Karhulumente umbuso ngamanzi. Ubunjalo kunye awohluke

Njani wabumba umbuso kuqala? Oku izimvo. Ababhali-mbali ingqalelo inani iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo. Enye yazo ubukhosi ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi State lemvelaphi. Yintoni eyona nto na?

Yintoni na urhulumente?

Umbutho ngamandla kwezopolitiko, indlela ethile yolawulo, ukunyanzela, ulawulo, ebizwa urhulumente. Le ibandakanya kwintsimi ethile kunye nemida yalo kunye nabantu abahlala kulo mmandla.

It ukhuphela ukuvela ithi yokuqala kube nzima kakhulu. Ezinye izazinzulu, umzekelo, bakholelwa ukuba benze njalo khona. Rhoqo ngonyaka kukho iziphumo ezintsha kwicandelo ezizwe kwezinto zakudala, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuvela iingcamango ezintsha kulo mba. Athotywa kwasekwa zokunkcenkceshela ingcamango imvelaphi karhulumente, kwakunye organic, oosolusapho, ngokwasengqondweni theory ubundlobongela kunye nabanye.

Uluvo aphambili amaninzi yeengcinga kukuba ukuyilwa ngurhulumente kubangela iinguqu kuluntu. Uphuhliso lweenkqubo zemveliso kuchaphazela umyalelo yoluntu. nonxulumano lwentlalo phakathi kwabantu ukutshintsha, ukungalingani ibonakala. Ukuveliswa eziphuhlileyo ngakumbi, kokukhona ukungalingani bubo.

umbuso hydraulic

Umbhali mbono mbali, ingcali ngezentla- kunye sinologist uKarl Wittfogel. Le Isazinzulu yaba lilungu le-German wamaKomanisi Party, yaye waba nomdla Marxism, ngoko ubukhosi hydraulic kakhulu ibonisa lo mbono. Wittfogel hypothesis yakhe iqhagamshelana ngokubonakala despotism.

Kakuhle eli mfundiso zonkcenkceshelo ekwakheni iindlela ezikhethekileyo zalawula kwemali kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kwiindawo ezithile. Kwiindawo ngokoma lwezibonelelo kufuneka nokuhambisa amanzi ngokulinganayo xa umanzi, phezu koko, ukunqanda ukusebenzisa yokukhupha amanzi kunye namadama. Ngokutsho umbhali e-worldwork theory, kuba yeyona ndlela ifanelekile wobufama kwi kuluntu pre-mveliso.

Kulo mzekelo, kuvela imeko kwi imeko eziyimfuneko ukulima nokucwangcisa umsebenzi ngokubambisana. Sebenzisa nokugcinwa kweenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela zifuna eninzi kokuxhumana yoluntu lonke. Ukuze wenze oku, iqela elincinane ngamagosa kufuneka agcine ulawulo lwe belifa.

Ngamanzi, umbuso: nobubi

Wittfogel ithiyori, njengabanye, kukho inani amalungiselelo ezingqina okanye ukuphikisa amathuba ayo.

Njengoko umba emihle kuchazwe ithuba theoretical lo mbono. Oku kusekelwe phezu aziwayo zembali. Eyokuqala ithi kwavela ezihlanjeni emlanjeni ize isetyenziswe zokunkcenkceshela ukulinywa kwezityalo. Ithi idumileyo yamandulo yiSumere, iBhabhiloni, Egypt yamandulo kunye neTshayina.

ubukhosi ngamanzi becala kuchaphazela kuphela uluhlu imxinwa nempuma, wazibeka ezintlanjeni emlanjeni. Kuphela kwakukho eyiyo yokusetyenziswa yokunkcenkceshela. Akunamsebenzi ukusombulula ingxaki ukuvela emathafeni ntaba okanye ithi, ukuze sikwazi ukuthetha ingcamango yasekuhlaleni.

Zisasuka lo elucidation le nobangela. Xa kuqwalaselwa ithiyori liphakamisa umbuzo woko kwenzeka phambi: ukusekwa karhulumente kunye nesidingo wokufama, okanye ingcamango imibhobho yokunkcenkceshela, ngenxa yokuba apho kukho imfuneko sikarhulumente.

Features Irrigation State

Zombini zinkampani ngegqudu, apho intloko wanikwa inkululeko ngamandla mda. Ukunkcenkceshela kuquka ithiyori Wittfogel isahlakalo edlalwa despotism ngokulawula isakhiwo. iya Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenza ukwimeko enjalo ngenkani. Amacandelo, okt abaphathi, kuya kuba nako ukuphumeza amandla liphezulu phezu labemi.

Esinye seziphumo inkqubo enjalo ukuvela lobubingeleli kwaye kuchaphazela ngakumbi umbingeleli. tide Ixesha, amaxesha yokutyala zigqitywa kuqwalaselwe ngeenkwenkwezi neekhalenda. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, umbingeleli kuphela "bakhanyiselwa", nto leyo ekhokelela igunya layo kunye nolawulo phezu nabanye abantu.

Umbhali iqukumbela ukuba ube ukwimeko enjalo enokwenziwa umzabalazo iklasi okanye abanini propati enkulu, ekubeni uluntu kakhulu lawutyumza isakhiwo nabalawulayo yaye phantse akukho malungelo. Ubungakanani inkululeko ukunyuka labemi, nangona kancinane kuphela, kunye nawo amandla ombuso.