Ndakufumanisa Melika? Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa America. Unyaka ngexesha lokufunyanwa America

Unyaka lokufumanisa of America nga kuthathelwa ingqalelo indawo isiqalo esitsha kubomi Europe. Emva kokufunda lo ubukho lizwekazi entsha, abaninzi baqala ukuya kwi Cruises ukuba, baqala intsimi entsha, zama ukuba kahle.

Columbus wafumanisa America

Unyaka xa wamazwe Spanish wavula indawo entsha kwimbali kuthiwa th-1492. Nazo zonke ezinye iindawo nakuMntla Melika, umzekelo, imimandla Alaska kunye nonxweme Pacific ayesele yafunyanwa kwaye kuphandwe ekuqaleni kweyeshumi elinesibhozo. Kufuneka ke ukuba igalelo elibalulekileyo ekufundweni kwilizwekazi kunye abahambi abavela eRashiya.

nokwenziwa

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa North America kakhulu umdla: oko sibizwe ngengozi. Ekupheleni umkhenkethi Spanish kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu Hristofor Kolumb kunye ngohambo lwakhe ifikelele kumanxweme nakuMntla Melika. Noko ke, impazamo yokucinga ukuba eIndiya. Ukususela ngoko uqala sexesha xa Melika yavulwa kwaye waqalisa ilinge lokuyiphuhlisa kunye nophando. Kodwa abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba umhla engachananga, isithi ukubhaqwa lizwekazi entsha kwenzeka kakhulu ngaphambili.

Ziziphi nyaka ivunjululwe Melika?

Unyaka Columbus wafumanisa Melika - 1492-th - asinguwo umhla ngqo. Kubonakala ukuba wamazwe iSpanish waba ababelawula ngaphambi, yaye nguwuphi - namnye. Phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi ngokusemthethweni bahamba apha wafumanisa emva Greenland. Noko ke, ikoloni ilizwe elitsha aluphumelelanga, kuba angaphumelela iimeko zemozulu nangokubandezela ngasentla lelizwekazi. Ukongeza, ngokusemthethweni kwakhona ukoyika Umgama ukusuka kwilizwekazi omtsha Europe.

Ngokutsho kwabanye, kwilizwekazi wafumanisa oomatiloshe bamandulo - ngawo. Eminye yemithombo ye xesha, xa wafumanisa Melika, ebizwa embindini BC nkulungwane yokuqala, njengoko oovulindlela - amaTshayina. Nangona kunjalo, olu guqulelo babengenalo bubungqina obucacileyo.

It ingqalelo ulwazi inokuthenjwa malunga nexesha xa Vikings wafumanisa Melika. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi Norman yokulala Heryulfsonom Leif Eriksson Helluland afunyanwa - "ilitye", Markland - "Forest" kunye Vinland - "izidiliya 'zomhlaba, nto leyo bunxulunyaniswa ayephila Labrador Peninsula.

Kukho ubungqina bokuba kokuba Columbus ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu, kwilizwekazi esemantla zafikelela Bristol kunye Cantabria nabalobi, ngubani igama siqithi Brazil. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha ezi zobuntlola abangakwaziyo yaba sisiganeko kwimbali xa wafumanisa Melika ngokwenene, t. E. Ingaba iwachaza njengezwekazi omtsha.

Columbus - uvulindlela real

Sekunjalo, xa ebuzwa ukuthi kunyaka wafumanisa Melika, ngokufuthi iingcali ngokuba ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu, okanye mandithi ekupheleni kwayo. Ke wokuqala owenza oko, ngokutsho Columbus. Ixesha xa bafumanisa Melika, kungqamane imbali ixesha xa baseYurophu baqalisa ukuba ukusasaza iimbono malunga imilo ngeenxa komhlaba kunye amathuba ukufikelela India okanye China kumendo Western, oko kukuthi, ngaphesheya Atlantic Ocean. Bekucingelwa ukuba le ndlela imfutshane kakhulu empuma. Ngoko ke, ngenxa abadla bodwa Portuguese kwi kolawulo South Atlantic, leyo isivumelwano Alkasovasskim ngo-1479, eSpeyin, usoloko efuna abafowunelwa ngqo kunye namazwe Eastern, inkxaso ngamandla hambo ka Columbus esasihamba ngamaRoma ngakwicala ntshonalanga.

ukugubha ukuvulwa

Hristofor Kolumb esemncinane abanomdla geography, geometry kunye neenkwenkwezi. Ndisemncinane yena inxaxheba zobuntlola zaselwandle, wayetyelela phantse zonke iilwandle xesha. Columbus wayetshate intombi matiloshe Portuguese, ukusuka apho ndafumana ezininzi iimephu ithi ngexesha Henry Umlawuli. Le discoverer elizayo kubo wafundela ngenyameko. icebo yakhe ukufumana indlela elwandle Indiya, kodwa hayi ngaphandle kokuya kwi-Afrika, kwaye ngqo ngaphesheya Atlantic. Njengoko izazi - bexesha lakhe, Columbus wayekholelwa ukuba, ukuba uye entshonalanga of Europe, kuya kuba lula ukufikelela kunxweme olusempuma Asia - ezo ndawo apho kukho Indiya kunye neTshayina. Noko ke, khange aqalise ukuba liya kuhlangana lonke eli lizwekazi, kude koko kwaziwa ukuba abeLungu. Kodwa kwenzeka. Kwaye ukususela ngelo xesha kwaye linentsusa yalo kwimbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa America.

I uhambo lokuqala

Columbus zokuqala iinqanawa ngomkhombe kwizibuko Palosskoy wesithathu ngo-Agasti 1492. Bekukho ezintathu. Ukuze elikwiiCanary Islands umkhankaso waqhubeka kakhulu ngomoya: Olu twa of indlela oomatiloshe sele kwaziwa. Kodwa kungekudala kakhulu bazifumanisa kwi ulwandlekazi. Ngokuthe ngcembe abantu baqalisa batyhafe nokuphakamisa ukumbombozela. Kodwa Columbus wakwazi iyamcamagusha sidubula, ukuxhasa ithemba. Kungekudala yaqala ukubonakala iimpawu - harbingers ka n'wina komhlaba: intaka engaziwayo Yaphaphazela yeza, sabetha emasebeni omthi. Ekugqibeleni, emva kokuba hambo lweeveki ezintandathu, izibane ebusuku, yaye xa ngesifingo waqhekeza, phambi oomatiloshe wavula siqithi eluhlaza ubangel, bonke wambu utyani. Columbus lawela elunxwemeni, nguye ocacise impahla ilizwe isithsaba Spanish. Isiqithi igama San Salvador, oko kukuthi, uMsindisi. Yaba enye amaqhekeza ezincinane ilizwe elo ke Bahamas okanye Lukaysky leziqithi.

Umhlaba, apho ikhona igolide

Bendawo - savages zoxolo entle natured. Ephawula ukubawa waya izihombo zegolide eyayijinga phakathi inzalelwane impumlo neendlebe, iimpawu wamxelela ukuba ezantsi ilizwe ukuba ngokoqobo ezele ngegolide. Kwaye Columbus waya ngakumbi. Kulo nyaka mnye wavula Cuba, leyo, nangona bathabatha kule mpumalanga, ngakumbi ncam, kuba esikunxweme lwempuma yeso Asia, naye wabhengeza ithanga Spanish. Kolu hambo, ukuya ngasempumalanga Wabaguqukela, wanamathela eHaiti. Kulo mzekelo yonke indlela baseSpeyin ndadibana savages abo abavumi kuphela ukutshintsha kwezihombo zegolide yabo amaso iglasi kunye nezinye yabeka izinto, kodwa rhoqo walatha kwicala wasezantsi, xa bebuzwa ngale metal axabisekileyo. Kwi saseHispaniola, leyo Columbus ogama saseHispaniola, okanye Little eSpeyin, wakha iinqaba zokubonisela encinane.

ukubuya

Xa iinqanawa kwi izibuko Palosskoy, beza bonke abantu elunxwemeni ukuhlangabezana nazo iimbeko ngokupheleleyo. ngenceba wathabatha Columbus uFerdinand noIsabella. Iindaba ngexesha lokufunyanwa Yehlabathi Elitsha naa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, njengokuya ngokukhawuleza yaye ukulungele ukuya khona kunye discoverer. Ngelo xesha baseYurophu bengazi into Melika yafunyanwa ngama Hristofor Kolumb.

hambo lwesibini

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa North America, yasungulwa ngo-1492, baqhubeka. Ukususela ngoSeptemba 1493 ngoJuni 1496 yaba wesibini emgceni uhambo esasihamba ngamaRoma. Ngenxa yoko, Virgin kunye olunomoya Islands sibanjwa, kuquka Antigua, Dominica, Nevis, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Puerto Rico kunye Jamaica. BaseSpeyin lahlala phezu kwelizwe Haiti, ngokuzenza zibe noseko lwalo waza wakha kwi inxalenye kumzantsi-mpuma inqaba San Domingo. Xa 1497th kukhuphiswano nabo, wangena IsiNgesi, kakhulu, uzama ukufumana kumntla-ntshona ukuya Asia. Ngokomzekelo, omnye Cabot ngama phantsi kweflegi IsiNgesi wafumanisa isiqithi Newfoundland and, abanye iingxelo, beza kufutshane kakhulu kunxweme North American: in Labrador kunye Nova Scotia. Ngoko ke British baqala ukubeka isiseko kogonyamelo yayo kummandla nakuMntla Melika.

Kwiphulo yesithathu neyesine

Iqale ngoMeyi 1498 yaye yaphela ngoNovemba 1500. Ngenxa yoko, kwafunyaniswa kwisiqithi Trinidad and nasemlonyeni Orinoco. Ngo-Agasti 1498 i-Columbus wokuqala lawela elunxwemeni sele e Umzantsi Melika kwi Paria Peninsula, yaye abantu baseSpeyin 1499th zifika kunxweme Guiana kunye eVenezuela, uze - Brazil kunye umlomo Amazon. Kwaye kule yokugqibela - yesine - zakuhamba May 1502 ukuya kutsho kuNovemba 1504 Columbus yavulwa sele Central America. wegqitha waya kunxweme Honduras kunye Nicaragua neenqanawa bakhe, bevela Costa Rica nasePanama ukuya kuLwandle Darién.

izwekazi entsha

Kulo nyaka omnye matiloshe - Amerigo Vespucci, hambo esenzeka phantsi kweflegi Portuguese, nayo walukhenketha unxweme waseBrazil. Ukufikelela Cape of Cananea, wabeka phambili hypothesis ukuba umhlaba ukuba Columbus wafumanisa - ayikho China, kwaye nkqu Indiya, kodwa kwilizwekazi entsha ngokupheleleyo. Lo mbono waqinisekiswa emva kohambo yokuqala ehlabathini, wenza F. Magellan. Noko ke, kuchasene ingqiqo kwelizwekazi omtsha yaqinisekisa igama Melika - egameni Vespucci.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye izizathu zokukholelwa ukuba lizwekazi omtsha yathiywa emva kokuba umxhasi Richard Bristol Melika waseNgilani, ngubani waxhasa uhambo yesibini Intambo kaYohane Cabot ngo-1497, Amerigo Vespucci yaye emva koko wathatha igama imbeko ekuthiwa-lizwekazi. Ukungqina le ngcamango, abaphandi ubungqina obubonisa izinto Cabot wafikelela kunxweme Labrador, kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambilana, ngoko ke waba ababhaliswe ngokusemthethweni yaseYurophu kuqala ukubeka unyawo kula kumhlaba American.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-elinesithandathu, Zhak Karte, a umkhenkethi French, bafika emdeni Canada, enika indawo igama layo ngoku.

nezinye contenders

Uphuhliso kwilizwekazi North America baqhubeka abahloli ezifana John Davis, uAleksandr Makenzi, Genri Gudzon kunye uWilliam Baffin. Kuyinto ngenxa ngophando lwabo kwaye lizwekazi uye wafunda phantsi elunxwemeni wePasifiki.

Noko ke, imbali uyazi ezininzi amagama ezinye babengoomatiloshe abaye beza emhlabeni US phambi Columbus. Oku Shen Hui - endela Thai abaye batyelela kummandla kwinkulungwane yesihlanu, Abubakar - Sultan of Mali, mikhombe US kunxweme kwinkulungwane elinesine, i Earl of Orkney de Saint-Clair, umphengululi Chinese Chzhee Ho, IsiPhuthukezi Joao Korterial etc ...

Kodwa ke, nangona zonke, ukuba Hristofor Kolumb umntu ogama ezifunyaniswe ngokuqinisekileyo nempembelelo kwimbali yonke yoluntu.

iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu emva kwexesha xa iinqanawa ukuba wafumanisa Melika esasihamba, imaphu yokuqala geographical belizwekazi zabuya. Umbhali walo uMartin Valdzeemyuller. Namhlanje yena, ibe impahla Library of Congress of eUnited States, igcinwa eWashington.