I-Anarcho-syndicalism: inkcazo, isimboli. I-Anarcho-syndicalism eRashiya

I-Anarcho-syndicalism yenye yezona ntshukumo zokusasaza ezisehlabathini lonke. Ngendlela ekhoyo ngayo ngoku, kwavela ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka edlulileyo. Kule ntshukumo kunabancedisi abaninzi emhlabeni jikelele. Iinkqubo zabo zezopolitiko zenzeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Uluhlu lwemisebenzi yezopolitiko lukhulu kakhulu: ukususela kubameli bePalamente yaseYurophu, ekupheleni kwezimboniso zokubhikisha kwabantu abatsha. Abaninzi bezafilosofi abazivelele kwisahlulo sokuqala senkulungwane yeshumi elinamabini babe neenkolelo ze-anarchic baze bakhuthaze ngokunyanisekileyo ukuqhubela phambili kwabo. I-Anarcho-syndicalism ithandwa kubantu abaselula. Uphawu lolo ntshukumo luvame ukubonakala kwimiboniso kunye nokubetha.

Uvela e Rashiya

I-Anarcho-syndicalism yavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngelo xesha eYurophu, ukunyuka kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwakusithandwa kakhulu. Kwimijikelezo ye-intelligentsia, kukho ukuhlaziywa okungapheliyo kwemisebenzi yefilosofi ezidumileyo zexesha. Omnye wabantu bokuqala be-anarchist nguMikhail Bakunin. Wachaza ngendlela yakhe iingcamango zangaphambili zolawulo. Ukuqhaqhayisa, wafika kwi-anarchism. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yenze inzondelelo yangempela eFransi naseJamani. Iincwadana zanyatheliswa ngxelo efutshane yeengcamango zakhe. Ama-anarchist yokuqala ayehluke kakhulu kunamhlanje. Ilitye lembombo lemisebenzi yabo, bekholelwa umanyano wabo bonke abasebenzi kuma-communes okanye amaqumrhu (ngoko ke igama). Impikiswano ye-interethnic yayingakafiki. Nangona kunjalo, iBakunin kunye nabaxhasi bakhe bakholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwakha uluntu okhululekileyo, ngaphandle koxinzelelo kunye nokucinezelwa, ngenxa yokuzikhethela ngokobuhlanga. UMikhail ngokwakhe wema kwiindawo ze-pan-Slavism-imbono yokudibanisa onke amaSlav. Wayekholelwa ukuba isiko laseYurophu sihlala sihlala endleleni yeSlavic yobomi, sizama ukuyiqonda. Iingcamango zakhe zathintela kubameli abaninzi belizwe lasePoland.

Roger Rocker

Omnye umbhali ovelele wekhulu lama-20 nguRobert Rocker. I-Anarcho-syndicalism ekuqondeni kwakhe yayihluke kakhulu kwi "classic" enye. Ngokungafani neBakinin, wathabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika baseYurophu. Wayengumntu ovelele we-Social-Democratic Party yaseJamani. Imizamo yakhe yaphumelela ekudaleni imibutho yamanyano yabasebenzi, eyadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimicimbi yenguqu emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Kwiminyaka eyi-20, ukuhamba okuhambayo emhlabeni jikelele kunamandla kunanini ngaphambili. Kwakukho iinguqulelo eRussia, eqinisweni, yaphefumlela bonke abaxhasi bayo emhlabeni jikelele. Kwii-expanses zangaphambili zombuso, amazwe amasha adalwe. Ngaphantsi kwezi meko, uRoque wakwazi ukudibanisa amaqela amaninzi oluntu. KwiRiphablikhi ye- Weimar, kwafika amawaka wabalandeli be-anarcho-syndicalism. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuza kwamandla eNational Socialists, ama-anarchists kunye nabanye abameli beendlela eziqhelekileyo zokushiya i-leftist baqala ukutshutshiswa. Emva kokumenyezelwa kukaHitler ngu-Fuhrer, uRoker wabaleka eMelika, apho wafa ngo-1958, eshiya ifa elihle kubantu bakhe.

Siseko

I-Anarcho-unionism is movement ekhohlo kakhulu. Nangona kukho ukufana okuninzi, kuhluke kakhulu kwintetho yamaKomanisi. Enye yezinto eziphambili ukuchasana nomthetho. AbaAnarchist bakholelwa ukuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukwakha uluntu olungileyo ngaphandle kokubhubhisa onke amazwe awenzelwe izizathu zembali. Ukusuka apha kulandela kwakhona ukukhanyela ukwahlukana kobuhlanga zibe ngabantu. Uluntu olutsha kufuneka lwakhiwe ngesiseko se-self-intlangano yabasebenzi emhlabeni jikelele. Isakhiwo esisezingeni eliphezulu kufuneka siphiwe ngokupheleleyo. Ama-Anarchist akufanele athathe inxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na imibandela yombuso. Zonke izinto zezopolitiko ziqhubeka kuphela kwimisebenzi yokuguqula. Ukuchazwa kwesoxhobo seburhulumenteni kubangelwa ukuphambaniswa kweli nyathelo ngabacinezeli.

Iindlela zokulwa

I-Anarcho-syndicalism iquka imibutho esemhlabeni. Amanyanzela abasebenzi kufuneka asekelwe kwimigaqo yokuncedisana kunye nokuqonda. Olu dibano luyimfuneko ukulwa namalungelo abo. Okubizwa ngokuba ngama-action action shares kwabhekwa njengeendlela. Ezi zibetha, ukubetha, izibhengezo zesitalato njalonjalo. Emva kokuthatha isigqibo sokuqala isenzo, bonke abasebenzi kufuneka baxhase. Izenzo ezinjalo zenzelwe ukuhanjiswa kwidolophu kunye nokubeka isiseko sokuqhubela phambili. Ukuguqulwa kwelizwe lonke ukwenzela ukuseka uluntu olulungileyo ngumgomo wokugqibela we-anarcho-unionists.

Intlangano

Zonke izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla kufuneka zenziwe ngokuvota jikelele kwisakhelo sezinyunyana zabasebenzi. Kwaye njengendlela yokwenza izigqibo ezinjalo, iintlanganiso eziqhelekileyo zabasebenzi zaziqwalaselwa, apho onke amalungu omphakathi athatha inxaxheba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uluntu, ubuhlanga okanye nawuphi na ubulungu. Kwakhona, nayiphi na imisebenzi yezopolitiko ngaphandle kwale mibutho iyalahlwa. Nayiphi na intsebenziswano kunye neefowuni zelizwe ayinqatshelwe. Ngexesha leempembelelo enkulu, abahlalutyi abazange bathathe inxaxheba ekukhethweni kwaye abazange bathoxise kunye noorhulumente. Isiteyathelo ngasinye sagqiba kuphela emva kokulawulwa kwamashishini atshintsha utshintsho. Ngethuba elifanayo, abasebenzi ngokwabo abazange bawunciphise nayiphi na imbopheleleko kwaye baqalise ukuqhankqalaza nanini na.

Umbutho wee-communes

Ii-communes kwakufuneka zihlelwe kuphela kwiindawo ezingezantsi. Ngelo xesha, nawaphi na iintloko kunye nabalandeli abaphihliweyo. Abantu bafanele bakhe ukwakha ubomi babo kwimibutho yabo ngokwabo ngokweenkolelo zabo, becingisisa ngoluvo lwabaninzi abathathi-nxaxheba ngangokunokwenzeka. Imanyano inokusebenzisana nomnye, kodwa kwimigaqo yokulingana. Ukudibanisa uluntu kwilizwe okanye kwiqela lobuhlanga lithathwe. Ngokutsho kweengqungquthela ezivelele, ukubunjwa kwamaqumrhu ngokusemgangathweni wokuguqulwa kokusisigxina kwakukhokelela ekudalweni kwemanyano yehlabathi.

Ipropati yangasese

Ingcambu yengxaki yabaninzi beentlangano zentlalo bajonga umphatho wabucala. Ngokombono wabo, ukwahlula uluntu kwiiklasi kwenzeka ngokuchanekileyo emva kokuvela kwipropati yokuqala yangasese (iindlela zokuvelisa). Ukusasazwa kokungalungi kwezibonelelo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni umntu ngamnye waqala ukukhuphisana namanye amalungu omphakathi. Kwaye kunye nomzekelo wongxowankulu wobudlelwane ukhula, ngakumbi lo mgaqo wokusebenzisana uthatha ingcambu kubantu. Ukusuka apha kulandela ulwalamano nolwaseburhulumenteni ngokubhekiselele kumzimba wesohlwayo, zonke iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ezenza izinto kwiqela elincinci labantu. Ngako oko, ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkqubo enjalo yokuzikhethela inokwenzeka kuphela emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwe-capitalism. Ukusuka ngasentla, kulandela ukuba i-anarcho-syndicalism yimbonakalo yehlabathi eyenza umzabalazo wemibutho ebanzi ngamalungelo abo ngokunyanisekileyo, ukukhanyela ukubambisana nabacinezeli, ngenxa yokwakha uluntu olulungileyo. Emva koko, makhe sixoxe ngendlela eyayiseRashiya.

I-Anarcho-syndicalism eRashiya

E-Rashiya, abaqalayo be-anarcho-syndicalists bavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Le ntshukumo yavela ngokubanzi phakathi kweengqondo eziqhubekayo kwaye yathatha umzekelo ukusuka kwi-Decembrists. Ngaphantsi kweempembelelo zao-theorists, ikakhulukazi i-Bakunin, i-anarchist yaqala ukusondela kubasebenzi kwaye iququzelele imibutho yokuqala. Babizwa ngokuba "ngabantu abadumileyo". Ekuqaleni, uluhlu lweembono zezopolitiko zeNarodnik zahluka kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, iphiko elikhulu labavukeli, elikhokelwa yiBakunin, likhawuleza lavela. Injongo yabo bayifaka ukuvukela lonke ilizwe. Ngokombono we-anarcho-unionists, emva kokuvukela nokuguqulwa kwelizwe, i-state iya kubhujiswa, kwaye kwindawo yayo kuya kuba namaqela ahlukeneyo kunye neentsebenziswano, eziza kuba sisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo omtsha. Iingcamango ezinjalo zaphikisana namaKomanisi. Babiza nabo nabo bonke abantu. Isiseko sokugxekwa yinto yokuba ukuba nangona kwenzeka ukutshatyalaliswa kombuso wongxowankulu, kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuseka amandla abantu, kuba amazwe angumakhelwane aya kulusebenzisa ngokukhawuleza le meko.

Ixesha langoku

Kukho kwakhona i-anarcho-unionism. Ifulegi ibomvu obomvu, ngelixa zombini iimiba zisekona. Umbala obomvu ubhekiselele kwintlalo-ntsholongwane, kwaye umnyama kukuhlaselwa. Abaphathi bezonxibelelwano zanamhlanje bahluke kakhulu kubaphambili babo. Ukuba kwiminyaka emashumi amabini aneminyaka engama-onearchist unions yabalwa izigidi zamalungu, ngoku sele sele amaqela atshabalalisayo abantu abatsha. EYurophu kukho ukugqithiswa kokwandiswa kweengcamango zesigxina. Nangona kunjalo, endaweni yokulwa nokungalingani kweklasi, abatsha be-antiarcho-unionists babeka ukulwa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zolucalulo njengento ephambili. Ngamanye amaxesha izizathu zokuqhankqalaza azikho into engafanelekanga, ngoko ke, ubuninzi be-anarcho-syndicalism abuxhaswa kuluntu. Inkcazo yale ngcamango, inikwe ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka eyadlulayo, isichazwa ngokuhlukileyo namhlanje, ngenxa yokuba, phakathi kwabanqwanqa, akukho ubunye. Ngako oko, ukunyakaza akunandipha inkxaso yabantu.

Izabelo ezidumileyo

Aba-Anarchists baye bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yezopolitiko ebalulekileyo kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Kwiminyaka engama-20, badlala indima enkulu ekumiseni iRiphablikhi ye-Weimar, kunye nokutshintsha iiRimim kwamanye amazwe. Ukubetha ngokuqhelekileyo kwakudla ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuba ngamazwe. Ngolu hlobo lulandelayo kwimithombo emininzi, eFransi yedwa, ngaphezu kwesigidi abantu bancedisa i-anarcho-syndicalism. Oko bekunjalo, abazange baphendule ngokungapheliyo, kuba baninzi aba bantu babengamaqela ahluphekileyo kuluntu. Kodwa bakwazi ukuhambisa iingxaki ezininzi kurhulumente. Kwiminyaka yesithathu, amawaka e-anarchist aya eSpeyin ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwimfazwe yombutho.