Iminyaka Epochal. Ulawulo Ivan labangcangcazelisi

Xa kwimbali Russia ngo 1547-1583 zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Le minyaka (ngukumkani Ivana Groznogo) ezinxulumene ne noluntu ngokubanzi, ingakumbi oprichnina kakubi. Yaye ngenene lube nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kwezopolitiko, intlalo kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho ngakumbi eMoscow karhulumente. Noko ke, ezinye kubalulekile ukuqaphela utshintshwano isikali eziye zenzeka kule minyaka. Ulawulo Ivan kwabangcangcazelisayo kwaba kunye utshintsho ezahlukeneyo kwenziwa nguRhulumente uhlobo ngexesha lakhe - ukukhetha rada. Ngokwesiseko, zonke iinguqu zazijoliswe ngokwenzela urhulumente kunye indalo ngakumbi, enyanisweni, ukuze eziqhelekileyo zikarhulumente kunye nezakhiwo kwilizwe liphela. Ngale ndlela, akukho eyahlukileyo into ekhethekileyo le minyaka. Ivana Groznogo ukubusa kwayo kakuhle ngaphakathi mkhuba pan-yaseYurophu ngokubhekiselele neNgonyama ingundoqo, eyaqala ekuqaleni njengoko High Ages Aphakathi. Apha kufuneka ukhankanye esinye isizathu, nto leyo mhlawumbi kwakuthetha Ivan Grozny. Ngexesha ebukumkanini bukayise, eyandulela Vasily III, kuphawulwa imvukelo omkhulu ethandwayo. Kwaye ngo 1547 ihlokondiba wada waba nabuganga ukubulala ummeli losapho lobukumkani, zibangele ingcwangu nalwazelelelo le izinduna. Kwacaca ukuba urhulumente kufuneka inguquko. Okokuqala, eyenkundla neyolawulo.

umsebenzi Reform okhethiweyo happy

uhlobo urhulumente ongekho mthethweni kunye ukumkani sele ukulungiselela ekufezekisweni kweenjongo zayo, esebenze ukususela 1547 ukuya 1560. Zonke iinguqu zazijoliswe kusekwe enyanisweni inkqubo qualitative likarhulumente ezenziwe ngokwemimiselo e impangele, ukuthatha ulawulo le meko kweli lizwe, eli lonke igunya, ukuphelisa amabhodlo ingxabano feudal, njalo-njalo. Ukubunjwa urhulumente sesikweni ziquka wabanumzana, ezo izinduna, iinkokeli zokomoya. Iinguqu eziphambili yile ilandelayo:

1. uguquko kwezomthetho. Boyarsky inkundla okokuba akukho kuphinda kugweba ngokwabo izinduna, eli lungelo yadluliselwa kulawulo kuphela kwentendelezo yendlu yokumkani. Le Code omtsha uMthetho, kuphuhliswa Symbol, wasiphula inani amalungelo enkundla izinduna yaye yaphakamisa ixabiso iimpahla central. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala mthombo kwaye kuphela komthetho lazisiwe umthetho. Oko uyathinjwa amalungelo wesintu, nalwazelelelo ezikuthandayo boyar.
2. uguquko Zemstvo ukutshintshela kwisebe okanye ilokishi uluntu self-ulawulo kamasipala: ukuqokelela irhafu nokugcina odolo zazo. Ngaphezu koko, ukufama ekuhlaleni kuye kwaqatshelwa kunye isixeko namalungelo alinganayo. Ngoku zonke izigqibo zakhe - zezibonda lali, Dvorsky - ingqalelo abasebenzi bakarhulumente.
3. komhlaba Defense - mhlawumbi yeyona ibalulekileyo, nto leyo yabonwa ngexesha lolawulo Ivana Groznogo. It wavakalisa umgaqo ungunyana wabanumzana yokuqeqeshelwa. Ngowe-1550 Iwenzíwa strelets umkhosi, okokuqala kumazwe Russian. Obalulekileyo umthetho akuba ewubhangisile, esenyameni lwerhuluneli ngamaxesha eyaqala ngawo.

oprichnina

Noko ke, nangona umsebenzi, le izinduna, ezijolise ngokwenzela zikarhulumente, kuba kungekudala beza iminyaka engancumisiyo. Ulawulo Ivan abangcangcazelisi kwixesha yakhe yokugqibela yabalasela besothusa iyonke nxamnye basebukhosini. Ukumkani wayecinga ukuba iinguqulelo ziyacotha kakhulu, ukuba amalungu urhulumente ngabom iyalibazisa eliphelele bamandla akhe. Ngoo-1960s yokuqala, ukumkani ugqiba nokuba linye. Kwakha zilulamile kakhulu ekulweni umzimba nonogada abaqala nje ukutshabalalisa emzimbeni abameli yezikhulu.