxhoba emfazwe kunye ezimpawu, wavumela Asiriya ukuba enkundleni yakhe ezininzi izazinzulu ezibalaseleyo, ababhali kunye zobulumko ixesha lakhe. Ngenxa yokuba aba bantu, sinalo ulwazi malunga iincwadi Sumerians namaKaledi, ngubani bathunyelwa kuwo. Ngoko ke, imibhalo eMesopotamiya ukuba wafunda kule mini, aye alondolozwa eya kuthi yongezwe kuyo abaphengululi-Asiriya.

ENineve, elikomkhulu ubukumkani intsha bazizityebi ngelo xesha ingqokelela yeencwadi kumacwecwe odongwe, equlethe konke ulwazi ikwazile bandisa yimpucuko le-East Ancient. Ngamafutshane, yaba ziyindlela ngokwenene ubulumko, beza ukuyiphatha ukuba abafundi abasuka kulo lonke ihlabathi lamandulo.

Ke kaloku, bakubon 'ukuba ngomtshini karhulumente sele: kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe iintshaba BC uAsiriya baqale isihlwele kuvela macalana onke. Kungenxa yoku, i indima eyadlalwa kwempixano ezikhula ngaphakathi kwizangqa sigqibo. Ngowe-626 igunya iNineve bazitshitshisela lerhuluneli waseBhabhiloni, yazibeka ukumkani. Yaba nguye owenza imifela ezininzi zomkhosi kunye nabanye abantu Iranian (ingakumbi ngobume Media). ihlasele Joint ukuba ngokoqobo kwayitshabalalisa inkqubo Asiriya, nabokugqibela imikhosi yayo babulawa 609 BC.

namaPersi

Emva kokuwa iintshaba zawo,-Asiriya, baba phezu ukunyuka Midiiyskoe kunye Neo-uMbuso waseBhabhiloni. Le yokugqibela waseka wamaKaledi uNabhopolasare, ngelo xesha elinye ukumelana esebenzayo boyisa. Unyana wakhe, uNebhukadenetsare II, wakwazi ukoyisa nje kuphela yokutyiwa waseAsiriya, kodwa ePalestina Syria. Xa sifika iBhabheli nempumelelo engakholelekiyo namandla. Nokuba omnye Wonders of the World, i-Gardens Hanging, apho amaGrike amandulo ngokuphosakeleyo kubalelwa Queen Semiramis, zadalwa iinjineli yayo.

Ngoxa Aryans wahlala phezu kummandla Iran. Akumangalisi ke, ezo iinxalenye ababephila babo ngokuba "Kwilizwe Aryans", lowo ngelo xesha becala axutywe izizwe abavela ye Indo-abamhlophe (nangona phantse yonke impucuko yamandulo yakuMbindi Mpuma kuba igazi lazo). Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ummandla Iran kwasekwa amaqela ezininzi amatsha eentlanga, enamandla kakhulu kwaye ngokukhawuleza yaba namaPersi. Ngokusemthethweni, baba yinxalenye yobukumkani yamaMedi, kodwa ke eneneni waba ngumlawuli wabo.

Ukumkani wasePersi odumileyo uKoreshi I nje andizange lwaqalisa ukuba ulicekisile igunya soMhlekazi namaMedi,, ngokuvakalisa abantu bakhe ezizimeleyo. Ngoko ke wazalwa ubukumkani wasePersi. Olu hlanga liphuhlise ngokukhawuleza, yaye kungekudala kakhulu umkhosi wabo wafika eIndiya, yaye ukuba zifake i-Aram kade umsindo ePalestina. Kodwa "ukufunyanwa 'engundoqo yamaPersi yaba ubukumkani laseLidiya, namanje ngenxa yokuba oko emigodini yayo zaveliswa phantse-70% igolide, leyo ehlabathini World Old phambi kokufunyanwa America. Ngamafutshane, le impucuko yokuqala East yamandulo banike indlela yokuhlawula lonke uluntu kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela ezayo.

Ukongeza, namaPersi ngokukhawuleza baba ziintshaba efungelweyo yamaGrike, njengoko ifakwe phantse bonke abo umhlaba loni. Ekugqibeleni, ngowama-539 BC, nomkhosi wawo walinda ithuba labo emfuna eBhabheli.

Velikiy eKire wabulawa ngexesha olunye uhambo ukuya Central Asia. Nyana umnqobi lukaCambyses, wakwazi ukoyisa eYiputa. Kuphunyeziwe ukumkani kungenakwenzeka ukuba kumiswe, kodwa urhulumente yaphuka ngesiquphe behlazekile, waza wafa. Noko ke, uDariyo mna, zeza igunya, Ongasinikelanga usizi lwangaphakathi ukutshabalalisa urhulumente. Kohlwaya ngqwabalala zonke benkathazo, wayigqiba iphulo ngoKoreshi Central Asia kunye Persian umkhosi reconquer inxalenye India. Umva ukumkani kuphela kwimeko yamaSkitiya, uhambo eGrisi ukuba asiphumelelanga kakhulu.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo yale mpucuko

UMbuso Persian waba ukubunjwa karhulumente yokuqala yehlabathi elimlinganiselo omkhulu. nozinzo lizwe yabonelelwa kwisahlulo layo zibe kwimimandla - satrapies, ngamnye imithetho ngamandla irhuluneli (baba nookumkani kumazwe woyisa rhoqo). Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala eposini karhulumente oluyintloko, wabamba kuphuculo imali yalungiswa kwimbali ngenjongo komgangatho ophezulu.

Ukongeza, kokwabo amaPersi ngcembe wabumba ingcamango ukuba akusayi kuba ilizwe enamandla ngaphandle inkqubo yendlela ephuhliswe kakuhle. Aba bantu nje abazange yabalasela into yokuba ngaphandle ezisemaphandleni ngaphansi nganye ekhutshelwe ngendlela elungileyo, bavula. Ngenxa yoko, zukisani inkcazelo omalunga ephucuke yamandulo East ibonisa ukuba ziphuhliswe kakhulu.

NamaPersi ngoku Ngokufa ulibele imisebenzi kunye yidemon ngamaGrike ngobuqhokolo. Enyanisweni, inkcubeko yabo phantse nto elingezantsi lamaGrike namaRoma, yaye kwaqhubeka ixesha elide. Ngoko ke, lo yimpucuko yamandulo East zakudala usinike ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba kucingwa: inkqubo yolawulo, ukubaluleka kweendlela zothutho, yeengqokelela zokuqala imithetho ebekwe njalo-njalo, apho abaninzi siqwalasele iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.