Dzhon Fon Neyman: Biography kanye ezincwadi

Ngubani na von kunikezelo? Igama lakhe uyiqhelile kwinginginya ezibanzi labemi, ISAZINZULU bengazi ukuba nomdla omkhulu kwimathematika eziphezulu. Le nto ukuba liqulunqe logic olunzulu nokusebenza computer. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuba iphunyeziwe ngezigidi kwiikhompyutha zabo zasemakhaya kunye ofisi.

Eyona mpumelelo inkulu kunikezelo oluqhelekileyo

Wabizwa ngokuba umatshini umntu-zemathematika, indoda logic elihle. Yena ngokunyanisekileyo wavuya xa wadibana umsebenzi onzima sengqiqo ukuba ufuna imvume nje kuphela, kodwa phambi kwendalo kwesi sixhobo ikhethekileyo. Le Isazinzulu ngokwakhe, beneentloni sakhe njengesiqhelo, kancinane kakhulu, kwiminyaka yakutshanje - amanqaku amathathu - funda iminikelo yakhe imathematika:

- isiseko ubucukubhede kwenani;

- nokudalwa thiyori abaqhubi yokumazisa;

- theory ergodic.

Akazange kwaukulikhankanya iminikelo yakhe kwithiyori imidlalo, ukuvela iikhompyutha elektroniki, theory automata. Oku kuyaqondakala, kuba ke uthetha imathematika kwezemfundo, apho impumelelo bakhe babonakala ziikomfa njengoko onomtsalane ingqondo yomntu, ngokunjalo isebenza Anri Puankare, uDavide Hilbert, Germana Veylya.

uhlobo sangvinistichesky udlelwano

Nangona bonke abahlobo bakhe bakhumbula ukuba kunye okukwazi ukusebenza, von kunikezelo waba ingqiqo kakhulu uburharha, yaba ukubalisa brilliant, kunye nekhaya lakhe Princeton (emva kokuya eUnited States) wayesaziwa ngokuba yeyona babenobubele kwaye enobubele. Abahlobo umphefumlo oko akuthethi chayali kwaye nkqu iliso ngokuthi nje igama Johnny.

Yena waba yezibalo Nedlac kakhulu. umdla Hungarian ebantwini, ukuhleba bakhe bahleke nje engaqhelekanga. Noko ke, waba ngaphezu ukumelana ubuthathaka babantu. Into kuphela ukuba ulalelwe - ki zemfundo.

Scientist efana nokuqokelela ubuthathaka babantu kunye nemikhwa ukuba iseti manani systems kutenxa kokumiselweyo. Wayebathanda imbali, uncwadi, Encyclopedic ngehloko amanqaku kunye nemihla. Von kunikezelo ngaphandle ulwimi lweenkobe ngokutyibilikayo uthetha IsiNgesi, IsiJamani, IsiFrentshi. Kananjalo wathetha, nakuba ngaphandle iziphako, ngeSpanish. Ndafunda e Latin nangesiRoma.

Kwakubonakala ngathi le misebenzi? indoda elipheleleyo ukuphakama medium of isuti nozithobela iqinelwa ukuphumla, kodwa obungalinganiyo, kodwa ngandlela ngumdla isantya kwaye decelerating. Gaze zejele. elihle lokuxoxa. On izihloko emidla ukuthetha kangangeeyure.

Ubutsha nobudoda

Biography von kunikezelo oluqhelekileyo luqala 23.12.1903 ngonyaka. Ngaloo mini Budapest kwi bhanki usapho Max von kunikezelo János wazalwa, amazibulo oonyana abathathu. Kuyo kwixesha elizayo ngaphesheya Atlantic ukuba uYohane. Kangakanani oko kuthetha imfundo efanelekileyo kubomi bomntu, ukukhulisa izakhono zabo bemvelo! Kwanangaphambi kokuba isikolo baqesha uYohane walungisa ootitshala uyise. imfundo Secondary uye wafumana inkwenkwe elite yamaLuthere Gymnasium. Hi ndlela leyi, kunye naye wayefunda E. Wigner, ikamva Nobel Prize.

Emva koko lo mfana izidanga kwiYunivesithi yeBudapest. Ukuze ulonwabo lwakhe, nokuba kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ngelixa Janos wadibana utitshala yeMathematika Laslo iimpuku. Oku koko kuqwalaselwe utitshala ngonobumba omkhulu wanikwa inkwenkwe ukuvula kwixesha elizayo yingqondi zezibalo. Ke kwangena kwisangqa elite Hungarian Janos zemathematika, apho ivayolin yokuqala udlala Lipot Fejer. Ngenxa ukusekelwa M. Fekete noJ von kunikezelo Kyurshaka sele yi ngexesha zebanga wayeyifumana kwizifundiswa igama italente entsha. ngokwenene ukuqala lakhe ekuseni. iphepha lakhe lokuqala lwenzululwazi, "Ngomhla ukusasazwa amaqanda ubuncinane polynomials" Janos wabhala eneminyaka engama-17.

Romantic futhi Classic ezityikitywe zibe enye

Kunikezelo umi phakathi zezibalo ihloniphekile ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo. Ngaphandle, mhlawumbi, nje kwithiyori amanani, onke amanye amasebe kwemathematika shiyana baphenjelelwa ziingcamango zemathematika Hungarian. Izazinzulu (ngezigaba B. Oswald) Sima Romantics (ezivelisa izimvo), okanye ezakudala (nako ukuwutsala neziphumo ngezimvo aqulunqe ingcamango epheleleyo.) Oko ekunokuthiwa kwiintlobo zombini. Bonisa imisebenzi emikhulu ingcaciso kunikezelo imvelaphi, ngaloo ndlela wokubhiyozela iindawo zemathematika apho bathi bona.

1. Beka theory :

- "Ngomhla elikuwo theory iseti" (1923).

- "Ku Hilbert theory ubungqina" (1927).

theory 2. Game:

- "Ngomhla kwithiyori imidlalo qhinga" (1928).

- umsebenzi Fundamental "ukuziphatha lwezoQoqosho umdlalo umbono" (1944).

3. ubucukubhede Quantum:

- "ucingisisa ubucukubhede umyinge" (1927).

- Le ncwadi "Isisekelo Mathematical of Quantum Mechanics" (1932).

4. theory Ergodic:

- "Ngomhla algebra kwabasebenzisi ezisebenzayo .." (1929).

- A Uthotho imisebenzi "kumakhonkco abaqhubi" (1936 - 1938).

5. Izicelo ukudala kwikhompyutha:

- "inversion nenani lweendlela abantu ukuze eliphezulu" (1938).

- "enengqondo Jikelele Theory of Automata" (1948).

- "yolungelelwaniso iinkqubo ethembekileyo kunye iziqalelo ukungathembeki" (1952).

Ekuqaleni Dzhon Fon Neyman kuqikelelwa ubuchule umntu ukuba busy nenzululwazi yakhe ayithandayo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, isandla sikaThixo inikwa abantu ukuze baphuhlise izakhono izibalo kunye engama-26 ubudala. Yaba ukuqala ekuseni, njengoko izazinzulu, nto ebaluleke kakhulu. Emva koko, xa amarhamente i 'kukumkanikazi inzululwazi ", ixesha nobugocigoci yobungcali.

Ukukhulisa Bulelani amashumi qualification nomsebenzi, ngokutsho kunikezelo, ihlawula ukuba ukwehla nobuchule bemvelo. Noko ke, emva kweminyaka emininzi isazinzulu owahlukileyo kunye nokusebenza unesiphiwo kwaye emangalisayo, abe engenasiphelo kwi yesisombululo imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, isiseko zemathematika kwethiyori quantum wamthabatha iminyaka emibini nje. A Ukulifunda, kwaba ezilingana amashumi eminyaka umsebenzi lonke kuluntu lwezenzululwazi.

Phezu kwemimiselo von kunikezelo oluqhelekileyo

Apho ngokuqhelekileyo waqala izifundo zabo kunikezelo oselula malunga imisebenzi oonjingalwazi Mbasa wathi "neenzipho ingonyama ukufunda '? akuqala ukusombulula ingxaki, kuqala yaqulunqa inkqubo elikuwo.

Makhe sithathe kwimeko ethile. Yiyiphi imigaqo von kunikezelo, liphelelwe ekwakhiweni-bulumko kwabo kweembalo yokwakha computer? elikuwo zabo enengqondo zaseprayimari. Ngaba loo intuition yenzululwazi brilliant okwaye kwangena ezi zithembiso!

Ba esiluqilima substantive, nangona Njengomhlaziyi ebhaliwe, xa ikhompyutha wayengekho kodwa emehlweni:

1. Iikhompyutha kufuneka ukusebenza ngamanani amelweyo ifomu yokubini. zingqamene lokugcina ngeempawu semiconductors.

2. Inkqubo computing lukhutshwe kumatshini, kulawulwa yinkqubo yolawulo, nto leyo ulandelelwano ezisesikweni imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo.

3. Ukukhunjulwa computer ezisebenza umsebenzi ezimbini: ukugcinwa kunye nedata kunye neenkqubo. Abo nabanye ukuyifunda ifomu yokubini. Ukufikelela kwi-nkqubo efana ukufikelela kwidatha. Ngokutsho uhlobo lwe data ziyafana, kodwa ezahlukeneyo ngendlela yokujongwa zokufikelela iseli memory.

4. iiseli Memory computer iyaziseka. Xa idilesi ethile, ungasoloko ukufikelela idatha egcinwe kwi kwiseli. Ngaloo ndlela umsebenzi eziguquguqukayo kweenkqubo.

5. Amalungiselelo kubulawe order eyodwa imiyalelo ngokusebenzisa iingxelo yoxhomekeko. Noko ke, baya kuqhutywa ngendlela wendalo iirekhodi zabo, kwaye ulandele wenkqubo elikhankanyiweyo sokukhomba inguqu.

zesayensi ngayazi

Outlook kunikezelo wavumela ukufumana izimvo zemathematika kwihlabathi ngokubanzi ophathekayo. imigaqo John von kunikezelo kwasekwa umsebenzi wokudala kunye ukudala EDVAK ikhompyutha kunye zesayensi emzimbeni.

Omnye wabo, ogama Ulam wakhumbula ukuba uYohane nangoko bakubamba zeengcinga zabo, ngoko engqondweni yakhe ukuba aguqulele ibe ulwimi lwemathematika. Ukuvumela i binzana uqulunqe kunye zeesekethe (prikidochnye yokubala Scientist phantse nangoko ziveliswa engqondweni), oko ke iqondwa kakuhle eli ngxaki. Kwaye isigaba sokugqibela umsebenzi owenziwe aqale Hungarian aguqula umva ngeziphumo zabo 'ulwimi physics, "waza wanika ulwazi oluninzi lwangoku ukubabona noogxa.

kwalo loo wenza nomvakalelo womoya onamandla phezu oogxa inxaxheba kuphuhliso projekthi.

umsebenzi computer Ukuqiqa Analytical

Imigaqo nokusebenza von kunikezelo khompyutha ibonelela oomatshini ezahlukeneyo kunye namalungu software. Ukuba utshintsha inkqubo ephunyelelweyo enkumbulweni functionality. Le Isazinzulu alawulwa kakuhle kakhulu nangokucazululayo achonge izinto eziphambili ukusebenza kwenkqubo elizayo. Njengoko i element yolawulo, yena kuzakuthathwa ingxelo. Le Isazinzulu wanika igama isixhobo iiyunithi ezisebenzayo, ezaba isitshixo kwikamva revolution ulwazi. Ngoko ke, ngengqondo computer von kunikezelo yayiba:

- kwinkumbulo yekhomputha okanye isixhobo yokugcina (olufinyeziweyo - SP);

- iyunithi yokalo emileyo-logic (Alu);

- iyunithi yolawulo (NB);

- igalelo kunye output nezixhobo.

Nkqu kokuhlala kwenye ngenkulungwane, sinako ukuqonda kwabo baphumelela logic qwa ngathi Epiphany, isityhilelo. Nakuba kunjalo, eneneni? Emva zonke isakhiwo ngasentla, eneneni, kwaba isiqhamo umsebenzi eyodwa koomatshini ubhalo ngokobuntu, igama apho - Neiman.

Mathematics waba isixhobo yakhe ephambili. Yakhiwe ebhalwe ngayo into enjalo, ngelishwa, sele ezaziwa ongasekhoyo Umberto Eco. "Genius lusoloko zidlala element enye. Kodwa lo mdlalo brilliant kangangokuba lo mdlalo kuquka zonke ezinye izinto! "

Umzobo esebenzayo kwikhompyutha

Hi ndlela leyi, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo eli mphengululi inzululwazi lowu kwinqaku "Mathematics". Inkqubela nayiphi na inzululwazi kucingwa ubuchule bayo boba sentsimini amanyathelo indlela izibalo. Loo olungumzekelo lwezibalo olwenziwe kubo ube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo fyabo ikhankanywe ngasentla. Ngokubanzi, i-classical sesakhiwo von kunikezelo wakhangela njalo, njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mzobo.

Esi sikimu isebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: idatha yoqobo, kunye nenkqubo kufakwa kwinkqubo ngokusebenzisa isixhobo sokufaka. Kamva azisetyenzwa iyunithi logic yokalo emileyo (Alu). It ubulala imiyalelo. Ngamnye kubo iqulethe iinkcukacha: koko iiseli kufuneka athathe i data ngazo kuwo ukuze enze, apho ukugcina isiphumo (le yokugqibela iphunyezwa kwimemori - inkumbulo). Idatha output unokuba imveliso ngqo ngokusebenzisa isixhobo output. Kulo mzekelo (njengoko kuchasiwe ukugcina kwimemori), ke yimidlalo inkolelo yabantu.

Ulawulo jikelele kunye nolungelelwaniso iiyunithi zolwakhiwo ngasentla zigqitywa iyunithi yolawulo (NB). Ilawula umsebenzi owabelwe iqhosha counter inkqubo, ukhokela ingxelo ngokungqongqo komyalelo lokubulawa kwabo.

An isiganeko zembali

Ukuze ukugxeka, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba umsebenzi ekudalweni ikhompyutha engekazani ehlangeneyo. Iikhompyutha eyayivela kunikezelo eziveliswe ukuze kwaye imali wokuhlolwa Laboratory US imikhosi exhobileyo. isiganeko Historical, ngenxa apho yonke umsebenzi owenziweyo zizazinzulu IQELA yenziwa kuYohane von kunikezelo, wazalwa ngengozi. Isibakala sokuba inkcazelo jikelele lwemithombo (ethunyelwa kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ukuba review) ziquka utyikityo olunye kwiphepha lokuqala. Ke kaloku utyikityo kunikezelo. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa imithetho ubhaliso iziphumo izazinzulu zophando babe bacinge ukuba umbhali yawo wonke lo msebenzi uye jikelele ezaziwayo-kakuhle Hungarian.

endaweni yesiphelo

Kubulungisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba nanamhlanje isikali sezibalo enkulu kuphuhliso lwe ngezimvo computer lagqithisa izakhono impucuko yanamhlanje. Ngokukodwa, umsebenzi von kunikezelo wacebisa ukunika iinkqubo zolwazi amathuba nokuzala. Nezokugqibela, umsebenzi engagqitywanga bakhe ebizwa sverhaktualno nanamhlanje: "Le ikhompyutha kunye ebuchotsheni."