Ngaso - ntoni na? Umthetho on ngaso. Ngaso e Ukraine

Ukutshintsha kolawulo karhulumente Idla yi ezidizwayo kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene yenkundla kunye kokumgxeka. Igama elithi "ngaso" nto intsha. ILizwi bazi nokuba kakhulu unenlightened. Kodwa lithetha ntoni emfanekisweni, oko akukacaci ukuba phantse wonke.

Imbali isahlakalo kweenkqubo emfanekisweni

Ngoko ke, eRoma yamandulo Greece yamandulo kwabakho isiko lokuhlanjululwa. Isiko ngayo iintsana zokuhlanjululwa ngokuthi amadini koothixo. Xa iimeko mihla, ezibuza: "emfanekisweni - oko kukuthi," sinako ukuthetha malunga inkqubo ucoco onke amanqanaba karhulumente ukususela uhlobo oluthile lamagosa.

Kaninzi ngaso usebenza kuwo onke amagosa aphezulu zodidi likarhulumente, kwakunye nazo zonke abameli komthetho nocwangco kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. AbaPhathiswa, abameli elilawulayo kunye nabasemagunyeni zomthetho, imikhosi zokhuseleko, abagwebi namapolisa - yinto uluhlu engaphelelanga yabakhonzi embambano apho sebenzisa umba "ngaso".

Kungani ukusebenzisa ngaso

Lwabasunguli inkqubo zisoloko entsha, kuza ngexesha ezinye neziphithiphithi (okanye ubhedu) kurhulumente. Bazama ngandlela zonke ukuba ukubonisa ubumsulwa kwabo konke okwenzekayo kweli lizwe phambi kwabo. Ngokufuthi abantu belo lizwe lisifa zonke "nempikiswano" labalawuli odlulileyo entsha. Kwaye oko akuthethi ukwandisa ukunyaniseka kwabantu kurhulumente omtsha, kodwa kunokuba kuwuvule i iinkqubo sethutyana sele kunzima.

Ngoko ke, urhulumente omtsha yamisa umthetho ngaso, esicacisa iimeko phantsi eya kuhlala amagosa e-ofisini. Bonke abo ngendlela enye okanye enye inxaxheba ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu, ingcinezelo yabantu, lo ukuguqula izibakala zezopolitiko kunye nembali, njalo njalo. E., Musa ukuvumela imizimba ulawulo elibekwe liGunya wolawulo omtsha.

Ngaso - is ezazingaphambi ukuziphindezela

Ngaso - ntoni na? ezazingaphambi ukuziphindezela. Leyo yindlela ezinye izazinzulu ezopolitiko yaseYurophu American, yaye ababhali-mbali baqikelela le nkqubo. Oku akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba ukungqina ityala esemthethweni ngokuqiniseka namacala ngokunxulumene amalungelo oluntu nenkululeko. bathunyelwe kaninzi ngokwaneleyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo "umqondiso" lo myalelo, ojongene nale mba, kunye namagosa kukho ezininzi iingxaki.

Nge flow ukulahla ejongene imiqobo kunye Czech, apho amagosa emfanekisweni kuqhutywa emva kokuwa weqela wamaKomanisi. Inani lezicelo ezivela abemi ezinamagama kusolwa inxaxheba ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kula mazwe lifikelele isikali yokuba kuphela Inqanaba lokuqala - xa ezifumana uphawu - ukuba sele zilungiswa ngokweendidi ezintathu. Amagosa yokuqala ukuwa wakhe wecala yaba, yaye akazange afune ukuqinisekiswa; lwesibini - abo izono bokuba, kodwa sifihla into yokusebenzisana bakhe kunye nabasemagunyeni zokhuseleko. Kwaye ke iqela lesithathu kwaba abantu amatyala siphethe kwaba nzima ngenxa umda imisebenzi yabo. Kaninzi ngokunxulumene kula magosa encinane sokungatshutshisi, kodwa oku didi yaba inkulu.

Imigaqo esisiseko ye ngaso

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ngaso - inkcazelo kwamagosa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo amagama, ezithintelwe esebenza kulawulo loluntu. Inkqubo kakhulu eyayiqhelekile kwiMpuma Yurophu emva ukubhukuqwa ulawulo lwamaKomanisi. Nangona umahluko kwiindlela yokuqaphela violators kwamalungelo oluntu kumazwe ahlukeneyo, oko usaqhubeka imigaqo ezifanayo kwaye siqhube ngaso.

Okokuqala, bonke States bemgwebile imisebenzi ulawulo lwamaKomanisi, ulawulo umyalelo eli lizwe kunye nokusebenzisa eendaba ukuba noxinzelelo abantu. Okwesibini, ngexesha lonke ulawulo lwamaKomanisi luchazwa mthetho. Oko ke caveat encinane kuphuhliso meko -. Sele kuyiminyaka 1948-1990. Okwesithathu, xa kukho iqela lamazwe ngokuthintela ukufikelela kwamagosa nababefudula kwizikhundla zolawulo echaphazelekayo kuphela urhulumente kunye umthetho, kodwa amaziko emfundo kunye nemibutho yezenkolo.

Zonke ezinye izimvo ntoni na ngaso amandla, waba neempawu zesizwe. Le nkqubo inde kwaye zingxola ngaso onamava Czech Republic nePoland.

Ngaso ku Czech Republic

Uhlulo yeCzechoslovakia zibe amazwe amabini kunye ukubhukuqwa kolawulo lwamaKomanisi kukhokelele kwinto yokuba i-Czech Republic iye yaphumeza ihlanjululwe noko ngqongqo, zinzulu kwamagosa. Ngoko ke ngaso - ukuba kwakunjalo practice?

Ukususela ngo-1991, i-Federal Council of the Czech Republic wathabatha inani yemithetho decommunisation. Ngokukodwa, omnye wabo - "Ngomhla alikho semthethweni kolawulo lwamaKomanisi" - bagqiba ukuba uxanduva konke okwenzekileyo kwixesha kwemfazwe eCzechoslovakia, ilele phezu Communist Party nobunkokheli yayo. Bona ummangalelwa kuphela yolawulo noqoqosho lweli lizwe kunye umgaqo-nkqubo we socialism, kodwa neenkqubo awayeye olubanzi ngayo enye kwenye.

"Ukuthamba" ngaso mass Czech Republic

Ngenxa yokuqinisekiswa amanyathelo unenzondelelo abantu abangaphezu kwama-140 000 - .. Amagosa zonke ezintlwini, abagwebi, iirektha iiyunivesithi, abalawuli kumaziko ophando, njl Kamsinya nje uphawu omnye okanye elinye igosa, ngoko nangoko asuswa imisebenzi yabo (ukuba oko umsebenzi kurhulumente) kwaye ikomiti yethutyana ukuze kuqaliswe wengxelo ngokubhekiselele kuloo mntu. Ngokutsho ukuhleleka, itshekhi ayikho ngaphezu kweenyanga ezimbini kwafuneka ukuba wenziwe, kodwa walibala iinyanga ezintandathu okanye ngaphezulu.

Ukuba iKomiti yakwazi ukungqina ityala lomntu, okanye ubuncinane pop izibakala malunga ngentsebenziswano yakhe kunokwenzeka kunye nemikhosi zokhuseleko phezulu, wathi, ndayihluthwa yethuba ukubamba izikhundla aphambili kuzo zonke izakhiwo zikarhulumente iminyaka emi-5. Kungenxa ezinjalo "isohlwayo" iinkqubo Czech ngaso yaye kuthiwa ethambileyo.

Kakubi inkqubo ngaso

Nangona elubala kwazo zonke iinkqubo, ukuba urhulumente omtsha wafuna ukuya 1996. Izithuba elikhokelayo zonke ukubenza akwanelanga. Ngoko ke, nkqu abameli koRhulumente omtsha wentando yesininzi, waqalisa kakubi inkqubo ngaso Nokwethisa iqela lezopolitiko.

Oku waba Vatslavu Gavelu, ngubani waba ngowokuqala umongameli we-Czech Republic kwaye wadlala nje emva ulawulo de-communization namandla. Xa yokugcina ka State Security wafumana ifayile phezu kwakhe, apho, emva kwenye incoko ummeli abasemagunyeni Havel uchazwa 'ngumgqatswa kunokwenzeka kwentsebenziswano. "

Sele 1996, ukuze yazi nge iifayile zabo, ukuba ikhona, kumathala, wonke umntu ayikwazanga Czechs. Kodwa ekubeni kukho inani le "yezityhilelo ihlazo", kunye nabagxeki ngaso aye ngokuya ezichaza besimo yale nkqubo, imiqathango ethile ukuxelwa kolwazi mayela iintatheli, izifundiswa kunye nootitshala kwiyunivesithi kwangena.

Ngaso e Poland

Polish "solidarity" intshukumo wathabatha ikhuni ngamandla avela ezandleni ndawonye. Kwakubonakala ngoxolo kakhulu nangokusemthethweni. Urhulumente omtsha uye waqinisekisa ukuba inviolability samalungu Communist Party kunye nokhuseleko. Noko ke, abameli olukhulu caluliyo "solidarity" befuna ukufumana imvume yokungena ubuninzi urhulumente ecetywayo ukuba aqalise isohlwayo sokubambisana kunye ulawulo lwamaKomanisi kwi uhlobo lwesigwebo sentolongo.

Ezi zindululo zingazange kwamkelwa, kodwa njengomlambo ukuthiywa oogxa bakhe bukhulu kangangokuba nkqubo ngokoqobo wahlasela elo lizwe. Ngenxa yoko, i-Polish Sejm yamkela umthetho ngaso, apho kwisangqa lamagosa umda kuphela abalungiseleli, amagosa aphezulu, amasekela kunye neejaji. Kwangaxeshanye, osebenza abakwizihlalo zobunkokeli, wambamba igosa ukuba baguquke esidlangalaleni kwaye ufumane uxolelo abantu abasebenza amaKomanisi. Ekuqaleni, loo nto.

ukuzibeka Kuku kwezikhulu ezintsha

Ngo-2007, Poland itshayelwe enyundululu ezininzi ezinkulu. Emva ukuxelwa lwamaxwebhu archive waya uSekela Prime Minister Yanushu Tomashevskomu, umlweli edume ngokuba amalungelo oluntu Lech Walesa, Aleksandru Kvasnevskomu (umongameli wesixhenxe of Poland) kunye nezinye ezaziwayo-kakuhle abezopolitiko ezininzi Polish kunye namanani oluntu.

Ngo-2006, i-Polish Sejm yamkela izilungiso umthetho ngaso, ngenxa eyayize uluhlu abantu imisebenzi ebudeni bolawulo Communist Party lwaxhomekeka esidlangalaleni. Iintatheli, izifundiswa kunye oonjingalwazi eyunivesithi, abalawuli izikolo kunye namanye amagosa ezingephi nabo ukuba bangenise ngaso isibhengezo xa ufaka isicelo somsebenzi okanye bangenele itsheki kwimeko ngexesha wokwamkelwa lwezilungiso wayesele ahlala eposini. Kwakhona okulahla flow sele bebaninzi nanto, ukuze ukuba iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko kwafuneka ePoland ngowe-2007 ukuya ukuqaphela inani ezi zihlomelo, mthethweni.

namahlazo yokugqibela, enika impendulo yombuzo "ngaso - ukuba" imfazwe ngo-2007 phakathi yamaKatolika. post kwakhe Metropolitan of Warsaw kwanyanzeleka ukuba ushiye UStanisław Wielgus, ngubani bafihla ngexesha lodliwano eVatican nentsebenziswano yawo kunye Polish izidumbu nelezokhuselo lombuso 70s.

Ngaso kufuneka kufakwa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu, kodwa bokuqonda kunye neemeko apho abantu ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo.

Ngaso kwisithuba post-Soviet

Owayesakuba republic eSoviet Union, yafumana inkululeko ngo-1991, iye kwakhona lowu ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ngaso, apho ixabiso kakhulu overrated, iyafuneka.

In Russia and Ukraine ngokuphindaphindiweyo uzame ukuqalisa le ngaso, kodwa ayizange yamkelwa kungekho mthetho. ERashiya, ireyithi yaqaliswa njengenxalenye nokuvuselelwa zinganakwa yi ulawulo yileyo yomthetho, njengako konke abagwebi namagosa achaphazelekayo ingcinezelo, aziswa phambi kwenkundla. Nangona kunjalo, ukusasazeka ekhethekileyo eli siko alifumaneki, yaye zonke iinzame ezilandelayo xa abasemagunyeni ngaso zange afumane inkxaso.

E Georgia, iisimboli wamaKomanisi kunye zamaNazi kwavalwa ngexesha ngaso. Izikhundla Kubalulekile ukuba abasebenzi owayesakuba amalungu zokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza Communist Party.

Ngaso kwi aseBalti

I omkhulu intlokoma ngaso kwi kumazwe eBaltic. E Estonia, umzekelo, umthetho ubonelela notshutshiso abantu ababandakanyekayo ingcinezelo kwiindimbane zabantu ngexa amaKomanisi. Latvia kunye Lithuania na isimo onyanisekileyo kakhulu elidlulileyo abantu babo, kodwa apha imithetho efanelekileyo ukuphelisa ukufikelela kumandla ubambisene ngabom kunye nemikhosi ukhuseleko eSoviet Union. Noko ke, njengokuba eYurophu, babethanda ndiziphindezelele ezintshabeni zakhe - ibinzana elithi "intsebenziswano abazi" ibanzi kakhulu, yaye umntu ngoko ummangalelwa Akuhlawuli nto.

Ukraine kunye nomzabalazo ekuhlambululeni amagunya

"Ngaso e Ukraine kufuneka kwenziwe ngoko nangoko!" Kwaba slogans ezinjalo yabaqhankqalazi akufani revolution kuqala. Okokuqala nzulu baqalisa ukuthetha ngaso emva "Orange Revolution" ka-2004.

Ngoko, kwi Verkhovna rada yabhaliswa nangoko 2 bill kwi ngaso. Ngokutsho komnye wabo, ngaso kufuneka yenziwe ngokunxulumene kwabo inxaxheba kulawulo karhulumente, ngaphandle uMongameli abaphetheyo yakhe yolawulo. Kwenye bill, kuphela nabani na ukusebenzisana ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo KGB USSR.

Ukulungela kuluntu Ukrainian ukuxolela

Nam ke okanye ngoku zange yamkelwa kungekho mthetho. Ngokutsho kweengcali (kwezentlalo, oosonzululwazi kwezopolitiko, njalo njalo. P.), ngaso eUkraine akunakwenzeka, t. To. Lombutho kakhulu ofuna impindezelo kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba kuyinyaniso ngokuphathelele nasiphi yaye onke amagosa.

Iimfuno ukuba "urhulumente wethutyana" wanga Maidan ngo-2014, ingakumbi, icacisa iimfuno abaviwa: akanatyala kwabasemagunyeni, ukususela ngo-2010; amava okusebenza yeminyaka emi-5 izikhundla eziphezulu t h kunye norhulumente ..; ukuzihlangula ku-100 abantu bazizinhanha Ukraine , njalo-njalo. n.

Njengoko ka-Aprili 9, 2014 kwi-Verkhovna rada of Ukraine sele libhalisiwe 4 oyilwayo, ezibandakanya ukucocwa onke amanqanaba karhulumente Ukrainian - kuba iinkqubo ezifana abagwebi ngaso, abakhonzi abaphezulu bakarhulumente kunye, amagosa ezincinane zokunyanzelisa umthetho, njalo-njalo ..