I-Tribune yabantu. Imbali yokubonakala kunye nomsebenzi

Akusiyo imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuba iinkqubo zezopolitiko nezomthetho zaninzi zamazwe aseYurophu zakhiwa ngokohlobo loBukumkani baseRoma. Umthetho wamaRoma waba ngumgaqo wesiseko somthetho waseRoma - obizwa ngokuba ngumthetho ongenakwenzeka ngaphambili, osetyenziswa isigxina esihle samagunya anamhlanje, kuquka uRashiya. Le nkqubo yezomthetho inalolu hlobo lulandelayo: kuqala isenzo esiqhelanisiweyo, ngoko umzekelo. Okokuthi, isenzo esingachazwanga kwisikhokelo somthetho sombuso asilophulo-mthetho. Kwaye ngokubanzi, iRoma yasendulo yayinempembelelo enkulu kwihlabathi lethu. Thatha iLatini efanayo, uguquko oluthile lweelwimi ezininzi zaseNtshona Yurophu. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje siza kuthetha encinane ngenye into, eye yadlulela kuthi ukususela e-Antiquity kwifom echitshiweyo. Kwaye igama lakhe liyi-tribune yabantu. Makhe sithethe ngalokhu ngokubanzi.

Ziyintoni iinqununu zabantu?

Nangona okokuqala eRoma kwakulawulwa ookumkani, ngoko ke i-consuls - abalawuli basemagunyeni, kwaye ke inkqubo yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo ngumlawuli, kwindlela yezobupolitika yaseRoma yakudala kwakuhlala kuyinto yintando yesininzi.

I-tribune yabantu iyithuba elikhethiweyo phakathi kwama-plebeians. Wayebandakanyeka ekukhuselweni nasekukhuselweni kohlazo kunye nokuthukwa. Igama lesiLatini, apho i-tribune yabantu ibiza ngamandla abo-sacrosancta potestas, ekuguquleleni ithetha "amandla athatyathwe ngongcwaliso ngokomoya."

Imbali yembonakalo yale post ibuyele kwimpikiswano yamandulo yababhishobi - inzala yookumkani bokuqala baseRoma - kunye nama-plebeians, kubemi abemi baseRoma. Ekuqaleni, kuphela aba patricians ababemelwe kwiSeneti, i-plebeians ayinalo ithuba lokunyulwa apho kwaye ngokwenene babekwe kwindawo yezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kuthintelo lwezomthetho, abanye abantu abavela kubantu abaqhelekileyo banokufumana isisityebi ngokwaneleyo ukuba bangabinaki (ngokubhekiselele kwipropati) amakhosikazi ahloniphekileyo, ngaloo ndlela bakhulisa impembelelo yabo kwimibuthano ephezulu. Kwakhona, ngamanye amaxesha eRoma, izibambano ze-plebeian zavela, ezingakhokelela kuphela ekufeni kwabantu abaninzi, kodwa kunye nokwehla kwezomnotho kwexeshana ngenxa yokubhujiswa okubangelwa ngexesha lovuko.

Ngaba iintlanga zabantu zazivela njani eRoma?

Ukuze uthintele ukugawulwa kwegazi rhoqo, phantsi koxinzelelo lwentlalo ye-plebeian, i-Senate yaphoqelelwa ukuseka isithuba se-tribune yabantu ekhethiweyo "ii-plebeians ezivela kwi-plebeians". Oku kwaba nefuthe elikhulu kwiinkqubo zonke, kwiRome yaMandulo. I-tribune yabantu yayingavumelana nezigqibo zeSeneti, ekwahluleleni kwakhe, i-plebeians, inelungelo lokugweba abantu abanobugwenxa isithunzi nesidima sabantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye banokuzikhusela. Ngaloo ndlela, emva kwexesha elithile, ngemizamo yombutho we-plebeian ngokusebenzisa abo babantu baseSeneti, isigqibo senziwe ukulinganisela iziqhamo, kodwa nangemva koko iintlanga zabantu azizange ziphele. Waqala ukujongana nemicimbi yabemi abaqhelekileyo: abahlwempuzekileyo, abalimi, abenzi abahluphekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bavela phi. Igama lesiLatini, elalibizwa ngokuba yi-tribune yabantu phakathi kwabathengi bayo - patronum, oku kuthetha "umkhuseli". Ukhetho lwale post luye lwaqhutywa ngamagatya amabini: okokuqala, nganye ikharityhulam yonyula umviwa, kwaye ke abafake izicelo bachongwa kwizinga le-comitia yokuhlawula.

Ama-echoes anamhlanje e-Social Institute of Tribunes

Imigaqo apho iintlanganiso zabantu zisebenza khona, ngoku zibandakanywa kwiziko likarhulumente lamalungelo abantu. Ngokomzekelo, kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka uRashiya, kukho i-ombudsman kule ntsimi, imisebenzi yayo ibandakanya ukukhusela nokubeka iliso ukugcinwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngurhulumente. Ngaloo ndlela, wenza into eyenziwa ngabantwini bexesha elilodwa. Nangona kunjalo, amagunya e-ombudsman yanamhlanje athatyathwa kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nomfanekiso wasendulo wamaRoma: akanakuvota, akanako ukungafihli nto kwaye akanalo ilungelo lokuqala. Umsebenzi wayo kuphela ukulawula imizimba yelizwe kwaye, xa kungabikho ukugcinwa kwamalungelo oluntu, ukuqala inkundla, oko kukuthi, iqhinga elibizwa ngokuba yijaji. Ngokomthetho, i-ombudsman ayihambisani nawaphi na amasebe karhulumente: akukho mthetho, okanye isigqeba, okanye isigwebo.

Sithemba ukuba ufunde ulwazi oluninzi nolutsha olunomdla, kwaye le ngcaciso iluncedo kuwe.