URichard Nixon nguMongameli we-37 we-United States of America. Biography

Kwimbali yase-United States yaseMelika, kuphela omnye wabaongameli babo abayeke ngokuzithandela izithuba zabo phambi kweshedyuli. Baba nguRichard Nixon, owasula emsebenzini ngo-1974. Kodwa kungekhona kuphela lo msebenzi wakhe, wayehlala engena kwii-annals zamaxesha. Kwakukho nezinye iimeko ezivelele emsebenzini wakhe. Zombini ezilungileyo nezimbi.

Ubuntwaneni kunye nentsha yomongameli

URichard Milhouse Nixon wazalwa ngoJanuwari 9, 1913 edolophini ebizwa ngokuthi yiYorba Linda, e-California. Bobabini abazali bakhe babengabomthonyama benkolo yeQuaker kwaye bakhokelela indlela yokuphila. UBawo Nixon Francis wayengumhlobo waseScotsman ovela kwintsapho yaseArmsstrong. Igama lonina lalinguHana, yaye kwakukho ngaphantsi kwempembelelo yakhe ukuba yonke intsapho iphile ngokwemigangatho yamaQuaker.

Ukongeza kuRichard, ogama linguKumkani uRichard we-Lionheart, lo mbini unabantwana abane. Amagama abo nawo agcina imemori yamakhosi aseBrithani. Ngelishwa, ababini abazalwana babengenanhlanhla ngokwaneleyo ukuba baphile kubantu abadala.

Intsapho yaseNixon yayimpofu. Abazali bazama ukulima, kodwa akukho nto ivela kuyo. Kwaye kwagqitywa isigqibo sokuba ushiye iYorba Linda uze uye kwenye idolophu yaseCalifornia yaseWittier. Kulapho uyise wentsapho wavula i-shishini elincinci, elinesitishi segesi kunye nevenkile. Abantwana bamnceda ngokuthe ngcembe kwintengiso. Baye bathuthuka, bekhuthele kwaye bakhawuleza.

Isikolo sokuqala sokuba uRichard wayeya esikolweni esiphakeme e-Fourton. URichard Nixon wayevelele ngobuhlakani bakhe, ukufuna ukuthanda iinjongo, kunye neetalente zemidlalo kunye neemculo. Wagqiba isikolo kwi-sibhozo kwinkqubela yomfundi waza waya kwikholeji kwangoko. Wanikwa uHarvard, kodwa ukuba ahlawule unyana wakhe ukuba ahlale kwelinye isixeko, intsapho yayingenayo indlela.

Kwiikholeji, umongameli waseMelika waseMelika u-37 wazibonakalisa ungumfundi oqaqambileyo kunye nokufunda ngokuphumelelayo kwiyunivesithi yaseDurham apho wayekwazi khona umsebenzi wegosa.

Ukuqala komsebenzi

Emva kokugqiba eyunivesithi, uNixon wayenezicwangciso ezinkulu zobomi obungakumbi. Wayefuna ukufumana umsebenzi kwi-Federal Bureau yoPhando, kodwa lo msebenzi wawuhlanganiswe "isitya sokubhebha". Le nsizwa yayingenakukhetha kodwa ibuyele eCalifornia - kwi-Whittier yayo.

Kulapho wathatyathwa ngezandla kunye neenyawo kwi-firmest firm firm of Winger kunye neBeli, apho ummeli osandul 'udale ukususela ngo-1937 ukuya ku-1945 wayebandakanyeka kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenkampani.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-ambitious encinane iphupha ngokungaqali okokuqala. Kodwa kamva wavuma ukuba lo mkhuba womthetho wamnika kakhulu. Kwaye luncedo kakhulu kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko. Ukongeza, uRichard Nixon waba ngumncinci kubaphathi bekholeji, awayeyifumene nayo. Ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka engama-26 kuphela.

Imisebenzi ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini

Xa iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili yaqala eYurophu, elandelwa nguMelika, umongameli wexesha elizayo wayesehlala nentsapho yakhe eWashington kwaye wasebenza kwiSebe laseMoscow lolawulo lwemali. NjengesiQuaker wayekhululekile emsebenzini wakhe wokukhonza emkhosini, kodwa emva kokuhlasela kweJapan kwiPearl Harbor akazange akwazi ukuhlala ekhaya. Kwinqanaba lalo elifanelekileyo, lamkelwa yiiNqwelomoya ze-USA. Ukususela ngo-1942 ukuya ku-1946 i-Nixon yayikhonza njengegosa elijongene nezantsi kwePacific. Wabuyela ekhaya ephilileyo kwaye engazange ahlaselwe yinqanaba le-lieutenant-command.

Ukuqala kwemisebenzi yezopolitiko

Emva kokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, uRichard Nixon, owayekade ephazamiseka ngokukhawuleza ngemicimbi yezempi, wagqiba ekubeni aguqule ubomi bakhe. Kule nto uncedwa yiRiphabhliki eyaziwayo. Ekubonile ukuba uNixon unobungcali, owaziyo kwaye othembisayo, bamcetyisa ukuba bakhethe abaviwa kwiqela labo lezopolitiko kunyulwa oluzayo kwiNdlu yaseMelika yabameli.

Isiphakamiso samkelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza, kwaye uNixon wanqoba ukhetho. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngo-1948, wanyulwa kwakhona kwiCongress, kwaye ngowama-50 waya kwi-Senate evela kwi-State of California.

Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wezobupolitika, uRichard Nixon wabonisa ukuba ngumntu ochasene nomkhomanisi, ngokudlala ngempumelelo ngale ndlela kubandlululo olufanelekileyo lwabavoti. Kwakhona waqaphela inxaxheba ekuphuhlisweni kweSicwangciso seMarshall.

Vuka kwaye uwele

Ngama-1952, uNixon wayelindele ukunyuka kwamathuba emisebenzi. Umongameli waseUnited States wayenguRepublican General Dwight Eisenhower, kwaye i-vice-president yindlalifa yabaphathi baseScotland, ababizwa ngokuba ngu-King of course.

Kule post, uRichard Nixon wakwazi ukutyelela amazwe angama-56 kwaye empeleni "uhamba" eMelika. Impembelelo yakhe kumgaqo-nkqubo welizwe wawukhulu. Kwaye ekubeni u-Eisenhower wayehlala egula kwaye engaphandle komsebenzi, iphini lakhe liyinhloko yaba yinkosi.

I-Vice-president kaMelika uNixon wahlala iminyaka eyi-8-ngokukodwa njengentloko kaRhulumente u-Eisenhower, owathi ngowama-56 wanyulwa kwakhona kwikota yesibini.

Kwaye emva kokuphela kwesigunya sika-boss, iwadi yakhe ethembekile yazama ukuthatha uongameli ngokwayo, ithatha inxaxheba kwii-1960 zokhetho. Kodwa walahlekelwa ngumncintiswano kuJohn Kennedy.

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, kunye nokuhluleka kokuvalelwa kuye, ukhetho lukaRhulumente waseRailyali lwaphela. Emva koko, u-Nixon unquma ukushiya ezopolitiko kwaye uphinde uthathe i-jurisprudence. Namaqabunga. Inyani, kungekhona ixesha elide ...

UMongameli waseMelika uRichard Nixon: isithuba esilinde ixesha elide

Kwisiqingatha sesibini seminyaka yama-1960, imeko yezopolitiko kweli lizwe "yaxolisa" kuNixon ukubuyela. AmaRiphabliki ayenamandla kwaye ayezimisele ukulwa. Kwakhona, ekuhambeni kweqela lakhe, lowo owayengumongameli wongameli wenza umzamo wesibini ukususa isiqalo esithi "i-vice" kwisihloko sesithuba sakhe. Wenza oko!

Ngowe-1968 ukhetho, iiDemokhrasi, kumntu kaHuberton Humphi, zalahlekelwa yiRiphabhlikhi. Ukuhlukana kwale mva kwakuncinane kakhulu, kodwa kwakwanele ukuba uRichard Nixon abe ngowokuqala ubuso belizwe.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, wenza umzamo omkhulu kule nto kwaye wasebenzisa ezininzi iindlela. Enye yeyona mpu melelo yayiyiqhinga lokudlala ngothando nabavoti boMzantsi Afrika kunye nabaseNtshona, abanokuvota ngokuvakalayo kumaDemokhrasi.

Ngowe-1972, iNixon yaveliswa kwakhona kwikota yesibini eofisini. Yikuphi ke, ukukhonza kuze kube sekupheleni akazange kwenzeke.

Umgaqo wekhaya

37 UMongameli wase-US waba negunya xa ilizwe "lishushu" kunye nokuchuma koqoqosho, okubangele ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukuhlala esilungeleleneyo, i-Nixon yenza ucwangciso lwezinto eziye zanceda ukususa iinkqubo ezinobungozi.

Ngokomzekelo, phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, kwenziwa imali yokwenza imali. I-Nixon yanciphisa kakhulu inzuzo yezenhlalakahle, yazisa ukulawula ubukhulu bomvuzo, kwaye iphawuleka ngokubanzi igunya elilawulayo kweli lizwe. Yonke le nto yayimisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kodwa ekupheleni kwekota lesibini ye-uongameli, iimpahla kweli lizwe zaqala ukuxabisa kwakhona.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, izenzo ezinjalo ezinoburhabangela zibangele imiba yokubhikisha ebantwini. Yiyiphi indleko yokunciphisa inkxaso mali kumafama kuphela .... Mhlawumbi oku kuchaza umzamo kaRichard Nixon, owawulungiswa ngo-1974 nguSamuel Beek othile.

UBy wasebenza njengomthengisi kwaye akazange aphumelele kwishishini lakhe. Wabhala phantsi iingxaki zamandla, kwaye ngelinye ilanga wagqiba kwelokuba aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde afune ukuphinde aphinde athathe. Ucebe ukukhwelisa indiza ukuba iqhubekele kwiNdlu eNtshonalanga, ichithe ngokwakhe kunye nobunkokeli baseMelika bonke-kuquka umongameli, owathi, njengokuba kuthengiswa, umthengisi onelusizi waphupha ukubulala iminyaka emininzi. Ngethamsanqa, ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwavalwa ngexesha kwaye, ngaphandle kwakhe, alinaso ixesha lokulimaza nabani na.

Nkqubo kaRichard Nixon wangaphandle

Njengomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle, uNixon wayekhokelwa kwindawo yokuqala ngenye yezithembiso zakhe zepampethi, ezenziwa ekugqibeleni iimfazwe zaseMelika ezivela eVietnam kunye nesiphetho "soxolo oluhloniphekileyo".

Ukuzalisekisa umthembathiso ngumongameli, kwanemfundiso eya kwembali njengemfundiso "yeNixon" yamkelwe. Ngokutsho kwakhe, i-US yapheliswa ngokuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhawuleza kumzabalazo olwaseburhulumenteni baseAsia. Ngelo xesha, ilizwe alizange lihoxise ngokwawo imisebenzi yenkokeli yehlabathi yeenjongo, kodwa yazisa ukuba ayiyi kuphinda ithumele amasosha ayo emida. Yaye iya kuxhasa ngezinye iindlela. Iimbambano zazikhuthazwa ukuba zithembele ngakumbi ngamandla abo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphantsi kweNixon, amajoni ayesetyenziselwa kwelinye ilizwe. Ngo-1970 waba nguCambodia. Ngokuphathelele ubudlelwane kunye neSoviet Union, babefudumala kulo xesha. UMongameli uRichard Nixon watyelela i-USSR ngokwakhe waza wabamba uLeonid Brezhnev, kunye nabo babenomdla kakhulu, phantse bexoxa.

I-Watergate shishini kunye nokuyeka

Unyulo luka-1972 lwaba yi-Nixon ngexesha elilodwa ukunqoba okukhulu kunye nokuncintwa okufanayo. Wathemba ngokuzithemba i-democrat uGeorge McGovern waza wathola "ithikithi" yekota yesibini yomongameli. Kodwa ekugqibeleni yonke into yaba yintloni.

Kungekudala emva kokushwankathela iziphumo zokuvota, ulwazi luye lwasuka kwi-press malunga neentlola ezazingena ngaphakathi kwiofisi yamaDemokhrasi, e-hotele yase-Watergate, kunye neefowuni zokuhambisa. Ubuntu babanikazi be "bugs" basungulwa, kwaye "iindlebe" ngokucacileyo "zakhula" zisuka kwikomkhulu labachasi-oko kukuthi, amaRiphabhlikhi.

Ngokomntu, ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kule nkcaso, uMongameli uNixon wenqatshelwe ukugqibela. Kodwa kamva, phantsi koxinzelelo lukawonkewonke, ubungqina kunye neenyaniso, waphoqeleka ukuba azivume.

I-Senate yase-United States kunye neNdlu yabameli baqalisa inkqubo yokuphambuka. Ngaphambi kokuba afike ekupheleni, umongameli ohlazo wathabatha isigqibo sokuziyeka. Ngomhlalaphantsi wakhe wazisa abantu baseMerika ngo-Agasti 9, 1974. Oku kwenzeka kwimbali yaseU.SA okokuqala ngqa.

Emva kokuyeka

U-Nixon wasebenzisa ubomi bakhe bonke emva kokubhalwa kwithuba lika-president, incwadi zokubhala. Ezi ziyimemori apho azama ukuzigcoba, kunye nomsebenzi kwi-geopolitics.

Yaye nangona uMongameli wama-38 wase-United States uGerald Ford wabuyiselwa i-Nixon ngenyanga emva kokutyunjwa kwaloo mva, isithunzi kwi-protagonist ye-scandal ye-Watergate yalala kude kube sekufeni kwakhe. Kwizopolitiko, wayala ukuba angene, kwaye ukuqhuba umgaqo-mthetho uvumelekile ngokusemthethweni. Ekuqaleni, isibini sikaNixon sasikholisa ubomi obuzolileyo kunye nobunzima kwindawo yakhe yaseCalifornia, kwaye ngo-1980 sathuthela eNew York ukuba sisondele kubantwana nakubantwana.

Ubomi bomntu siqu bukaNixon

URichard Nixon wayenomtshato omnye kuphela. Umfazi wakhe - utitshala uTelmu Pat Ryan - wayemde kakhulu kwaye wayefuna ubuhlungu. Ukuthandana ngokuqhubekayo kwazisa iziqhamo, kwaye ngo-1940, umtshato wenziwa. Esi sibini sanika ubomi iintombi ezimbini.

UPatri waphenduka waba ngumfazi ozinikeleyo. Ngexabiso lempilo yakhe, wathabatha uNixon kwintlango yokuphosa, apho wawela khona emva kokugxeka kunye nokuyeka. Ukunyamekela ngomyeni wakhe indoda, ehleli phezu kwakhe imini nobusuku, uPat wathola ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwecala lasekhohlo lomzimba. Wafa ngo-1993 esuka kumdlavuza wamaphaphu. Yaye umyeni wakhe washiya ekukhanyeni emva kweenyanga ezili-11-ngo-Aprili 22, 1994.

Ngelishwa, uRichard Nixon, onomgaqo-nkqubo wakhe wezempahla wangaphandle kunye nolwamanye amazwe osebenzayo ngokwaneleyo, akanakukwazi ukuzilungelelanisa emehlweni aseMerika. Ngaphezu koko, wafaka isithunzi kwiziko lika-uongameli kwaye wanciphisa inkolelo yaseMerika ngokungahambi komntu oyintloko. Kodwa ixesha lidlulayo, ezinye izizukulwana zithatyathwa ngabanye, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe kwanelibala.