I-jet ye-jet indiza "Messerschmitt-262": imbali yendalo, iimpawu zokuyila, ifoto

I-interactiveor ye-Speederschmitt interceptor ME-262 Schwalbe ("Messerschmitt ME-262 Swallow") yabonakala kwiqhawe kuphela ngo-1944. Akunakwenzeka ukusho ngokuqinisekileyo uhlobo lomsebenzi lo mshini. Iingcamango zendiza zaqhubeka nakwibala lemfazwe. Wayekhonza njengompempi (kubandakanywa nobusuku), i-bombom ne-reconnaissance aircraft. Imoto yayingatshatanga kwaye iphindwe kabini, ilwa kunye noqeqesho. Yayifake inkqubo entsha yokuhlahlela imfama, izixhobo ze-radar ezihlola, izixhobo ezivivinywayo, izibhamu zezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinye izixhobo zokusebenza zokuhlola. Icandelo laseJamani livelise malunga no-25 ukuguqulwa kwesi saziso.

"I-Messerschmitt-262" yayiyi-injini yehlabathi yokuqala ye-jet, eyabandakanyeka ngqo kwimisebenzi yokulwa. AmaJamani awakuthiwa "Swallow" (Schwalbe), amaMerika kunye neBritani - "iPetrel". Kuze kube sekupheleni kwemfazwe, ishishini laseJamani lavelisa iimoto eziyi-1,433. Ngaloo ndlela, "i-Messerschmitt ME-262" inokuthi ithathwa njengeyona ndlela yindiza enkulu yeMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini.

Imbali yokudalwa kweenqwelo

Mhlawumbi, akukho mzekelo weenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya eziye zahlangabezana nobunzima obunjalo kwinkqubo yokuba nguM Messerschmitt-262. Imbali yokudalwa kwalo mshini, ukuphuhliswa kwayo nokuyivelisa kwimveliso yeerandi ayinzima kuphela ngokulibaziseka ngokusesikweni kunye nezimali ezinganeleyo, kodwa kunye neengxaki ezininzi zobuchwepheshe.

Ekuhambeni kwakhe kokuqala, ngo- A. Speer - uMphathiswa wezixhobo zaseJamani, le moya yenze inyanga ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwamajoni aseJamani kwi-USSR. Kwimodeli yokuqala ye-ME-262, ii-injini ezininzi zepiston zazisetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo, babengenamandla ngokwaneleyo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, kugqitywe ukusetyenziswa kweenjini ze- jumo-004, apho inkampani yeJunkers yavelisa kwaye yaqalisa ukuvelisa.

Kwimbali, ezininzi iinkcukacha ziyaziwa xa ukuveliswa kwezinto ezizayo kungonakalisi ixabiso elipheleleyo lezixhobo zesizukulwana esidlulileyo. "I-Messerschmitt-262" ingaqwalaselwa enye yezo. Ukuxhamla komatshini omtsha phambi kweenqwelo zeentshaba kwakubonakala, kodwa izifo zobuntwana boqoqosho lwaseJamani zaba ngumqobo ongenakunqandeka kwimveliso yayo.

Iingxaki eziphambili ezibuhlungu ukuphuhliswa kwendiza kuyo yonke imbali yayo zibandakanya: okokuqala, ukungathembeki kweenjini ze-Jumo turbojet apho i-Messerschmitt-262 ifakwe khona. Babengathembeki kwiindawo ezingabonakaliyo kwaye bafuna ukuhlaziywa kwexesha elide. Okwesibini, amathayi afakwe kwiivili zokhuseleko awazange ahluke kumgangatho. Bavame ukugqabhuka ngexesha lokufika, nangona ijubane lokuhamba kweenqwelo-moya lalihamba nge-190 km / h kuphela. Kanye kunye nemimoya emininzi kunye nezopolitiko eJamani kunye nokungahambi kakuhle komyalelo ophezulu ekwakhiweni kwendiza entsha, ezi zikhokelela ekubeni i-Messerschmitt ME-262 (isithombe esiphezulu) yabonakala kwinqaba kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini se-1944, kunye neenyanga ezili-6 . Akakwazanga ukuba yinto yokumangalisa, njengoko uAdolf Hitler ayeyithemba, yayiza kunceda iJamani ukuba ibuye ibuse phambili kwi-airspace yaseYurophu. Kodwa oku kwenzeka kakhulu.

Xa zonke iziphoso ziphelile, kwacaca kubayilawuli baseJamani ukuba zonke iimpawu zendiza zomatshini omtsha zishiye iiparimeters zeenqwelo ezihlangeneyo emva. Inqwelo eyakhiweyo "Messerschmitt-262" ingaqwalaselwa ngokukhuselekileyo ngomsebenzi wobugcisa bwakhiwo.

Inkcazelo

Imodeli yakutshanje ye "Messerschmitt-262", idizayini engazange ifane ne-injini ye-jet yexesha langoku, ixhotyiswe ngeenjini ezimbini ze-turbojet kunye namaphiko alungeleyo. Isantya esiphezulu sentshukumo sasiyi-850 km / h. Ukuphakama kweemitha ezili-9,000, wafumana emaminithini angama-7. Ubungakanani obuphezulu bendiza yayiyi-11 000 yamitha. Ezi zixhobo kufuneka ziphawulwe ezine i-can-30 mm i-Cank MK-108, nganye iprojekti ekwazi ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza ibhobho. Babesemabini ngamaphiko, enye ingentla kwenye. Kwakukho nangoko ukufaka kwiibhola ezili-12 ezingaveli.

Ukuphendula ngokubambisana nokubonakala kwe-Messerschmitt-262

Iibambisene, ezithintekayo kakhulu izulu zaseYurophu, zatshitshiswa ngokubonakala kwe-ME-262. Okona kuninzi, le ngothuso ayizange ibhenxise ama-bombers aseMerika, ejwayele ukwenza izigwebo zemihla ngemihla kunye nokufakwa kwezempi eJamani. Kwakubonakala ngathi kuncinane kwaye yonke inzuzo emoyeni yayiya kulahleka.

Kodwa ekuncedeni abantu base-Anglo-America bangalindelekanga bafika uAdolf Hitler. Inyaniso kukuba ekuqaleni amaJamani asebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo ijeti elithi "Messerschmitt-262" njengomqhubi we-interceptor. UFührer wagxininisa ukusetyenziswa kwelo moya njengombhobho ophezulu, ongenakho ukunikela ingqalelo kwiinkcaso zabamqhubi, ukuphazamisa ukubonakala kweentlangano kwiindawo zaseYurophu zokusebenza kwemikhosi.

Abaqhubi beJamani malunga neenzukulwana ezintsha

Ngomnyaka we-1943, bekuyiNtloko yomqhubi we-Luftwaffe, uGeneral Adolf Galland, owazama imoto entsha. Wabonisa indlela awayeyibonakalisa ngayo ibinzana elifutshane: "Le moto iyaba ngathi iyagqunywa ngeengelosi." Ngokomnye umqhubi, uJorga Scypionski, "Messerschmitt-262" (umfanekiso oqulethwe kwinqaku) kwakunzima ukulawula. Into eyona nto kukukwenza konke ngokwemiyalelo, kwaye imoto iya kuziphatha ngokuthula kwaye ingabi yinto engabonakaliyo. Ngenxa yesantya esingaqhelekanga, into ephambili ekulwa nayo yayikubamba inqwelo yeentshaba emehlweni. Kule meko, umqhubi waba ngukumkani wale meko.

Amandla kwilo moya yayinamandla kangangokuthi enye ivolley yayanele ngokwenza konke. Nangona kunjalo, ngaba abaqhubi beemoto abaqeqeshekileyo abazange bakwazi ukujamelana nalo mshini onzima. Kwakudinga ukuhlaziywa okuyimfuneko, okwakudinga ixesha elide.

Iyunithi yokulwa "Yagdferband 744 (J744)"

Omnye wabaphikisi beqela likaHitler's and Goering isigqibo sokusebenzisa umloli we-Messerschmitt-262 njengombhobhoyi owayengumlawuli wezindiza ze-Luftwaffe, inqaba ye-England Adolf Galland. NgoJanuwari 1945, ngethuba le ntla nganiso eyayibanjwe ngumbutho wonke waseJamani, wabonisa ngokungaqinisekanga malunga nekhono likaGöring njengomlawuli welo moya. Ngenxa yoko, isiqhelo esinzima sisuswe esikhundleni. Nangona kunjalo, akazange alahle.

Ukubonisa ubungqina bakhe, uGalland ucebise ukuba enze iqela elikhethekileyo phantsi komyalelo wakhe, emmisela ngelo moya "Messerschmitt ME-262". UGerhard Barhorn (kunye neentlanga zomoya ezingama-301), uHeinz Baer (ukuphumelela okungama-220), uWalter Krupinski (ama-197), uJohness Steinhoff (iinqonga ezili-176), uGunther Lutzov (amawonga angu-108) kunye I-compound yayibizwa ngokuba yi "Fighter part" Yagdferband 744 (J744) ".

Inkcazelo emfutshane ye "Yagdferband 744 (J744)"

Ngomhla ka-Matshi 1945, ikomkhulu lelo qela elitsha lahlala kwindawo ye-moya yaseMunich-Riem, apho yafunyanwa khona iinqwelo ze-Allied bombers, ezenza iJalimane ibambelele emini. Kwaphela inyanga kunye nento encinane kule nqwelo ye-elite eyayisanda kuvela kwakukho ii-aircraft ezisezantsi ezingama-45 ezisezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kugcine ixesha elide. Ngo-Meyi 3, 1945, yahlulwa yi-Allies eSalzburg.

UAdolf Gallan ngokwakhe akazange avume inqaba yendiza. Wathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi emininzi ukuze amkele ukuhlaselwa kwama-Allied bombers. Ngomhla wama-25 uEpreli, ngomnye wabo, wadutshulwa ngumdlali waseMelika okhuselekileyo "R-47 R-47". Umqhubi walimala ngamadolo kwaye wayengenakukwazi ukuhlawula umloli wakhe kwintsimi ebanjwe ngumtya.

Ukutshutshiswa kwabaqhubi beJamani

Ukuphumelela kokuqala emva kwesigxina se-Messerschmitt-262 esisebenzayo senziwa nguAdolf Schreiber. Esi siganeko senzeke ngoJuni 26, 1944. Ukongeza kwii-pilot ezikhankanyiweyo ngasentla, u-Messerschmitt-262 wanceda ukuba adume ngoFranz Schall, wawina ama-14 okuphumelela kwi-ME-262 (137 kuzo zonke), 12 (58) kaHermann Buchner, 12 (78 kaGeorg Peter), 12 (222) ku-Erich Rudorfer, , UKarl Shnorrer - 11 (46), uJohnnes Steinhoff - 6 (176), uWalter Nowotny (i-248 yokunqoba), njl.

Abaqhubi bamajamani baseJamani babekholelwa ukuba i-Messerschmitt-262 yayingenakukhuseleka kangangokuthi baqala ukulwa neentshaba ngesibindi, okwakungamathuba amaninzi kunani labo. Ngoko, ngo-Matshi 19, 1945, abaqhubi beJamani abangama-28, e-Meserschmidt 262, babengesabi ukulwa nelo elikhulu lezindiza zaseMelika ezinee-1,300 zeebhomu kunye neejethi ze-750. Naphezu kwamanani abo amancinci, bakwazi ukuhlakaza i-armada yonke, ekuthintela ukuhlaselwa kwelinye lezinto eJamani.

Indlela amaLungu aManyeneyo alwa ngayo ne-ME-262

Ukulwa ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne-Messerschmitt-262, nayiphi na indiza ye-Allied yayiza kutshabalalisa. Ukulahlekelwa nguye ngejubane, ukuhamba kunye namandla ombane, ukunqoba akunakuze kuphuphe. Kodwa ke i-Achilles 'isithende yafunyanwa. Akukho nanye. Inyaniso kukuba i-jet fighter "i-Messerschmitt-262" yayisengozini enkulu ekukhutsheni nasekuhlaleni. Kule mizuzu, kwaye wagqiba ekubeni ugxininise ekujonganeni naye.

Okokuqala, yonke imikhosi yaphonswa ekubuyiseni kwamanxweme apho i-German "Swallows" isekelwe khona. Emva koko, i-runway yabo yayingaphantsi kwebhomu. Kwaxutywa kunye nomhlaba phantse nsuku zonke. Oku kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho i-Messerschmitts-262, esekelwe kwinqanaba lomoya, lathunyelwa kwenye indawo.

Kukho neenkcukacha ezininzi zokutshatyalaliswa kweM Messers ekuthathiweyo. Ngoko, ngo-Oktobha 7, 1944, uLieutenant Urban Drew, ehamba ngelizwe leentshaba, waphawula iindiza zeenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya ezisuka kwi-airfield. Ukusebenzisa inzuzo ngokuphakama nokukhawuleza, umqhubi wabetha ngokuchasene nabachasi waza wahlahla zombini, engavumeli ijubane ukuba lihlangane.

I-IU-262 emininzi yatshatyalaliswa kwiimfazwe zomoya. Ngoko, ngo-Novemba 8, 1944, omnye weLuftwaffe u- Walter Nowotny, owayedlalele i-aircraft eziyi-258 ngaphambili, wadutshulwa ngumnye wamagorha a-Mustang R-51 ayenxibe ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kwebhomu laseMelika.

Iimpawu ze-Messerschmitt-262

Ubude beenqwelo-moya kwakuyi-10.6 m, ukuphakama - 3.8 m, amaphikopan - 12.5 m, indawo yephiko - 21.8 m. Ubunzima bomshini ongenalutho lwama-3800 kg, ubunzima obuqhelekileyo bokuthatha isisindo - 6400 kg, ubunzima bokuthatha isisindo esiphezulu - 7140 kg. Ukufakwa kwendawo ephakamileyo yokuphakama kwakuyi-11 km. Isantya esiphezulu kwisantya esiphezulu sasingu-855 km / h. Ingalo ibene-4 izibhamu ze-MK-108. Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukufaka ama-rocket angama-12 angama-R4M.

Abaphumeleleyo be-Messerschmitt-262 abasebenzayo

Abaphumeleleyo bama-Messerschmitts asebenzayo phakathi kwama-Allied awaninzi. Ngokona nxalenye, iJamani "igaqa" yatshatyalaliswa kwiindawo zokungqonge, ukukhusela ukuba bangakhuphuki. Nangona kunjalo, i-Downer Messerschmitts-262 yabhalwa kwi-akhawunti kaCaptain J. Bendrault (386th FS), uLieutenant Müller (353rd FG), uMnuz Z. Connor (78th FG), iGosa elijongene noBob Cole ( RAF 3 Squadron), uLieutenant Lamb (78th FG), uLieutenant Wilson (i-401 eCanada Squadron) kunye nabanye.

Abaphumeleleyo beJet Messerschmitt-262: I-Eastern Front

Ukongeza kwiWater Yurophu yaseYurophu yokusebenza kwemikhosi, i-Messerschmitts-262 yabonakala kwiMpuma ye-Front. Enyanisweni, ulwazi malunga nalokhu lukhulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kwiluhlu lwabaphumeleleyo be "Messerschmitt-262" kukho amagama kunye nama-aces aseSoviet. I-jet "I-Messers" ebhalisiwe ngokusemthethweni kwi-akhawunti yabo ngu-Ivan Kozhedub, uLevi Lev, u-Ivan Kuznetsov, uYakov Okolepov no-Alexander Dolgunov. Ngokuqinisekileyo, amanye amagama amabini kufuneka afakwe kuloluhlu: UHarry Merkviladze, umqhubi we-152nd Guards Air Regiment kunye noVladimir Egorovich ukusuka kwi-402nd Fighter Aviation Regiment.

Nangona kunjalo, kwakungabikho ubungqina bokunqoba kwabo kwii-archives.

Isiphelo

Ngethuba lonke ixesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili , imboni yaseJamani yakha kwaye yathumela phambili ezindizeni eziyi-1,433 "i-Messerschmitt-262" kuquka nokuguqulwa kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, akuzona zonke iinqwelo zithuthi ezithatha inxaxheba kwiintshaba. Ukungabikho kwamanzi, ukusilela kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kunye nokusilela kweendawo ezisemgangathweni yeendawo zasemoyeni (imoto idinga umzila owandisiweyo) wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekupheleni kweenqwelo-moya zokuqala ze-Messerschmitt ME-262 zehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo washiya uphawu oluphawulekayo kwimbali ye-aircraft yehlabathi. Emva kwayo yonke into, ukubonakala kwakhe kubonakalise ukuqala kwexesha lokuhamba kweemoto.