Imbali yeGrisi yamandulo: ubuninzi bebonke bomgaqo-nkqubo. Umgaqo-nkqubo wamaGrike njengombutho wezoqoqosho nezentlalo

IGrisi ya mandulo ibamangalisileyo ingcamango yabantu basekhaya, ingakhankanyi iimbali-zembali zenzululwazi yexesha lethu. Impucuko yabo, evela kubadobi abalula kunye nabafundisi, ngokukhawuleza yaba yinto enamandla kakhulu kwiLizwe laMandulo. AmaGrike ahlonishwa njengabalingani abavelele (nabakhohlisi) abapolisi, abanqwelisayo nabanamandla.

Bafikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwiimishini: ezinye zezixhobo zabo azikho ngaphantsi kweeyure zokutshintshwa kwee-19 zenkulungwane. AmaGrike ayayazi amandla omlambo, adala iiprototypes zokuqala zeenjini ezinjengeemidlalo.

Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezo mpu melelo nezinye aziyi kwenzeka ngaphandle kobunzulu bezentlalo ezilungeleleneyo eziza kunika imfundo kubemi bayo, zikhusele kwiintshaba. Ekubeni i-"cog" ephambili yenkqubela yeGrike yamandulo yayiyimigaqo-nkqubo, le ngqungquthela kufuneka ixoxwe ngokuhlukileyo.

Iyintoni umgaqo-nkqubo wamaGrike wasendulo?

Enyanisweni, isixeko saziwa ngokuba yi-polis. Kodwa apha sifuna ukwenza ukucaciswa okubalulekileyo: ngaloo minyaka, izixeko zazihlala zihlukeneyo. Ubukumkani obufanayo bobukhosi baseFenike, ngokwelizwi lwanamhlanje, i-confederation eyenziwa ngamanye amazwe angayikhupha kuyo nayiphi na ixesha. Ukongezelela, ubuninzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bebenokusebenza ngokupolitiko: nabani na umntu okhululekileyo unomsebenzi wokuthatha inxaxheba ekuvoteleni, ekwenzeni izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zombuso.

Zonke ezi zinto zazikhokelela kwiingxabano ezibuhlungu kunye nokulwa eendleleni zesitrato, okwenza abantu bahlala bejonga ukuba amaGrike ukuba "abe ngabantu abathandanayo". Ngaloo ndlela, umgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka uthathwe njengendlela eyahlukeneyo, ekhethekileyo yezopolitiko kunye nentlalo yoluntu. Intsimi yale mfundo yayingagcinwanga kuphela kwiindonga zedolophu, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi kubemi bomgaqo-nkqubo (oko kukuthi, abantu ababekho kwinkonzo karhulumente) banokukhusela nokuhlakulela.

Iza kwenzeka njani kwisixeko?

Umgaqo-nkqubo uyingqayizivele ngenxa yokuba kuvele kwimeko yokuguquka kwimbali yamandulo, kwiinguqu ezivela kwinkqubo yendlu kunye neyomnxeba ukuya kwi "protostates" yokuqala. Ngaloo minyaka yokuqala, ulungelelwano loluntu lwaqala: abantu abanekhono bakhetha ukuba ngababugcisa kwaye bathengise iziphumo zomsebenzi wabo, kwaye banganikeli izibonelelo abazenzayo. Kwakukho abarhwebi abanokwazi ukuthengisa izandla ngezizwe, "i-caste" yamajoni awakhusele ngokuqinisekileyo abo barhwebi kunye nenhlalakahle ngokubanzi kuwo onke amalungu aloo "mlandeli welizwe" ahluke kakhulu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, phantse yonke imizi-dolophu yaseGrisi yamandulo yayinomkhosi omuhle, ngoko ke, ukuba kuyimfuneko, iyakwazi ukuzimela.

Ewe, bonke aba bantu bakhetha ukuhlala ngaphandle kwintsimi. Izixeko ezinkulu zaqala ukuvela kwaye ziphuhlise ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yokuba abaculi kunye nabanini-mhlaba babehlala kwiindonga zabo, abarhwebi kunye namajoni, izazinzulu kunye nezopolitiko, babenelisekile ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko kwakukho imigaqo.

Kodwa yintoni eyayiyintlangano yoluntu enjalo (ngeemilinganiselo zanamhlanje) "izixeko"? Okumangalisa kukuba, ininzi yabemi be-polis-style polis yayimele ngabantu abakhululekile, abemi. Baye bathatha inxaxheba kokubili kwimveliso yezinto eziyimfuneko (abafundisi, abalimi, abenzi bezobugcisa), nokukhusela umhlaba wabo. Umkhosi wasemkhosini wawukhusela indawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kokusongela izinto ezinobungozi, ngeli xesha ngexesha leentshaba lihlasela ukukhusela iindonga zomgaqo-nkqubo, kuphela abemi bayo bashiye.

Uqoqosho

Isiqinisekiso sentlalo-ntlalontle yinto ekhethekileyo, uhlobo lwangaphambili lomnini. Ubunqabileyo bayo bubumbano obunjani. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ilizwe lalingekho phantsi komthetho, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo ilungelo lobunikazi balobucala abuzange liphikisane. Kubalulekile! Ilungelo lokufumana isabelo sakhe kwakunomntu kuphela! (!) Isizwe somgaqo-lungelo ngokuzalwa, umntu owayekade ekhululekile. Ngaloo ndlela, abahlali-basepolitiki baseGrisi bamandulo basekela ukuthanda kwabo abemi, kwaye banqanda ukuphazamiseka kwabangaphandle kwimicimbi yangaphakathi karhulumente.

Ngubani omnye ohlala kwimigaqo?

Njengoko sithe satsho, onke amalungelo angabinakho nje kuphela ngumntu okhululekileyo, kodwa enokuba ngummi wepolisi ngokuzalwa. Ukongezelela kubemi "abagciniweyo," kumgaqo-nkqubo baphila ii-metacs, iipereeks, i-freedmen. Bayikhululekile ngokupheleleyo, banokubandakanya phantse nayiphi na imisebenzi, kodwa bengenalo ilungelo lokuvota, babengenakuhlala phantsi kwezikhundla ezixanduva. Njengomthetho, baqhuba ishishini elincinci kunye nobugcisa.

Iingcaka ziyingxenye yesithathu yoluntu lomgaqo- nkqubo. Babenalo lungelo kuwo onke, babengenakho ukufumana impahla. Yonke into eyenziwa yikhoboka okanye ifunyanwa yinkosi yayo. Ngokukodwa, lobu bukhoboka baseGrike nabamaRoma behluke kwiingcamango ezifanayo kumaFenike afanayo, apho umntu ongekho mkhulu unako ukufumana ubuncinane ipropati.

Ukwahlula uluntu ngokwempawu zaseAthens

E-Athene, umzekelo wepolisi yamaGrisi, ngokusekelwe kwicandelo elicacileyo kubo bonke abemi balo, luchazwe ngokukhethekileyo. Njengoko sesele sazi, abantu abakhululekileyo bahlulwe baba ngabemi kunye neetacac.

Isizwe sinokuphela kuphela kunye nabazali bobabini ababengama-Athene. Babenelungelo elipheleleyo lopolitiko. Ubumi beAthene banika ilungelo kuwo onke amaxabiso karhulumente kunye nentlawulo. Ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-18 aba bantu babecingwa ukuba banomthwalo wemisebenzi yemikhosi, kwaye ukuya kwi-20 ubudala bonke abafana bafumana uqeqesho olufunekayo lwezempi. Siyabulela le nto imbali yeGrisi yamandulo ayayazi amaxesha apho amaGrike anikezela kwiintshaba ngaphandle kokulwa.

I-Metekami yaba ngabantu ababehlala eAthene ixesha elide. Ngokuqhelekileyo aba bantu bavela eminye imigaqo-nkqubo. Abazange banelungelo lokuvota kuphela, kodwa babengenakufumana i-real estate kwisixeko. Abemi kunye neetamac abakwazi ukungena kwimitshato esemthethweni, kwaye abantwana bebukhoboka babo babecatshangwa bengatshatanga. I-metac nganye kufuneka ibe nomlamli, iprotrate, apho kwakufuneka ixubushe kunye nombuso.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubuninzi benani lomgaqo-nkqubo ngumdemos, oko kukuthi, abantu abakhululekile. Oku kwatshintsha kuphela kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobukho belizwe, xa izigqila kwiidolophu ezininzi ziba yintlambo yezentlalo.

Aba bantu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, babephantsi kwenani elikhulu leerhafu ezahlukileyo, ezidla ngokuya kwiimfuno zemikhosi. Ukongeza, babefuneka ukuba benze inkonzo yempi. Inkululeko yafaniswa nabo, bahlawula irhafu efanayo. Inkqubo yezopolitiko yomgaqo-nkqubo wamaGrisi wawuthintela ngamabomu abantu abanjalo bombuso, kuba bebenokulimaza urhulumente.

Amakhoboka ayimfihlo kunye noluntu. Aba baphumeleleyo bangaba ngabaphathi-ntloko, babe yinxalenye yamapolisa, babe ngababulali kunye nababhali. Amakhoboka abucala ayehlala ngokwahlukileyo kubanikazi bawo. Ngeendlela ezininzi, inkcazo kuphela yemo yabo yayingu-obrok, eyayihlawulela inkosi yabo. Intolongo yemfazwe, umntwana wekhoboka, indoda eyathengiweyo ngenjongo yokungaphandle kwayo ingangena ebukhoboka. Ngaphantsi kweSolon, ubukhoboka obude buphelile, obusetyenziswe kakhulu ngaphambili e-Athene. Njengoko sithe satsho, akukho nto iyakunakho na phakathi kwamakhoboka. Kodwa oku akuzange kusebenze kumakhoboka aseburhulumenteni, abanokufumana into ethile.

Ubu bungqina bala bantu enkundleni babulungile, kodwa kuphela kwimeko xa inkosi iphathiswe kubo. Unokubulala isigqila sakhe nanini na, kwaye le nto yayingacingwa njengoluphulo-mthetho. Kuba ukubulawa komntu othile "kwipropati" kwakufanele kuhlawulwe.

Yintoni umgaqo-nkqubo wawunika abemi bawo?

Ngezo zihlandlo ezinzima, umgaqo-nkqubo uthatha ukunika abemi bawo umhlaba, ukuqinisekisa ukuba unelungelo lokuba namakhoboka. Isixeko, okokuthi, urhulumente, kufuneka sizinakekele ukugcina uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwabo bonke abemi balo. Ngokucacileyo, le mithetho ibangele ulawulo oluphambili lomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle - ukwandiswa kunye nekolononi, njengoko abemi behlala befuna umhlaba omtsha. Ukusebenza kwenkonzo karhulumente kunye nempi, kwaqalwa umvuzo, owasekwa kwiimali ezifunyenwe kwindlela yentlawulo kunye nokukhutshwa komkhosi.

Ngokubanzi, imbali yeGrisi yamandulo kule ndawo ayizange ihluke kwixesha elifanayo kwamanye amazwe.

Iinkcukacha zemisebenzi yempi

Wonke ummi ophakathi kweminyaka eyi-17 no-60 wayebhekwa njengomkhosi wemfanelo (jonga ngasentla). Abantu abazizityebi benza amahashe kwaye bajoyina amaqela e-hoplites (iintshontsho ezinamaxhoba amaninzi). Bonke abanye bebehamba ngokulula kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, abagibeli abamahashe. Ubume beentlalontle zentlalo phakathi komgaqo-nkqubo kukuba inkonzo enomkhosi kunye nama-militia ayengahlonwanga kuphela, kodwa enqwenelekayo. Abemi babenabo ngokwenene, kuba baqonda kakuhle ukuba akukho ndawo, ngaphandle kwipolisi yabo, badinga nabani na, ukuba ubomi babo, kunye nobomi bentsapho kunye nabahlobo babo, kuxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwintlalontle kunye nokhuseleko lwawo.

Ubungcali bezopolitiko

Naphezu kwenani elikhulu leedolophu, ilungiselelo labo lezopolitiko lalilinganayo. Kukho nawuphi na, kwakukho imigaqo esetyenziswa rhoqo. Ngaloo ndlela, yonke imizi yaseGrisi yaMandulo yayinamalungu alandelayo:

• Iindibano zabantu (Apella, ecclesia).
• Intlanganiso yabahlali abakhulileyo, "amalungu ahloniphekileyo" (iGerusia, Areopagus, Senate).
• Amagosa akhethwe ngokwahlukileyo (omantyi).

INdibano Yabantu - inxaxheba enkulu yentando yesininzi yobomi bezopolitiko kweso sihlandlo-kwakukho kuyo yonke imigaqo-nkqubo. Kungenxa yobukho beli gqeba lolawulo lokuba ilungelo lommi ngamnye omdala ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi kaRhulumente lizaliswe ngokupheleleyo.

Nangona kunjalo, akufanele sicinge ukuba uxolo kunye nokuvisisana kubusa ngaphakathi komgaqo-nkqubo. Uluhlu oluhlukeneyo lwentlalo lwenza umzabalazo wezopolitiko rhoqo, ukuqinisekiswa kwabo kunye nabameli babo ukuxhomekeka kwiindibano eziqhelekileyo ukuze bakhethe abantu babo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Iidolophu zaseGrisi lasendulo zinokuba yi-oligarchic (Sparta), okanye intando yesininzi (i-Athene).

Ngaphandle kwexesha eliqhelekileyo lalichazwe kuphela ngamaqhinga: kunokuba baninzi abanini-mhlaba kwiipolis-agrarians okanye abagcisa kunye nabahwebi. Ubomelele kwisibonakaliso samanani yile nto okanye ukuba i-social stratum, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwimbono yabameli bayo kwiintlanganiso. Ngoko, iKorinte yayingumgaqo-nkqubo wezobugcisa-nkqubo, kanti i-Sparta yayingamazwe ezolimo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, babengabathengisi abaye bazimisela ukuphuhliswa kweGrisi yamandulo: I-Athene, ngokungafani ne-Sparta, yayisoloko iphakathi kwezopolitiko kweso sihlandlo, ihlala iphazamisa kwaye iyanqanda ukuphuhliswa kwayo.

Inkxalabo yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko

Ngokukhula kwenani lamakhoboka kunye nokugxininisa ekusebenzeni kwekhoboka, izixeko zakwaGrike ziba enye yeefom zelizwe elinobukhoboka. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi abalimi abazimeleyo bachithekile, abakwazi ukunyamezela ukhuphiswano kunye nabasebenzi bekhoboka. Ifomu yamandulo yepropati icetyiswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ichithekele, imigaqo-nkqubo iyangena ngexesha leengxaki. Nangona ininzi yezixeko zifumana iimbali zazo ngeenxa yesibini ye-5 BC, kuphela ekupheleni kweminyaka eyi-100 ukuhla kwawo kwaqala kwaye kwahlulwa ekugqibeleni ubugqwetha kunye nokunyanzelisa.

Ngaloo ndlela, izigaba eziphambili zokuphuhliswa kweGrisi yamandulo azifani nantoni na engavamile: ukuhamba ukusuka kwinkqubo yesikolo sokuqala kwintlalo, amaGrike ekugqibeleni afika kumzekelo wentlalo ekhohlakeleyo. Ngokubanzi, oku kubangele ukuba ubuthathaka belizwe labo.

Umthetho weNjoka

Enye yobungqina bokuba kwenzeka ntoni "iMithetho yeNyoka". Ngokusobala yafumana igama layo ngenqanaba elibi kakhulu leenkohlakalo ebezibandakanya. Nangona kunjalo, kude kube ngoku, kuphela amagama abo ahla. Kuyaziwa ukuba ijoka yazisa oku kulandelayo:

• Bonke abemi besixeko ababenako kwaye bakwazi ukuphatha izixhobo bafumana onke amalungelo ezopolitiko kunye noluntu.
• Amashoni angama-9 abelwe.
• Ukususela ngoku, iBhunga labahlali lonyulwa liqela, lingabandakanya abemi abangama-401.
• I-social order patriarchal egcinwe ngokupheleleyo.
• Naliphi na ummi weetyala ezisuka ngoku ngoku, angabakhoboka.
• Wonke umntu unelungelo lokuhlamba igazi.
• Kwaqeshwa i-collegium yaseCosmas ne-Efbes.
• Isiqinisekiso sempahla esisigxina senziwa ngexesha lokungeniswa kwinkonzo yoluntu.

Ezi mpawu zomgaqo-nkqubo wamaGrike zigcinwe kwimeko engatshintshiyo yonke iminyaka elandelayo.

Imithetho kaSolon

Ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kukaSolon, ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kwaqala ukuzibonakalisa ngakumbi nakwiindawo zoluntu. Ngekhulu le-7 ngaphambi koKrestu, konke oku kukhokelela entetho evulekileyo ngokuchasene nabahloniphekileyo. Ukongezelela, ubukhosi bobuhlanga bubacaphukisa kakhulu abameli beentengiso kunye nabenzi bezobugcisa abaye balala kubantu. Bekulindeleke ukuba "baxoshe" i-aristocracy, eyayikhupha ngamandla ukuphuhliswa koqoqosho kweGrisi.

Ngoko ngo-594 BC uSolon ukhethwa ngumphathi omkhulu. Wazama ukungavumeli iimpucuko zoluntu ezinzulu, ngoko ke zigcinwe ngamanye amalungelo abo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinjongo zeProkeyli ipolisi ngokubanzi iquke ngokuchanekileyo kwinto yokuba ubukhokheli be sixeko bezama ukuqwalasela iminqweno yazo zonke iindidi kunye nentlalo yoluntu yoluntu.

Ezinkulu iinguqulelo

Okokuqala, uSolon "ulungiselele" amatyala abantu abawela ebukhosini ngenxa yoko. Zonke iitalato zaxoshwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngokwasemthethweni, kwakungavunyelwe ukukhupha imali ebolekwa ngumnini-mboleki. Amakhoboka athengwa ngaphandle kwiphondo abuyiselwe kwilizwe lawo, anikwa amalungelo omntu.

USolon wahlulwa bonke abemi kwiindidi ezine. Amalungu kuphela ezithathu zokuqala (eli liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yabemi yomgaqo-nkqubo waseGrisi lasendulo) avunyelwe ukulawula urhulumente, kuphela abemi beklasi babeza kuba ngamagosa kunye namalungu aseAreopago. Bonke abantu beli candelo lesine banelungelo lokuvota kwintlanganiso yabantu.

Ukongezelela, njengoko kwimeko yeNyoka, "iBhunga lamakhulu amane" lonyulwa, kodwa kuphela abantu abavela kwiiklasi zokuqala ezintathu bangangena kulo, ngokulinganayo kwinqanaba ngalinye lentlalo. Icala lejaji ladalwa, kwaye bonke abemi bangaba ngamajuri, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahlala njani.

Phantse kwiminyaka emithathu, yonke into eyenziwa nguSolon yayigcinwa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye emva koko iguquliwe.

Ukuguqulwa kweClehenhenes

UCleisthenes wasekela ubuchule emzabalazweni wakhe ngokulawulwa kobuqhetseba beepistrans. Kumkani wabo, u-Hypius, ngenxa yoko waxoshwa, amandla okunyanzeliswa apheliswa, kwaye urhulumente wayephathiswe uCleisthenes ngokwakhe. Xa efika, iimpawu zomgaqo-nkqubo wamaGrisi zenze utshintsho olukhulu.

Ekuqaleni le BC ngenkulungwane yesihlanu, oko uwugcinayo iinguqu ezijoliswe ekupheliseni sokugqibela iintsalela kwenkqubo yezizwe. It Cleisthenes uyekwa ukwahlulwa labemi zibe ziindidi ezine nghena iyantlukwano sendawo yi. Xa iyonke kukho iindidi ezilishumi (phyla). Ngamnye kubo akukho entity efanayo indawo, yaye usoloko lwaluquka abanye abathathu: isinye esithathwini umzi, isinye kwisithathu kwimimandla yonxweme, isithathu amazwe engaphakathi karhulumente. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ngokucacileyo 2/3 kunye 1/3 kubemi amafama asemaphandleni. EziFihliweyo ebusa demarhi. Ngoko ukuguqula iimpawu polis zamaGrike.

Kunokuba i "iBhunga ezine" lafakwa "IBhunga Five Hundred", olu sapho lwaluquka 50 ukusuka phylum nganye. Archons ziye zapheliswa, indawo yabo esithathwe yiBhodi strategists. Imfuneko ukuze iklasi izithuba zikarhulumente eliphezulu ezazigcinwe ngokupheleleyo. It Cleisthenes waba ngukhokho ishwangusha, "yohambo yeNkundla." Ekuhambeni yayo, nawuphi na ummi lowo uluntu ingqalelo kube yingozi ukuba umzi, nto bagxothwa-nkqubo kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi.

Sinethemba lokuba ntoni isambuku nkqubo lwabantu inqaku uyazi,, yintoni indima imizi ezindala kwimbali World Ancient.