Empire Bulgarian: imbali ingenzeka

Kwimpuma ye Balkan Peninsula yi the Republic of eBulgaria, yabamba indlela ende kwaye nzima kuphuhliso layo, ngexesha apho amanqanaba uphuhliso lwezopolitiko kunye nezenkcubeko lwamathuba mzuzu of ukuhla. Education Bulgarian Kingdom kunye ngembali yaso emva koko yaba isihloko eli nqaku.

Ukudalwa imeko yokuqala kwiiBalkans

Izigaba ezingundoqo imbali zobukumkani yaseBulgaria angohlulwa izihlandlo ezintathu. Abantu bokuqala zeCandeloukwazisa inxalenye enkulu ye Balkan Peninsula kunyaka 681 BC. e., baba Bulgarians, ikwabandakanya abameli zezizwe zamaTurkic, ukususela ngenkulungwane IV omiweyo kuLwandle Black emaqeleni ukuya eentaba ye North neAsia. Kanti ke bona abanye Slavic kunye nezizwe Thracian. urhulumente kwakhiwa ngabo wehla wangena imbali Yokuqala yaseBulgaria uBukhosi, kwaqhubeka de 1018, xa yawa phantsi Ukuhlasela yoBukhosi baseByzantium.

Ithuba impumelelo yayo kakhulu kucingelwa ukuba ubukumkani Tsar bakaSimon I Enkulu, eyathatha ukususela 893 kunyaka 927. Xa ikomkhulu Yokuqala Bulgarian yoBukumkani, ukuba iminyaka 893 kwisixeko Pliska, yaye kamva wafudukela Preslav, kwaba kuphela iziko enkulu zorhwebo kunye nezopolitiko, kodwa wadlala indima ibhulorho ukuba simanyene abaninzi abantu baseMpumalanga.

Le abenzi bemilingo ye-First Bulgarian Kingdom

Ebudeni bolawulo bakaSimeyon mna imida karhulumente yakhe ligubungela ezininzi Balkan Peninsula, ukunika ufikelelo kweelwandle amathathu - i-Black, lweAegean kunye lweAdriatic. Ngokutsho Byzantinist inkulu mihla - umphengululi French imvelaphi Greek uEleni Arveler - yaba urhulumente lamiswa kuloo mmandla bakhona, ephethwe ngaloo minyaka uBukhosi baseByzantium.

Empire lokuqala Bulgarian kwamenza ongazenzisiyo inzala ukuba ubukhulu becala negalelo kwimfundo zezizwe zobuhedeni Slavic yi Orthodox. Kwaba apha ebudeni bolawulo bosuku uKumkani Boris I (852-889 GG.), Owayedume kamva lamiselwa, kwakukho oonobumba lokuqala Slavic, yaye apho waya nokubhala eMpuma Yurophu.

Ukuwa karhulumente phantsi koxinzelelo waseByzantium

Kuyo yonke imbali ye-First Bulgarian Kingdom wahlala imeko yezopolitiko phakathi abalawuli balo nabalawuli waseByzantium, inxalenye yakhe intsimi lahlaselwa yesiqalo-Bulgarians kunyaka 681. Amaxesha amaninzi, lakhula laba kukungafani bexhobile, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ibe ngokupheleleyo-scale imfazwe. Emva kuthotho ndlongo evulekileyo esenziwe abalawuli Byzantine Nikiforom Fokoy, uJohn Tzimiskes kunye Vasily III, ubukumkani yokuqala Bulgarian wawa, abakwazi ukumelana ngokuhlaselwa ummelwane ezininzi ngakumbi yaye zinamandla ngakumbi.

Ukuze yasinda ezikhumbuzo ephawulekayo elo xesha, ugcinwe isikakhulu iingqukuva ezimbini ithi bamandulo - Pliska kunye Preslav. Eyokuqala kubo wayedume lenqaba yalo - njengenqaba, apho wahlala ingafikeleleki kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela. Nanamhlanje ungabona iintsalela iindonga ilitye zilurhangqile, Ebubanzini ode waya kufikelela kwiimitha ezimbini, yaye ezinde ngaphezu kwabo neenqaba lunemiba ezintlanu.

Ukuvuselelwa Bulgarian Kingdom

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ngendlela yaye xa kukho ubukhosi yesibini Bulgarian, le mbali kukho imbono ecacileyo kakhulu. ulawulo yaseByzantium kwiiBalkans yaphela loo mvukelo kwaqhambuka 1185 phantsi kobunkokheli Theodore-Peter kunye nabazalwana bakhe Assen kunye Kaloyan. Ngenxa yoko le sokumiswa oluzimeleyo yaphila, kunye neenkokeli bavukeli wehla waya embalini phantsi kwegama kaKumkani Peter IV bakhe intsebenziswano umlawuli Ivan Asen I. bathe bakuyila ubukumkani Second yaseBulgaria waze 1422 kwaye ngendlela efanayo njengoko wokuqala, emva ukumelana elide luwela ukumelana zabahlaseli. Eli xesha wamfaka isiphelo kokuzimela Ottoman.

Country noxhaso

Imbali yobukumkani yaseBulgaria eli xesha kwaphawula sehlelwe zembali ezehlela abantu abaninzi ngelo xesha - ayehlasela zezizwe Mongol ephila. Le amashwa wehlelwa lizwe, xa, emva kokufa kukaKumkani Peter IV kunye umzalwana wakhe, oko kusemandleni kubalawuli ezingenamandla engathethekiyo, nto leyo eyabangela ilahleko nempembelelo kwiiBalkans. Ngenxa yoko, ixesha elide, eBulgaria wanyanzeleka ukuba ndothulele umnqwazi loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene.

intlungu yakhe yaye ubuthathaka sengathi abazange kade ukuba uthathe ithuba nabamelwane, abo babamba yinxalenye imimandla ngaphambili besive ubukumkani Bulgarian. Ngenxa yoko, Macedonia kunye eThrace North kwakhona wafudukela Byzantium, lo gama Belgrade waphumelela Hungarians. Ngokuthe ngcembe ezilahlekileyo kunye Wallachia. State kangangokuba baphelelwe ngamandla alo yangaphambili, ukuba ngaxa lithile unyana Tatar khan Nagoya waba ngukumkani kwakhe.

Isiphelo ukuzimela kunye isiqalo idyokhwe Turkish

Nakuba kunjalo, abenzi bobubi zokuwa lokugqibela karhulumente-kanye enamandla baba Ottoman Turks, owaqalisa ngenkulungwane XIV ukwenza behlasela emibi weBalkan Peninsula, ngexesha elinye apho elikomkhulu lobukhosi yaseBulgaria ukuba iphangwe kwelo xesha - isixeko Tyrnov, wegqitha ngokupheleleyo phantsi kolawulo nabahlaseli 1393.

Esinye sezizathu ngokoyiswa yobukumkani yaseBulgaria waba komzamo ukuba enza umfela kunye namazwe angabamelwane, naye phantsi isoyikiso lungabanjwa. Ingakumbi amanyathelo asebenzayo baba Turks emva wafa 1371 i-Bulgarian Korol Ivan Alexander IV, ngubani ikwazile ukugcina uxolo nabo.

Umphumo waba buhlungu: uthotho ukoyiswa, eyaqala ngo-1371 kunye ngokoyiswa kwi Idabi Maritsa River yaye yaphela kumngcelele lobungangamsha kwi usingasiqithi Balkan ka Sultan Bayezid I, yakhokelela ekulahlekelweni karhulumente yaseBulgaria ukuzimela kwezopolitiko kwiinkulungwane ezintlanu ubude balo, naba imbali njengoko ixesha ulawulo Turkish.

Yenza i ezasebukhosini yokugqibela Bulgarian

Kingdom of eBulgaria yasekwa ngo-1908 ngenxa isibhengezo geqe karhulumente ukusuka kakhulu ngenxa ngexesha Ottoman. Ukuthatha uncedo ntlekele, i Bulgarians ikwazile ukuba balahle idyokhwe kwiinkulungwane ubudala yaye wamisa neNgonyama siseko ezimeleyo, intloko ekwakumi Korol uFerdinand I. Enye izenzo zakhe yokuqala nkqubo yaba nokuhlutha kunye nokuthotyelwa Bulgarian Kingdom East Romania na iphondo elizimeleyo unangoku Turkish.

Kummandla Bulgaria unenzondelelo utshintsho olubalulekileyo ngexesha ezimbini iimfazwe Balkan balandela omnye emva komnye ngethuba elisusela kwi-1912 ukuya 1913. Ngenxa yoko, owokuqala apho uFerdinand ndakwazi ukubuyisa kwaye qhoboshela indawo enkulu kaRhulumente ka eThrace, kwakunye nokubonelela eKFC kuLwandle iAegean. Xa impumelelo yesibini zomkhosi iye yakujika Bulgarians, kwaye ezinye ezinabantu ngaphambili ayikho kolawulo lwabo.

Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, Bulgaria wayephakathi amazwe Entente, yaye ngaloo ndlela bangcoliswa ngokwakhe umngcatsha izilangazelelo zehlabathi Slavic. Isizathu sokuba oku umnqweno kuFerdinand I, usebenzisa i ntwanano na eJamani, Austria-Hungary kunye utshaba lwakhe yakutshanje - Turkey, eqhotyoshelwe uRhulumente wanqwenela ukuze ilizwe labo kwelaseMakedoni. Noko ke, le adventure yaphelela bazoyise wamajoni eBulgaria kunye shela kwakhe ngebhaxa.

inxaxheba lizwe kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye nokuphela ezasebukhosini

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II Bulgaria kwaqala ukunikwa ngokuzithandela ummandla wayo ukusingatha imikhosi yaseJamani. Oku kwalandelwa ukulawula yalo manyano yomkhosi eJamani, Italy ne-Japan. Ngenxa imisebenzi ezimanyene zomkhosi kula mazwe Bulgaria balihlutha kunxweme weAegean gqitha, eziquka yinxalenye yommandla Western eThrace kunye Vardar eMakedoni.

Nakule yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi iye yaba iphepha iintloni yovalo, kubalwe kohlanga, amajoni umsebenzi Bulgarian unwrapped kwidolophu yesiGrike Drama, uninzi laso abafudukela Turkish. Ngelo xesha ngo-1941 phezu kwintsimi amaqela ukumelana ethandwayo Bulgaria kaThixo asebenzayo, ngubani walwa amaNazi. Abaququzeleli zabo kunye neenkokeli baba ngamalungu, ngoko komhlaba we-Bulgarian Communist Party. Ngezenzo zabo, baye benza igalelo elivakalayo buthathaka iingalo Wesithathu.

Isibhengezo olusesikweni yemfazwe, urhulumente eBulgaria kunye eSoviet Union Bazila neemeko akazange athathe. Naxa, ngoSeptemba 1944, Stalin wathi imfazwe phezu kwabo, oko ayibangelwa umkhosi Bulgarian, ababalwayo ngelo xesha kwesiqingatha sesigidi sabantu kunye nokumelana esebenzayo. Kwaqhambuka ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba anti-zwilakhe mvukelo, ezilungiselelwe "Lezwe Front", Umise ulawulo lorhulumente pro-German, kunye result ukuba urhulumente omtsha isaziso ukulawula yaseBulgaria ukuya anti-uHitler womanyano.

Ukumkani eBulgaria yaphela Septemba 8, 1946. Yena ngokuzolileyo ebelapha wanika indlela kwiriphabliki apho wavota-zimvo uninzi lwabantu.