Emma Goldman - itshantliziyo kwezopolitiko, i anarchist: engobomi, iincwadi, bubuvuvu beli anarchism kunye ukulwela amalungelo

Emma Gold wabona intloko ekuzibonakaliseni FBI Edgardom Guverom "umfazi kakhulu yingozi eMelika." Ngubani na yena? Kutheni wanikwa igama lesiqhulo Krasnaya Emma? Kwaye indlela iye ngayo ukubulawa ngumongameli American? Konke oku ngakumbi kweli nqaku.

ukuzalwa

Emma Goldman wazalwa eRashiya, ngakumbi kanye ukusuka uBukhosi Russian. Yena wazalwa e Lithuania, e Kaunas, June 27, 1869. Namhlanje, isixeko yaziwa ngokuba Kaunas. Abazali bakhe njengento encinane amaYuda yamaphephandaba, bona i lokusila encinane, nto leyo wakhonza njengomthombo lobukho babo. Xa Emma wayeneminyaka eli-13 ubudala, intsapho yakowabo yafudukela eSt Petersburg.

Kwikomkhulu ngexesha sasigcwele ubomi revolution: ezandleni abagrogrisi amabini ukuzibulala wabulala Tsar Alexander II. Bebuthanda izimvo revolution ngoko ingqalelo yokuzonwabisa ephawulekayo phakathi kwabantu abatsha. Kwaba kule minyaka, iimbono ezinjalo "sihlasela" Emma.

Le yokushiywa eUnited States wokuqala

Eneminyaka eli-17, Emma babesuke eUnited States. E Rochester (NY) waqalisa ukusebenza kumzi-mveliso textile. Ngowe-1887 watshata umsebenzi waza wafumana nobumi. Noko ke, umoya eneenkani wenza ngokwayo waziva: wafumanisa malunga anarchists ezine baxhonywa abathatha inxaxheba uqhushululu e Chicago, yaye ngoko nangoko bagqiba ukuba lilungu intshukumo anarchist.

nemibono yezopolitiko

De kube ngoku, abantu abaninzi abanomdla umbuzo omnye: boku kushunyayelwayo Emma Goldman - anarchism, anarcho-ubukomanisi, anarcho-entsha exabisekileyo, anarcho-ukulwela amalungelo? ukuba akukho mpendulo. Emma wayengomnye abo bakholwayo ngokwenene entandweni ephakamileyo lwentando yesininzi, idemokhrasi. Oko anarchism, ngokwembono yakhe, libonakaliswa inkululeko yokucinga, isazela, intetho. acinezela yayo sikhokelo engqongqo imeko esembindini kumntu wonke, nto leyo bujolise kuphela ukuba amakhoboka, ungamxini ezinye iiklasi ngenxa yabanye abantu. Kodwa isici esasenza i "Red Emma" kukuba akukho isibizele ukuba afele "iingcamango eqaqambileyo elizayo." Ngokwahlukileyo koko, yena wayemthanda ubomi, wabathanda ukholo neenguqu elizayo. iintshaba zayo abo kulungiselwe bona ubomi na ixabiso engundoqo.

Ingaba Emma waye ekuguqukeni?

De kube ngoku, ezinye publicists kunye iintatheli ubuza umbuzo: kwakukho na Emma olululo? Ngaba fair ukuba ikhatyelwe ngaphandle ngowe-1917 eRashiya kwi isikhephe endala ezimdaka? Ukuba wuhlahlele iimboniselo ngokusondeleyo yezopolitiko kule miba Ayimangalisi. itshantliziyo Political Emma uya ngaphezu kwawo onke umfanekiso zisaqhubeka ekuguqukeni. Eyona nto iphambili kuwo - ukuba ndibhaptize bebodwa ingcamango kwikamva eliqaqambileyo ingcamango wotshintsho. Umele ukuba naziphi na iimfuno zabo, akukho iimvakalelo, akukho imicimbi, izincamathiselo. Nokuba amaphupha babe revolution kufuneka ibe incarnation kwiinjongo yamitha kuphela. Kungokwemvelo ukuba akamele ukuba kwamathandabuzo umzuzwana ukuba anikele ngobomi bakhe ngenxa eziqulethwe eliqaqambileyo elizayo.

Kwakhona Emma ibe uluvo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Wamhlonela kunye neyabantu nkolelo ze Revolution Russian: uMikhail Bakunin, Sergeya Nechaeva, Nikolaya Ogarova. Kodwa Emma akazange avumelane nazo engqondweni ukufunxeka lilonke ingcamango olululo. Ndiyakholwa ukuba iingcinga ezinjalo akukho kwahluka ukucinga beebhanki ezinkulu kwi Wall Street, nto leyo nayo ukuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo kumsebenzi wakhe phezu nezokukhupha inzuzo. Kutheni idima wena ngesini, ubuchule, uvuyo lobomi ye revolution? Xana na ekwakheni ingomso eliqaqambileyo na? kutheni Ize ninikele ngazo ngoku?

Emma wayevakalelwa kukuba ngaphandle novuyo umntu iba biorobot makanyebeleze ezingenangqondo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekuxhelweni ukulungiselela iinjongo abangenagama elizayo. abahlobo bakhe abo kanye njengoko wala idini ngenxa izizukulwana eliqaqambileyo elizayo. Konke oku kubonisa umbuzo omnye zendalo; nokuba Emma waba revolution ngokwenene? Okanye nje ummeli zelo qela labantu abathi kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba igama "uluntu"?

ukulwa Emma

Emma Goldman walwa hayi ingcamango nje "nokwakha ikamva eliqaqambileyo", nangenxa izinto uqondakale kakhulu kwaye kuqhelekile ukuba ingqalelo phakathi nabavukeli anarchist American zingabalulekanga, mbalwa, kuba inkululeko ngokwesondo, utshintsho yeziko lomtshato, ukungahoywa emkhosini kunye nabanye.

abasemagunyeni US akazange acinge ukukhuthazwa-non yokugaya "bekhohlisana": ngo-1917 yaba kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. sizana US inceda nje kuphela umbandela kunye nenkxaso yobuchule, kodwa wathunyelwa phambi amajoni akhe. azikho AmaMelika abaqhelekileyo ukulungele ukuya emfazweni, ingcamango ukweqa kunye bonakalise isibheno wafumana isicelo practical. Ngenxa yoko imisebenzi Emma kweli thuba ixesha uyingozi. Ngowe-1917, yena kunye nezinye anarchists ezininzi wathumela eRashiya, apho ngelo xesha sele yenziwe Enkulu Oktobha Revolution.

Incopho kude eUnited States kwi esikhepheni ujonge kude kwi Statue of Liberty, Emma uthi: "Kwaye eli lizwe inebhongo inkululeko yokuthetha, elizimeleyo nelimbono, kodwa wabuyiselwa yona."

Ukufika ku Russia

Indlela eya kwilizwe lethu waphefumlela Emma. Yena ingqalelo Soviet Russia phambili ilizwe, ekufuneka sibonise ihlabathi umzekelo. Enye bekuya kuba xa bubukhosi enamandla Russian Wawa phantsi izithonga zomkhosi inguqu, abanye lizwe ngakumbi ukumelana. Ingaba Emma wayesazi imeko lokwenyaniso Zinjani Soviet Russia, sinduluke emkhombeni? Engaziwayo. Ngeli xesha, uLenin kwiBolsheviks kudala bema ngaphandle zonke imikhosi revolution bababamba amandla, wathunyelwa ukuya entolongweni anarchists ezininzi mbuso kwezentlalo. Oku sele uqalile "ukuzingela" yamalungu ayo amanye beqela Menshevik iphiko.

Ukudibana ne Lenin

Emma Goldman wadibana abalweli ezininzi kwilizwe lethu. I waya kutyelela nkqu anarchist Nestor Makhno, kodwa ingakumbi wakhumbula intlanganiso kunye V. I. Leninym. Buyatshintsha ngokupheleleyo isimo sengqondo Red Emma ukuya Russian Revolution. Emma and Vladimir Ilyich akazange ayithande omnye nomnye. Inkokheli ye revolution Russian kwaye ndicinge ngako, kodwa "waseMerika umfazi ayingozi kakhulu," ingcinga ezinqabileyo bakhe, kodwa unomona ezimbi. Emma wayevakalelwa ukuba revolution banika ihlabathi umzekelo yenkululeko, inkululeko yokuthetha, inkolo, njl Noko ke, amazwi uLenin batshintsha ngokupheleleyo lo mbono :. uLenin kule ntlanganiso wathi konke oku nje into lobungxowankulu ubandlululo.

Eneneni, inkokeli yamaBolshevik, wathi ungaguquki ukuba iziganeko igazi kwilizwe lethu, hayi kuphela akazange ukuphucula imeko yabo bonke abasebenzi, kodwa ngokuchasene noko, ukuba zimbi kuphela. Kunkwantya - ezi iingcinga ezingundoqo ubomi obutsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba Emma ayikwazanga zokukuxhasa oku. Kamva wabhala Lenin ukuba "uyayazi indlela adlale ubuthathaka yakucengacenga babantu, amabhaso kunye neembasa. Ndahlala ndiqinisekile ukuba akwazi ukufikelela emva izicwangciso zazo ukuze yokuzifumana. " Kwaba ukuphoxeka Lenin, kunye neenjongo Russian Revolution.

kwabathile emva

Ngowe-1921, kwakukho into ngamazwi: Emma wathumela ngephenyane emva apho ngaphambili oko wabuyiselwa - eUnited States. Isizathu iyafana: wala cwaka.

Ngowe-1924 yena wapapasha incwadi yakhe "Kukudaniswa yam eRashiya." Ebonisa indlela lo mfazi unyanisekile, Othetha inyaniso, ayizange kwezopolitiko bazibandakanye. Akukho namnye unako bandimangalela zorhwaphilizo, ukukhusela umdla othile. Eneneni, owokuqala yaba ukukhuthazwa anarchism eUnited States. Emva kokuba athunyelwe eRashiya zange ukulwa i "kumgxobhozo West." Ngokwahlukileyo koko, lokubukela imeko ngakumbi abantu baseRashiya emva Revolution, waqalisa ukuba bakhusele siseko lwentando West, yena wathumela.

Inkangeleko ethi "Kukudaniswa yam eRashiya" zingazani abahlobo bakhe abaninzi, leftist. Emma zange azikhathaze. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, wacinga - ukuxelela abantu inyaniso, ke ngoko, uyakholwa yintoni na. Ukuze akhohlise bona nabanye ngenxa ozikhethayo eyeyomzuzwana akazange isimbo sakhe.

Lokubulala McKinley

ababephila Emma kaThixo ingqalelo ukubandakanyeka kwakhe ngqo kwi kokubulawa ngumongameli American. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi ukungangqinelani ebalini.

25 US uMongameli William McKinley wafa ngoSeptemba 14, 1901. Inguqulelo esemthethweni yile ilandelayo: intloko karhulumente akakwazanga ukumelana neziphumo ukugwintwa. NgoSeptemba 5, 1901, "emva kokuphulaphula iintetho somlilo Emma Goldman," anarchist ngenzondelelo Leon Frank Leon Czolgosz wadubula kabini xa Exhibition Pan-American kaMongameli e-Buffalo.

ukuqondana Strange

Ukubulawa ngumongameli American ngo-1901 akukho ilula kakhulu.

Okokuqala, ukhuselo umsebenzi ukudideka. Okokuqala, abasebenzi Uveze ukuba akukho uyayibona na abantu ekrokrisayo. Ngoko utshintsho kokufunda: Leon Czolgosz wema ukukhula kakhulu umlungiseleli omnyama, abo ke babedume ukuba kuzo yingozi. Ngoko kutheni na ukuba waphawula umpu ezandleni i anarchist naye? Hi ndlela leyi, oku ke umlungiseleli bangabi Leon Czolgosz igalelo intloko yakhe ngenqindi emva yesibini shot.

Okwesibini, i into engaqhelekanga iziganeko elizayo. UMongameli akazange afe ngoko nangoko. Ukongezelela, abahlobo nezalamane bathi uya kuphila; phezu namaKaledi. September 13, 1901 cinezela phezulu yabhala ukuba McKinley waqalisa ukuba badle ukudla okuqinileyo, wosinda kungekudala, yaye ngoSeptemba 14, uMongameli wafa ngokungalindelekanga.

Emva kokufa kwakhe, waba IBambela likaMongameli Teodor Ruzvelt, nto leyo linyathelo Akazange ashenxe ngumongameli kwabagulayo uyafuneka. Kungekudala emva koko, wayeza kuba ngumntu wokuqala karhulumente.

Umsebenzi wokugcina yepolitiki Emma

Ngoko ke ngubani le Goldman Emma? Biography of lo mfazi unika inzala ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na - umzekelo ophilayo izimvo ukuqina, izigwebo. Bonke abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka ukutshintsha isimo sabo ngayo izinto ezithile, iingxelo, ecinga ukuba ubuthathaka xesha, boyish, kunye nabanye. Emma ayikho okomzuzwana wayeka ukukholelwa zawo kwanaxa kudana kwi Russian Revolution. Iminyaka yakhe yokugqibela naye usukelene kumzabalazo yezopolitiko: ngo-1936, waya eSpeyin ukuxhasa anarchists baseSpeyin kwi War Civil ecaleni lorhulumente republic.

Ngakumbi ephila, yena akayi kubuyela kwilizwe yakhe yesibini. May 14, 1940 Emma uyafa Ukopha ebuchotsheni. Ukuzimisela kwakhe, angcwabe obethe kufutshane anarchists e Chicago, ngenxa eyaqala umzabalazo wayo uluntu efanelekileyo.