Nini yaye kutheni urhulumente kuqala? Apho umbuso kuqala? Yiyiphi imeko eza kuqala?

Eyokuqala ithi wabonakala kwimimandla esemazantsi iplanethi yethu, apho lo na iimeko kuFeliks zendalo kunye neendawo. Bazalwa malunga isithuba malunga namawaka amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo.

Yintoni na isizathu ukuvela uhlobo olutsha yonxulumano loluntu

Nini yaye kutheni le nto urhulumente lokuqala, ukutsho oko imvelaphi yabo, - omnye imiba ixakayo kwinzululwazi. Ngokutsho inguqulelo ye-sobulumko odumileyo German uKarl Marx kunye Fridriha Engelsa, kuvela imeko kwi inkqubo ekomelezeni ukungalingani kwezentlalo, ukwandisa indima kobunini kunye ukuvela udidi kakhulu lezityebi. Nabo ke, kufuna isixhobo ekhethekileyo ukukhusela izilangazelelo zalo nokulondoloza nempembelelo kwi belali. Akuthandabuzeki ukuba, lo mhlola yenzekile, kodwa hayi nje kuphela, kuba negalelo ekuveleni karhulumente. Kukho kwakhona ingcamango ukuba uhlobo olutsha kwiqumrhu loluntu yaba ngenxa yemfuno ukulawula izimali, kukho uhlobo umphathi omkhulu izibonelelo zorhwebo, ngenjongo kuphuhliso lwabo ngempumelelo, le ndlela zombutho karhulumente kakhulu esebenzayo eYiputa Ancient, apho inkqubo lokunkcenkceshela koyintloko kwezoqoqosho, into ishishini.

Indlela yokugweba ye-imbonakalo yazo

Xa yaye kutheni ukuba urhulumente yokuqala? Le yinkqubo yendalo kwenzeka kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Kumaxesha amandulo, isiseko ubomi babantu zonke ezolimo kunye nezilwanyana ukulima umhlaba. Ukuba uye waphumelela, kwafuneka iimeko zemozulu efanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, abantu bamandulo bahlaliswa phantsi kwiindonga imilambo emikhulu, leyo ukuba ukuhlangana ngokupheleleyo iintswelo zabantu beli ibalulekileyo. Owona indawo umthombo wamanzi; kuba ezantsi kunokuba ukufudumala kunye neemeko ngoko ngecala ukulima. Uyakwazi uvune ngaphezulu kanye enkulu kangakanani yehlabathi, kwaye amaxesha amaninzi ngonyaka. Oku kukunika abantu abahlala kule mimandla, iadvanteji ukuqina kuphuhliso iindlela zenkxaso yobomi kwaye afumane imveliso olongezelelweyo.

Le ndawo zindala-yokwakha karhulumente

EMesopotamiya, okanye eMesopotamiya - kummandla entle kakhulu kwezolimo ethambileyo, imozulu efudumeleyo, indawo indawo Obusemagqabini ubukho ezinkulu imilambo ezimbini West Asia - i iTigris umEfrate - banikwa umyinge wamanzi kuphuhliso lwezixokelelwano zonkcenkceshelo kunye nenkqubo ukusetyenziswa komhlaba onkcenkceshelwayo. Abantu abahlala kula mazwe, abanye ngaphantsi kuxhomekeke kubunzima obukhoyo imozulu, ukuze bakwazi ukufumana isivuno ezizinzileyo natyebileyo. Phantse imeko efanayo yayikhona entilini imilambo ezinkulu Afrika - i umNayile. Kodwa ukuba ukwakha lokunkcenkceshela, zonkcenkcesho iinkqubo, kufuneka amisele umsebenzi adibeneyo abantu abaninzi, kungenjalo ukwenza ulimo olusebenzayo nje akunakwenzeka. Ngoko ke, wasungula AMAGQABAZA ▸ zokuqala amaziko karhulumente, kwaye apho urhulumente yokuqala, kodwa ke, enyanisweni, hayi ubesadla imfundo kawonke ngokupheleleyo. Zizo ezo ngeembumba, ukusuka apho kamva kwasekwa amazwe ezindala emhlabeni.

Izenzakalo components zentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko kumazwe yamandulo

Evela kwezi nkalo umzi-karhulumente, lawula indawo echazwe kakuhle. Relations phakathi abamelwane zazisoloko eladlulayo yaye ngokufuthi kwakhokelela iingxabano. Iimanyano abaninzi abazimeleyo yakuqhwalelisa uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kummandla kunye namandla ngakumbi nabalawuli uyazi, ngoko bazama ngokuthe wamthoba kwintsimi enkulu, lowo useka imiyalelo efanayo. Kungenxa ulungiselelo olo, kukho ubukumkani ezimbini bomelele yaye enkulu kwi-Nile Valley - North okanye Upper, Egypt kunye noMzantsi, okanye Lower Egypt. Abalawuli omabini nobasentla urhulumente ibingenamongo ngokwaneleyo kunye nomkhosi. Noko ke, luck ukumkani Upper waseYiputa, ukuba balwe ekrakra waphumelela imbangi ngakumzantsi wayo, yaye malunga nonyaka 3118 waphumelela nizhneegipetskoe ubukumkani, kwaye Mina ke uFaro lokuqala kweYiputa ngunozala karhulumente enobunye, kodwa nini yaye kutheni kukho isimo sokuqala.

Egypt - umbuso wokuqala

Ke kaloku, kule ezandleni umlawuli eyodwa zonke izibonelelo imveliso loMnayile zaye ngokwendawo, kukho zonke iimeko zokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo karhulumente ohlangeneyo ezolimo wayinkcenkcesha ngonyawo lwakho, kwaye ngoku ngabo abalawula ngayo, ubutyebi izinto ezinkulu. Uqhekeko buthathaka lizwe Yathatha siqinile, nobunye, kunye nokuphuhliswa ngakumbi baseYiputa ibonisa ngokupheleleyo zonke izinto ezintle kule nkqubo. Iminyaka emininzi eli lizwe alawule lonke kwingingqi kuMbindi Mpuma. Okunye umhlaba-friendly mmandla, eMesopotamiya, ayikwazanga ukoyisa umkhosi centrifugal, umzi-karhulumente eyayikho apha ayikwazanga zimanyane phantsi kolawulo lokumkani elinye. Ngoko ke, impixano rhoqo ziye destabilized imeko yezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho, ukuba iYiputa ukuba phambili, yaye kungekudala ithi bamaSumeri eyele nqanaba eziphembelela imeko baseYiputa, uze nezinye lithi enamandla kule ngingqi. Bathi oko urhulumente kuqala, ngobuciko lwamaxesha akwenzeki, ngoko, imeko yokuqala iplanethi uthathwa ukuba eYiputa.

Theory of nesisekelo kumaqumrhu ezopolitiko

Uninzi theory injongo ukuya umbuzo wokuba kutheni kukho urhulumente wokuqala nguye ngokuvumelana apho iyantlukwano ekuhlaleni iye yasekwa sele, kwakukho isakhiwo olude oluzinzileyo koluntu norhulumente, oluthi luqokelelane ngenxa yezi nkqubo ngezimanga - umthetho zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa uzinzo eziyimfuneko inkqubo loluntu lonke. Loko yaye kutheni kukho isimo sokuqala. Le ndlela isebenza kubo bonke ubuhlobo kwamandla kwi kwimbali yoluntu. Kodwa ke ezibangela karhulumente kakhulu ngakumbi, kunokuba bume engentle, into leyo eyenza igalelo nokudityaniswa yoluntu, ukuqinisa indima yomntu, njengoko umlawuli enze. Kwakhona zidlala indima ebalulekileyo zokuboleka kwabanye iintlanga eziphuhlileyo ngakumbi. icandelo zenkolo kunye nemibono kunegalelo kule, lwanele ukukhumbula uMuhammad - ngunozala unqulo entsha Islam, nokuba ukubaluleka kwayo edlalwe nokusekwa Arab Caliphate. Ngoko ke, urhulumente lokuqala ngenxa iseti iimeko, kodwa isibaluli noxa inqanaba lophuhliso loqoqosho.

UPawulos

Eyokuqala ithi, ungaphinda, esekelwe amandla, amandla kusoloko kuthetha ukuzithoba. Kwaye ngokoMthetho ihlabathi lamandulo kwaba kuphela kwendlela ukugcina iindawo ezinkulu badla umiwe izizwe ezahlukeneyo kwaye ayaba. Ngoko ke, ithi ezininzi ziye zavela njenge uhlobo lombutho yophuhliso echumayo, kodwa akazange kuyiphazamisa imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, efuna ukwenza kuphela imisebenzi kunye nokuthobela ethile. Isoloko enxibe umlinganiswa ngokusesikweni, ngenxa yoko, urhulumente yokuqala sibi kakhulu.