Potr Nikitich Tkachov: engobomi, umsebenzi loncwadi, lezibizo, iimbono zezopolitiko

Pet Nikitich Tkachev (1844-1885) - odumileyo Russian ideology olululo ukulwelwa. Eli nqaku kuxoxwe ngokweenkcukacha engobomi bakhe ethi, iimbono kunye neengcamango.

Childhood iminyaka elivisayo

Pet Nikitich Tkachev wazalwa ngo Juni 29, 1844 kwiphondo Pskov (kwilali Sivtsova). Abazali bakhe baba iindwalutho mihlaba. Okokuqala Peter Nikititch watyelela 2nd Petersburg yokuzilolonga. Emva koko, ukusuka kwibanga wesihlanu esikolweni kolwimi 1861 wabhalisa e St. Petersburg yeYunivesithi umthetho ngayo. Noko ke, isifundo akazange abe Peter Tkachev. Inyaniso yeyoba, e-uqale eli xesha ezidubedube mfundi, okubangela yunivesithi yavalwa. Phakathi kwezinye nxaxheba abakhutheleyo kwezi zaqalwa Tkachev wawongwa yokuqala uPetros Paul Fortress (ngo-Oktobha), yaye emva koko e Kronstadt, ukusuka apho wakhululwa ngoDisemba.

Ukuziphendulela kwithesisi, uphawu izimvo kwesayensi

Ukumkani wayalela ukuba ushiye uPetros Nikitich kwikomkhulu uyiphathisiweyo unina wakhe. Tkachev abayanga ithuba ukuqhubeka ngezifundo zabo eyunivesithi. Noko ke, kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, yena wagqithela iimviwo bakhe ofundela ngaphandle, thaca ithisisi bakhe waza waba umgqatswa ilungelo. Thile emva, ekugxekeni Lavrov ngenxa yokuba yena yaxobuka kakhulu ukusuka mbuso, uPetros Nikitich wabhala ngaye ukuba ekubeni Izabelo wayengazi naluphi na uluntu; ngaphandle kwabo abafana abangamaxhoba eziyobisi kwiindibano umfundi, amagumbi zokufunda, yaye izikolo ngeCawa, iifektri ndithethe no yefama njalo njalo. on. wayesoloko ekho nje kuphela, kodwa kubo, nokuba xa enqabeni. Peter Nikitich Ujoliso isicombululo nangoko yeengxaki ezithile mbuso wabumba iimpawu uphawu ingcamango yakhe yobusoshiyali.

Uthatho-nxaxheba nemibutho yabasebenzi yotshintsho olululo

Tkachev ngexesha loqeqesho yakhe Izabelo waqalisa ukufunda iincwadi yobusoshiyali. Leva kwiimpapasho Herzen kunye Ogarev, amanqaku Dobrolyubov kunye Chernyshevsky. Sele kule vesi yokuqala ephathelele kwi-1860-62 biennium. (Ezinye kuwo bemka baya lists), Tkachev wafundisa revolution Sasungulwa. Ekugqibeleni wavuka endleleni wotshintsho ukususela 1861. Ukususela ngelo xesha Tkachev ithabathe inxaxheba intshukumo umfundi, kangangokuba amaxesha amaninzi phantsi ukuba ambambe, khangela, ngemibuzo. Peter Nikitich kwaba njalo phantsi esweni yamapolisa. Yena utsala isigwebo sokuvalelwa entolongweni phantse wonke unyaka.

Ngowe-1862, oko kwavula ubulungu balo ngaphakathi kwelali L. Olszewski. Le isangqa wayelungiselela ukushicilela amaphetshana eziliqela, nto leyo ebizwa ukubhukuqa ukumkani. Ngowe-1865 no 1866, Pet Nikitich Tkachev wayesondele umbutho I. A. Hudyakova kunye NA Ishutina, kwaye ngo-1867 no 1868 - ukuya 'uluntu Rublevskoe ", amalungu baqhubeka bubuxoki kwi ngesebe kootitshala abajikelezayo. Kwakhona ukuba uPetros Tkachev ngo-1868 yaba Thethani "Smorgon", nto leyo umbutho ezihlangwini esekwe S. G. Nechaevym. Emva koko, ngo-1868-1869 GG., UPetros Nikitich kunye Nechayev wayelilungu ikomiti eququzelelayo le St. Petersburg intshukumo umfundi.

Ukuqala Umsebenzi wokubhala

NgoJuni 1862 waqalisa umsebenzi boncwadi Petra Nikiticha. italente yakhe nokubhala yatyhilwa kwi 60s. Njengoko umbutho wotshintsho Narodnichestvo yeengcingane, umgxeki brilliant and nombhali Tkachev wavuma kunye namaphephancwadi ezinenkqubela. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba linqaku lokuqala kumanqaku bakhe ezisingelwe ukugxekwa kuphuculo yenkundla, apho urhulumente izicwangciso, ngokukodwa revolution-lwentando yesininzi eliphikisayo isimo. Bathi kalindixesha "nguva yin'wana" kunye nabazalwana "Ixesha" Dostoevsky, kwakunye kwi "Library ekuFundeni".

Nolwazi kwimibhalo Marx

A Inani lamanqaku wadala kwixesha ukususela ngo1862 ukuya 1864, Peter Nikitich ecetywayo ingcamango ngokutshintsha nobudlelwane kwezentlalo ezikhoyo eRashiya kwimigaqo yali yezixhobo womnatha komhlaba kunye noshishino nemibutho emfundo, ingakumbi amazwe abahlala kuyo. Malunga nelo xesha, wadibana namanye imisebenzi Karla Marksa Pet Nikitich Tkachev.

ngobomi bakhe ngoDisemba 1865 kwaphawula into yokuba "igama Russian" okokuqala kwi eendaba esemthethweni lizwe lethu wazibeka ithisisi iphambili Marx ezinxulumene ukukhulelwa izinto zembali, waza waqalisa kwintshayelelo kwi 'amadlala Economy Political ". Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba eli xesha Tkachev wayesele negalelo rhoqo amaphephancwadi amabini lwentando yesininzi ( "Business" yaye "Russian uLizwi"). Okunene waphumelela Pisarev, lowo zibekwe uPetros Paul Fortress. Le thesis Peter Nikitich ngentla ezikhuthazwa kwixesha elizayo, akunjalo? kwingcaciso yazo, noko lula.

Ukwenza concept Tkachev

Ngowe-1868, Tkachev P. N. I baprinta yitshata International zokuguqulela (kwisihlomelo ncwadi noBhekere), kwakunye ezingummiselo National Bank of Proudhon. Peter Nikitich izimvo yi ekupheleni 1860s liphuhlise ingqiqo ethile. Wabiza ukuba revolution yezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo kweli lizwe. Lo mqondo kuchazwe kwisangqa epapashwe of Tkachev kunye Nechaev "Inkqubo amanyathelo olululo."

UPetros noPawulos inqaba

Ndimele ndithi ukuba le nto wabhala bar Tkachev PN okanye musa kudlula iimeko kuhlolwa ngayo, okanye akhethwe kwabanjwa ezininzi. Xa, ngexesha yombhodamo umfundi elandelayo (ngoMatshi 1869) Tkachev wabanjwa kwakhona, uthe wamtyhala kanye 3 izityholo zoncwadi. Eyokuqala kuzo - kuba indalo kunye nokupapashwa isibheno "kwibutho!", Yiyiphi yaqalisa iimfuno zabafundi; le yesibini - kuba kokupapashwa ukuqokelela phantsi kwegama "Ray", epapashwe endaweni esalelweyo 'igama Russian "; eyesithathu - ngenxa yokuba wapapasha incwadi "Umbuzo labour" E. nguBhela. Ngeli xesha uPetros Paul Fortress Peter Nikitich wafumanisa ukuba nendawo avalelwe phantse iminyaka emine. Ekuqaleni kuka-1873 Tkachev wathumela ekuthinjweni Great uLuka ekhaya. Ukusuka apho, wasaba amazwe ngoncedo M. Kupriyanov, revolution kakhulu.

Ukuhlala phesheya, lo ubambene Engels and Lavrov

umsebenzi Magazine, oluphazanyiswa kokubanjwa, yahlaziyelwa ngo-1872. kwakhona Tkachev waqala ukupapasha amanqaku zabo kwi "Unobangela". Noko ke, akazange bayisayine babhale igama lakhe kunye awethu ezahlukeneyo (Noko kunjalo, P. Grachioli, P. wulwe Lee, engenawo PN, PN Nyon, P. Nikitin).

E London ne Geneva Peter Nikitich ngexesha elinye basebenza P. L. Lavrovym (umfanekiso wakhe ezinikwe apha ngentla) ukulungiselela ukupapashwa kulindixesha "Phambili!". Kunjalo, oku sele amanyathelo okuqala athatyathiweyo ekuthinjweni, ziphawulwe ubambene ezinkulu Engels kunye Lavrov. Ngowe-1874 e Zurich kunye London zapapashwa Tkachev ethi "imisebenzi ze revolution ..." yaye "ileta Vula Fridrihu Engelsu." Le mpikiswano oku ngoko nangoko wabeka Peter Nikitich kwindawo ekwanti aphesheya.

Literature emigrant Engels, Lavrov nabanye wema kwindawo eyahlukileyo kancinane kwe Peter Nikitich. Kakuhle eli ingxabano phakathi kwabo bobabini kukuba Tkachev ingqalelo umzabalazo lwezopolitiko yokuqala efunekayo revolution elizayo. Nangona kunjalo, indima yenkitha apho phantsi ukuba nako ukwamkela naziphi Russian. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwigcuntswana revolution kumelezeke amandla, ukuseka urhulumente omtsha, ukuze enze inguqu olululo, eveza neminqweno yabantu. Le yokugqibela ungazuza kuphela iziphumo. Peter Tkachev impazamo ngokokubona kwayo, ukuba ukumkani ayikho kumhlaba yezentlalo eRashiya, ukuba akukho izilangazelelo kwiklasi ethile. Friedrich Engels, ke, kule manqaku yena wabhala ugxeka Tkachev uthe iimbono kuba wandibalela ezincinane.

kokupapashwa i- "Alarm"

Peter Nikitich, bephuma "! Phambili", Found abaxhasi phakathi kwisangqa of "Ikhoboka Cercle" (in translation - "isangqa Slavic"), idibanisa basemzini Russian-Polish. Ngoncedo lwabo, Tkachev, ngo-1875 waqala ukuzivakalisa iphephandaba "Alarm" eGeneva. Kweli phephancwadi, wathabatha isigxina umhleli. Olu hlobo yaba Jacobin umbutho indlela kufutshane Blanquism, lo ukulwelwa revolution. Tkachev kule xesha wabonisa ngokuphandle iimbono zakhe yobusoshiyali, bexoxa ngemiba ukugwetyelwa yeengcingane socialism, amaqhinga kunye nesicwangciso-qhinga Idabi. Kulindixesha "Alarm" UPetros Nikitich olwenziwe polemics kunye P. L. Lavrovym kunye M. A. Bakuninym. izimvo zakhe, nto leyo ekuqaleni akazange abe nempembelelo kakhulu, yaye ngokufuthi ukubacaphukisa, waqala ukufumana abaxhasi ekupheleni 1870s. Kwathi njengoko lusenzeka, sijike abalweli IsiRashiya ukuya izenzo zopolitiko nezentlalo kunye neemfuno Idabi.

"Abantu Liberation Society"

Ngowe-1877, uPeter Nikitich kunye nabalandeli bakhe bakwazi ukuhlela i "National Liberation Society." Oku ngokungqongqo wenziwa umbutho conspiratorial usebenzisa Blanquist Communards evela eFransi (Cournet F., Granger E., E. Vaillant et al.). Inkampani usekela imisebenzi yayo phezu kwezinye izangqa Russian (umzekelo, I. M. Kovalskogo e Odessa kunye Zaichnevsky Orel). Tkachev, ngowe-1880, wasebenza kwiphephandaba "Nam uThixo okanye master" Blanqui.

Noko ke, nokukheth'icala okuchasene uPetros Nikitich wahlala namandla kakhulu. Ngoko ke ukuba 'Narodnaya Volya "(amagama V. I. Lenina, imisebenzi yayo zilungiselelwe ideology Tkachev) bazitshitshisela umfelandawonye" Alarm ", ekwakukholelwa ngaphambili. "KaNebhati" ayeka ncwadi emva kokukhululwa emfutshane ngo-1881 ngokohlobo lephephandaba.

Ukupapashwa phantsi awethu ezahlukeneyo

Tkachev, ukuhlala kwelinye ilizwe, baqhubeka ukuba ipapashwe koonondaba zomthetho Russian phantsi awethu ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo (ziyafana zonke, Grachioli P. et al.), Thina sele kuluhlu. Njengenye abaqeshwa key "ukwenza 'uPetros Nikitich liye lapapasha amanqaku amaninzi kwi bulumko, nomthetho, imbali, pedagogy, ezoqoqosho kunye nabanye. Noko ke, xa umhleli beli phephancwadi, kaWonke Blagosvetlov wafa, intsebenziswano akazange njalo njalo. Onke amanqaku kunqabile wabonakala Tkachev. Kwakubonakala ukuba lo msebenzi ngoncwadi revolution Petra Nikiticha luqhubeka, kodwa eneneni kwakungenjalo.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, siye safunda ezinye izinto ezintsha malunga kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe ekuthinjweni Tkachev. Bacebise ukuba mhlalutyi Russian zoncwadi kunye revolution waqhubeka ukudala ngenkuthalo. Kutshanje ndiye ndakwazi ukufumana iphephandaba bobusoshiyali "Alarm" ( "Le Tocsin"), eyapapashwa kwi-South yaseFransi (in Narbonne) ngo-1882. Isivi kuba zabhalwa Tkachev, ngubani Wabufihla igama lakhe phantsi elabo "Gracchus". Kungenzeka, ingxelo kumajelo eendaba abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo wokugqibela.

Ukususela ngoNovemba 1882 Tkachev, esi sifo sele iqhubele phambili, ngenxa yokuba waye esibhedlele. Peter Nikitich wafa e Paris ngoDisemba 23, 1885. Wakhethwa osebenza kuyo ngonaphakade kwimbali revolution.

iimbono zeentanda Tkachev

Xa uqala, emehlweni izinto etyebileyo kwaye ezohlukeneyo ezifana Tribune-intatheli-wezopolitiko akukho ndawo bulumko kakhulu okanye inikwe umntu ophantsi, indima nje ngengozi. Eneneni, ukusuka esesikweni kwindawo ngokwayo Pet Nikitich Tkachev, kuyabonakala ukuba, oko kunika isizathu sokuba le ngombono wethu. Ngapha koko, waba ekugxekeni zonke iinkqubo bulumko.

Noko ke, kwenye amanqaku yakhe yokuqala (njengoko yapapashwa kwi-1863 "uMthetho ezikhona") Tkachev inkqubo yayo-bulumko ngokutsha. Wathi ukuba imfuneko ukwakha oyinyaniso, nemveliso, ndiphile bulumko, leyo yayintsha naluphi na uhlobo ezikhona. Kufuneka ihlangane ndawonye iindawo ezentlalo, ngenkani lichithakale. Le ifilosofi lezentlalo, isayensi lwentlalo. Kufuneka kuzuze uluntu.

Tkachev njenge umbhali usoloko ubuyela kwingxaki bulumko elungileyo. Xa uluvo lwakhe, kufuneka ibe sisiseko inguqu zehlabathi, isixhobo inzululwazi, undoqo kwelizwe lokwenyaniso. Kwezombangazwe Pet Nikitich Tkachev ngokukodwa liphuhlise iingxaki revolution, kwabantu, ezentlalo ezifanelekileyo nezivakalayo. Wabiza isikhundla sakhe zeentanda-bulumko 'ngokoqobo "(okanye nengqiqo).

Nantsi umntu ukwazi ukuba Pet Nikitich Tkachev. iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ngaye phantse yonke enxulumene revolution, yena wanikela ubomi bakhe bonke.