Ekubulaleni Polovtsy Vladimir Monomakh. Ngoobani aba Cumans

Imbali Russia lizele iziganeko ezahlukeneyo. Ngamnye kubo bashiya uphawu zabo kwimemori bonke abantu. Ezinye izinto eziphambili kunye ekujikeni kufika imihla yethu yaye ehlonitshwa kwaye bafanelwe kuluntu lwethu. Gcina amasiko akho, ukuba ukukhumbula uloyiso kunye iinjengele - oku ngumsebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ngomntu wonke. Abathetheli of Russia abasoloko got ezona ngokwemiqathango yolawulo lunalo Rus, kodwa bazama ukuba usapho olunye, leyo kunye wenza zonke izigqibo. Ezona zinto kakhulu kwaye kunzima wayesoloko ebonakala nendoda "wathabatha ithole lenkomo ngeempondo 'waza wajika indlela yembali kwicala elahlukileyo. Enye yezi bantu mkhulu Vladimir Monomakh, nto leyo kuseyinto ngabantu obalulekileyo kwimbali Russia. Uye wenza lukhulu iinjongo entsonkothileyo emkhosini kunye nezopolitiko, ngaloo ndlela ayenzelwe abhenele kwiindlela zamanyangaza. indlela yakhe amacebo, umonde nobulumko, elathi ukuba enze uxolo phakathi abadala, bamthiya enye kwenye iminyaka. Ukongeza, awukwazi ukufumana ingqalelo kunye netalente kwenene, ukuba balwe, ngokuba Monomakh amacebo amaninzi wasindisa umkhosi Russian ekutshatyalalisweni. Ekubulaleni Polovtsian Prince Vladimir wacinga waphuma waya nkcukacha zincinci, yaye ngoko ke "bamoya" isisongelo eRashiya.

Polovtsi: Intshayelelo

Cumans, okanye polovchane, njengoko ngokuba mbali - ngabantu imvelaphi zamaTurkic okukhuphileyo ayohlala. imithombo eyahlukeneyo abanike amagama ahlukeneyo: kumaxwebhu Byzantine - Qom kwi Arab-Persian - Kipchak. Ukuqala kwinkulungwane XI kwaya kuba abantu bokuvelisa kunene; Wamgxotha Pechenegs Torquay kwaye ukusuka empuma iVolga, waza wabahlalisa kule ndawo. Noko ke, kule Abahlaseli siye sagqiba ukuba ayeke, wawuwela Dnieper River, yaye emva koko wehla ngempumelelo ukuya kwiindonga weDanube. Ngaloo ndlela ke babe abanini Great emathafeni, obabuqala iDanube ukuba Irtish. imithombo Russian le ndawo nje Polovtsian entsimini.

Ngexesha nokudalwa Golden mkhosi ikwazile budibane abaninzi Polovtsy Mongols ngempumelelo ukunyanzelisa ulwimi lwabo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba emva ulwimi (Kipchak) yaba isiseko iilwimi ezininzi (Tatar, Nogai, Kumyk kunye Bashkir).

Imvelaphi igama elithi

Igama elithi "Cumans" of Old Russian lithetha "yellow". abameli abaninzi abantu iinwele mhlophe, kodwa inkoliso yabo nabameli ugqatso yaseYurophu kunye admixture of Mongoloid. Noko ke, ezinye izazinzulu zithi ukuba imvelaphi igama livela kubantu apho bayeke - entsimini. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi, kodwa akukho namnye ayikho oluthembekileyo.

inkqubo tribal

Ekubulaleni Polovtsy ngenxa ngokuyinxenye kwinkqubo yabo emkhosini-lwentando yesininzi. Isizwe sonke yayahlulwe kwisizukulwana eziliqela. clan nganye igama layo - igama yinkokeli. okuzala ezininzi zaye bemanyene izizwe, ngubani owadala ngokwakhe ezilalini kunye nesixeko-ubusika. esizweni ngasinye ukuba umhlaba union yaso apho ukutya kulinywa. Baye imibutho ezincinci, ukutshaya - ukuvumelana iintsapho ezininzi. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, xa yokutshaya ungaphila Cumans nje kuphela, kodwa ezinye iintlanga, kunye elisetyenziswa okwenzeka ngokwendalo.

Inkqubo yezopolitiko

Ukutshaya simanyene aweza, leyo iphethwe yi Khan. I Khans banegunya liphezulu entsimini. Ngaphandle kwezi, kukho iindidi ezifana izicaka kunye igweba. Kwakhona badumileyo yi ukwahlulwa kwabafazi ezibabeka kumkhonzi. Babizwa ngokuba chagami. Zazinza - a amabanjwa emfazwe, enyanisweni, babengamakhoboka zasekhaya. Kufuneka benze umsebenzi onzima, akabanga amalungelo kwaye unxulumano usezantsi esiphezulu. Ngaba Koshev - iintloko zezindlu zooyise ezinkulu. Usapho yayiba koshey. Kosh nganye usapho olunye nezicaka zayo.

Ubutyebi, geni ekulweni, yahlulwa phakathi iinkokheli amaphulo zomkhosi kunye izikhulu. amajoni eziqhelekileyo wafumana kwiimvuthuluka kuphela ukususela Isithebe sikaNdikhoyo. Kwimeko iphulo ongaphumelelanga ukuba siyabhanga ndeyele ukuxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo nayiphi Polovtsian amanene.

impi

Polovtsian Military elapha phezulu, yaye oku ibonakaliswa naziinzululwazi mihla. Noko ke, imbali iye yagcinwa kule namhla awunto ubungqina kakhulu amajoni Polovtsian. Anecdotally, ukuze anikele ubomi bakhe kwimicimbi yasemkhosini ndoda okanye inkwenkwe wayekwazi ukwenza nje umpu. Oku alisayi kuwathathela ngqalelo nemeko yakhe yempilo, nokuma, kwaye nkqu umnqweno lobuqu ngakumbi. Kodwa ekubeni esi sixhobo, uhlale khona, akukho namnye umntu akhalaze. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba Polovtsian imicimbi zomkhosi yayingalungiselelwanga kakuhle ukusuka ekuqaleni. Kunokuba ukuba bathi kuye bavela ngezigaba. mbali Byzantine wabhala yokuba aba bantu walwa ngeentolo, scimitars kunye kwenkcula.

Indoda nganye enxibe ingubo ekhethekile olubonisa kokwabo umkhosi. Oku eyenziwe ngesikhumba emfutshane, kwaye kwintsunguzi yaye bekhululekile. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, qhawe nganye Polovtsian abangaba 10 amahashe zokulenza.

Umkhosi omkhulu imikhosi Polovtsian yaba amahashe ukukhanya. Ukongeza izixhobo ngentla, amajoni kwakhona walwa encediswa ikrele lakhe, kunye lassos. Thile emva kokuba befumene zokudubula enzima. Ezi amajoni ayenxiba iminqwazi, nezikrweqe kunye nomxokelelwane ezizodwa mail. Noko ke, badla zenziwe awoyikekayo kakhulu ukoyikisa ngakumbi utshaba.

Kwakhona kwakubekwe ubaluleke ukusetyenziswa Polovtsy crossbows enzima kunye nomlilo Greek. Ukuba ukuba bafunde ngemihla xa babephila kufuphi besekhaya. Ngoko ke aba bantu ithuba lokwenza phantse eliGorha ukuba iinkokeli embalwa yomkhosi belo xesha, ndoqhayisa lwazi. Ukusetyenziswa lomlilo zamaGrike amaxesha amaninzi wanceda Polovtsy wamoyisa umzi enqatyisiweyo ze akhuselwe.

Kubalulekile ukuba ndothulele umnqwazi yokuba ibutho uphume eyaneleyo. Kodwa yonke impumelelo kweli shishini ukuza into engento ngenxa ngesantya esiphantsi intshukumo butho. Njengabo bonke mbuya, Polovtsy amanqaku amaninzi uloyiso ngenxa a kuhlaselo ezibukhali engalindelekanga yaye utshaba, imilalela elide kunye zigcwalisa inkohliso. Babedla wakhetha into zemizana ukuhlasela encinane, ngubani na kuba nako ukunika luvukelo kuyimfuneko, kwaye ngakumbi ke ukuba uwine Polovtsian. Noko ke, umkhosi badla woyiswa ngenxa yokuba akukho ngokwaneleyo amajoni abaziingcali. Uqeqesho nayo imali ingqalelo kakhulu. Funda ezinye izakhono zinokuba kuphela xa ndiye kugqogqa apho umsebenzi ephambili ukuqhelisela ubugcisa yokulwa kwakudala.

Russian-Polovtsian War

iimfazwe Russian-Polovtsian ebizwa uthotho elide lweemfazwe kakhulu, nto leyo wadlala malunga nesiqingatha senkulungwane. Esinye sezizathu yaba ingozi zenjongo ezifunda omabini amacala, kuba Cumans abantu amadlelo, ababefuna koyisa amazwe amatsha. Isizathu sesibini kukuba eRashiya wayesiya wayengenamali eqhekekileyo, ngoko abathile abalawuli eyaziwayo babehlangene Polovtsian, ibangela umsindo nengqumbo ezinye iinkosana Russian.

Le meko yaba buhlungu gqitha ukuya kwindawo, oko Akukabonakali ke wangenelela Vladimir Monomakh, owathi wabeka injongo yakhe yokuqala ubunye emazweni onke Rus.

Imvelaphi empini Salnitsa

Ngo-1103 i uhambo kubantu abavela entlango yokuqala yaqhutywa izikhulu Russian. Hi ndlela leyi, emva kokoyiswa i Polovtsy yabamba Dolobskogo Congress. Ngowe-1107 umkhosi Russian boyiswa Bonyak kunye Sharukan ngempumelelo. Impumelelo waphefumlela ngumoya wemvukelo Noloyiso yaseRussia okulwa umphefumlo, ngoko sele ngo-1109 Kiev Voevoda Dmitr Ivorovich wavuthela iilali ngaphandle ezinkulu eziquka Polovtsian kufuphi Donets.

amacebo Monomakh

Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba ekubulaleni Polovtsy (umhla - Matshi 27, 1111) wayengomnye yokuqala kuluhlu lesikhumbuzo Nakule mihla zomkhosi Russian. Uloyiso Vladimira Monomaha kunye nezinye Abathetheli ngabom uloyiso kwezopolitiko, nto leyo kwaba nemiphumo ejongelwe kwixesha elide elizayo. Russian namandla nangona luncedo ngokwemiqathango kobungakanani waba phantse enye enesiqingatha.

Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi bayazibuza mihle ngokoyiswa Polovtsy apho Prince waba izuzwe? A igalelo elikhulu kwaye elingathethekiyo merit Vladimira Monomaha, ngubani ngobuchule basebenzisa isiphiwo sakhe njenge nomphathi. Yena lithathe amanyathelo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, waqonda umgaqo elungileyo yakudala, leyo ithi ukuba kuyimfuneko ukutshabalalisa ezintshabeni nommandla wayo, kunye negazi kancinane. Okwesibini, isicelo ngempumelelo amandla yezothutho ixesha, ivumela unikezelo ngexesha wamajoni nomkhosi ukuya emfazweni, lo gama kugcinwe amandla abo kunye nomoya. Isizathu sesithathu ukucinga phezu ngamaqhinga Monomakh yaba kukuba abhenele kwisimo sezulu ukuze aphumelele uloyiso awayesibawela - wavula abasemathanga ukulwa kule imozulu, nto leyo akazange avumele ukuba basebenzise ngokupheleleyo abakhwele yakhe.

Noko ke, asiyiyo wobuchule kuphela ye-Prince. Vladimir Monomakh Polovtsy wamoyisa wacinga waphuma waya nkcukacha zincinci, kodwa ukuba ziphumeze isicwangciso, kwakudingeka ukuba ukufezekisa phantse engenakwenzeka! Okokuqala, siya gxwa isimo ixesha: Russia oqotyiweyo, iinkosana babambelela kummandla wabo kwamazinyo, ngamnye wayezama ukwenza ngendlela yayo, yaye wayekholelwa ukuba nguye kuphela ilungile ngalunye. Kodwa Monomakh bakwazi ukuqokelela, ukuxolelanisa kunye nokumanyanisa nabathetheli restive, bengabangevayo, okanye isiyatha. Cinga nje indlela ubulumko, umonde kunye nesibindi wazithabathela Prince, kunzima ... Yena wabhenela amaqhinga, amaqhinga kunye ukweyisela ngqo enokuthi ngandlel ezichaphazela iinkosana. Isiphumo kwaye kwaphunyezwa ngokuthe ngcembe, yaye mezhusobitsy wayeka. It is on Dolobskom Congress zafezekiswa ukuqondwa kwezinto ezisisiseko kunye nezivumelwano phakathi nabathetheli ezahlukeneyo.

Ekubulaleni Polovtsy Monomakh kwakhona kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba wamcenga ezinye iinkosana ukusebenzisa nokuba ngamakhoboka, ukuze komelezwe emkhosini. Ngaphambili, akukho mntu uya unendaba, ngokuba obekumele ukuba alwe bafo kuphela.

Le bahlulwa Salnitsa

Eli phulo laqala ngeCawa yesibini leNzila. 111 Februwari 26, amajoni Russian phantsi umyalelo yonke imbumba abathetheli (Svjatopolka, uDavide Vladimir) kuqonde Sharukan. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, eli phulo yomkhosi Russian, kukhatshwa ukuculwa kweengoma, ekhatshwa umbingeleli iminqamlezo. Kule, abaphandi abaninzi kwimbali Russia wagqiba ukuba mkhankaso kwasemnqamlezweni. Kukholelwa ukuba le ikhondo ngabom Monomakh ukukhulisa bafake, kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo - bakhuthaze umkhosi, ukuba ndibulale, nokuba kufuneka kuphumelela, kuba uThixo ngokwakhe uthi kubo. Enyanisweni, Vladimir Monomakh wakuphendula edabini enkulu nxamnye Russian Polovtsy edabini olungileyo ngenxa yokholo obudala.

Phambi edabini umkhosi isithuba weza kuphela emva kweentsuku 23. Kusukwa kwakunzima, kodwa ngenxa umoya ekulweni, iingoma, kwaye kukho inani elaneleyo amalungiselelo imfazwe entle, yaye, ke ngoko, ukulwa ukulungela ngokupheleleyo. Kusuku 23 amajoni beza kwiindonga i Seversky Donets.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba Sharukan endinikezele ngaphandle ukulwa, yaye ngokukhawuleza - ngomhla wesi-5 nasekuxinweni ngenkohlakalo. Abahlali wanikela abahlaseli iwayini kunye nentlanzi - ngathi eyona nto singabalulekanga, kodwa uchaza ukuba abantu balapha amavila. Kwakhona NPGs Russian itshiswe. Zokuhlala ezimbini zatshatyalaliswa, baba amagama khans. Zizo ezi izixeko ezibini, leyo walwa umkhosi ngo-1107, kodwa ke Khan Sharukan babaleka edabini, kunye NPGs waba ibanjwa lemfazwe.

Kakade on March 24, yaba idabi lokuqala lokuqala apho polovtsy imali onke amandla akhe. Oku kwenzeka kufuphi Donets. Ekubulaleni Polovtsy Vladimir Monomakh wafika kamva, xa imfazwe senzeka Salnitsa emlanjeni. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, inyanga epheleleyo. Esi edabini emacaleni omabini yesibini kwaye okona kubalulekileyo apho Russian iphumelele up.

Ekubulaleni enkulu ratyami Russian Polovtsy, umhla apho sele eyaziwa ngumntu abantu yonke Kipchak, kuba lase inzuzo enkulu lwamanani edabini. Baba Qiniseka ukuba nakweyisa, Noko ke, ayikwazanga ukuxhathisa nibona abacingayo kunye ngqo yomkhosi Russian. Kuba abantu kunye namajoni koyisa Polovtsy Vladimir Monomakh waye evuya kakhulu kwaye isiganeko fun, ngenxa yokuba imveliso elungileyo sele ifunyenwe, ukuthinjwa amakhoboka ezininzi ezizayo, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - Usindiso waphumelela!

imiphumela

Imiphumo lo mnyhadala mkhulu ayecacile. Ekubulaleni Polovtsy (kunyaka 1111) kwabutshintsha kwimbali yeemfazwe Russian-Polovtsian. Emva kokuba imfazwe Polovtsy sagqiba kanye kuphela luphakame imida oozilawuli Russian. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, benza oko emva kokuba kwelinye ehlabathini wemka Sviatopolk (kwiminyaka emibini emva kwemfazwe). Kodwa Cumans esekwe ngokudibana entsha Prince Vladimir. Ngowe-1116 imikhosi Russian wenza iphulo elinye ngaphezulu nxamnye Polovtsy aze asithimbe imizi emithathu. Ekubulaleni yokugqibela Polovtsy yaphuka isimo sabo, yaye kungekudala ocande inkonzo Georgian ukumkani uDavide Builder. Kipchak akazange aphendule eli phulo lokugqibela Russian kunokuba ukuqinisekisa ukuhla yayo yokugqibela.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva wathuma Monomakh Polovtsian Jaropolk ekufuneni Don, kodwa kwakungekho mntu apho.

imithombo

Imibhalo abaninzi Russian Ndithi yesi siganeko leyo eye yaba isitshixo kwaye ebalulekileyo lonke uhlanga. Le kokoyiswa Polovtsev Vladimirom wazomeleza amandla akhe, ngokunjalo ukholo lwabantu bakaThixo ngamandla yabo Ingangamsha yabo. Nangona isibakala sokuba inxalenye kwemfazwe Salnitsa ezichazwe kwimithombo emininzi, "Mfanekiso" enenkcukacha edabini inokufumaneka kuphela Ipatiev Chronicle.

Isiganeko esibalulekileyo kakhulu yaba ekubulaleni Polovtsy. Russia ekutshintsheni iziganeko bafika lokuposa. Kwaye konke oku kwenziwa Bulelani ukuba imigudu Vladimira Monomaha. Indlela amandla nobukrelekrele eninzi uye imali kulo ukugcina eRashiya kwesi sibetho! Njengoko wacinga ngocoselelo ngexesha lonke lo msebenzi! Wayesazi ukuba Russian ibisoloko wenza njengoko ixhoba, kuba Polovtsy wahlasela kuqala, yaye abemi Russia babenokulikhusela kuphela. Monomah waqonda ukuba kumele hlaselo lokuqala, kuba idala isiphumo ngumothuko, kwakunye liguqulelwe amajoni kwi imeko yokhuselo imeko phambili, nto leyo ndlongondlongo ngakumbi kwaye ngokumandla ubunzima iyonke. Eqonda ukuba abasemathanga aqala uhambo lwabo entwasahlobo, njengoko baye phantse akukho angamajoni ahamba ngeenyawo, wamisela ukoyiswa Polovtsy ekupheleni lasebusika, ukuzihlutha yomkhosi engundoqo. Ukongeza, ukufuduka waba nezinye iingenelo. Ayelala phantsi kwemeko yokuba Polovtsian imozulu anqunyulwe uphume labo, nto leyo nje ayinakwenzeka kweemeko zasebusika waphawula. Kukholelwa ukuba idabi ka Salnitsa kunye ngokoyiswa Polovtsy ngo-1111 - uloyiso ezinkulu kuqala wacinga Russia yamandulo, esasenziwe Bulelani ukuba italente ngobuchule Vladimira Monomaha.