Caliphate Arab

Arab Caliphate waba imo yobuthixo Muslim, ezivele ngenxa ukudliwa of amaSilamsi ekhokelwa yi-likaCaliph kwi VII-IX iinkulungwane. Le yoqobo wadalwa ngohlobo uluntu uMprofethi Muhammad kwintshona Arabia i-Hijaz ngenkulungwane VII. Isiphumo Ukoyisa ezininzi Muslim yaba kukudala imeko enkulu, eziquka i-Arabhu Peninsula, Iran kunye Iraq. Kubume baso inxalenye enkulu zaseCaucasus kunye Central Asia. Oku kuquka nabo ilizwe laseYiputa, North Afrika, eSiriya nasePalestina, igubungela inxalenye enkulu ye saseIberia Peninsula kunye lelinye lawona maphondo ezine Pakistan - umhlaba Sindh. Ngoko ke omkhulu Le yayiyimeko Arab Caliphate. Imbali indalo yayo inxulumene ngqo kwimpembelelo neenkokheli (ezihlangwini okanye amasekela).

Ngexesha Arab Caliphate Kwafika lokudubula inkcubeko Islamic nenzululwazi, yaba i Golden Age of Islam. Elasungulwa kwiminyaka 632. Cinga kuqala khalifs elithile 4 ezibe "azigwebele". Arab Caliphate zibandakanya abalawuli zilandelayo: Abu Bakr (wobukumkani bakhe ngangosuku 632 634), Umar (634-644 g), Uthman, ngubani walawula iminyaka eli-12 ezayo (yi-656), Ali (656 of 661) kunye ukukhonya obuqhubekekayo Umayyad ubukhosi, ebe ikhona 661 ukuya kwiminyaka-750.

Lo mbuso, engange ngaphantsi kwama-100, ngokutsho kubungakanani bayo ladlula zamaRoma. Emva kokufa Muhammad na imiqathango ukuze wokudilika yayo nokudilizwa kwimpumelelo ka-Islam, ezo zifumaneka kuye. Emva kokufa kwakhe, phantse lonke Arabia uye kude kule nkolo, ngaphandle yaba iMecca, Medina kunye Taif.

UMprofeti akazange ashiye ngasemva indlalifa nelandela zembambano phakathi kwe Medintsev kunye Meccans. Umbusi emva iingxoxo Undityhale Abu Bakr, owaba nako ukubuyela Arab Caliphate and Islam kunye yahlukana Arabia. Emva kokuba kwezithandani le mvukelo-Arabhu, Muhammad Bakr waqhubeka nkqubo wakhokela imfazwe Iran kunye nezinto Byzantine. Ekupheleni ubomi bakhe, wabayalela Arabia, eBhabheli, eSiriya, eMesopotamiya, entshona Iran, Barco, Egypt kunye Tripoli.

Usman waphumelela waseSipro, kwimpuma Iran, ummandla Carthage, ekwandiseni Arab Caliphate. Ngenxa embambanweni yoluntu-Arabhu, abanawo ngokunxulumene ngokubulala Uthman, ziye zasuswa, kwezinye iindawo umda.

wabulawa Ali ngexesha i "ubhedu ebhotwe", yaye weza bamandla Umayyads. Xa kwi karhulumente, ebizwa ngokuba yi urhulumente elinyuliweyo, eyendeleyo neNgonyama zamafa.

Eloyisile neenkokheli zokuqala nempumelelo ngenxa yobuthathaka iqela, ekubeni akukho namnye ngokuchasiweyo Arabhu. Abemi balapha ngenxa intiyo yamaGrike rhoqo ngokwalo ngokuba yaye yanceda i Arabhu. AmaGrike akazange avumele ukuba ukoyisa Asia Minor kunye eConstantinople yi-Arabhu owayefumene sisilonda.

Kule emazweni, leyo ekusasazeni Arab Caliphate, eli bali lichaza indlela karhulumente xa Umar njengoko nenkani Church. Xa Uthman wavunyelwa ukuba kumazwe Arab eyakho woyisa ukuba ababetsaleleke umsebenzi abaqeshisi '. ubhalo zonqulo ingatshintshwa nge kokufika kwexesha Umayyads. Webandla kunye noluntu zonqulo, ekhokelwa yinkokeli yokomoya, iye yaguqulwa yaba amandla yehlabathi kunye nezopolitiko.

Okulandelayo IAbbasid ubukhosi ibhiyozelwa olungumbandezeli, bamagazi sikhatshwe inkohlakalo egabadeleyo. Abantu wabona uhanahaniso wabonakalaliswa perfidy ngokwalo bucala, kwimo impindezelo nxamnye abemi, abangaswele kuthobela mntu. Le ohlanga waphawulwa ngenxa ngokubhuda nangobumfama, xa wasungula inkqubo nxaniso. Ngaphandle koku, le izangqa olawulayo babegqalwa ezopolitiko brilliant apho izimali ezikrelekrele.

Inkcubeko caliphate Arab kunye nophuhliso yayo kweli xesha bayakhuthazwa kakhulu, uphuhliso inzululwazi kunye namayeza. Oku incediswa yintsapho abanetalente of viziers abalawula de 803, yaye awazibhukuqayo Harun. Amalungu entsapho iminyaka engama-50 ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano phakathi Arabhu namaPersi, ndikudalile amandla ezopolitiko abuyisela ubomi Sasanian.

Xa yasungulwa inkcubeko Abbasids Caliphate Arabic enkosi seluxolweni kunye nabamelwane balo, unaniselwano. ezenziwe Luks, amalaphu neyesilika, izixhobo, izacholo izinto, embroideries kwi ngesikhumba kunye yemizobo, iikhaphethi, imikrolo kwi amathambo. Lithe laqhenqetha kakhulu ngaloo minyaka le kaMoses, izithombe, ngentlabo, imveliso kunye negilasi iimveliso. WasePersi baphenjelelwa imibongo Arabic, ukuvela historiography olululo Arabic philology zenzululwazi. Kuloo minyaka, nto yamiselwa igrama Arabic, bekukho intlanganisela uncwadi.