Imbali kunye umlahla nomhla Saratov

Imbali Saratov uye kweminyaka engamakhulu amane. Ngeli xesha, esi sixeko sakhula ukusuka inqaba ezincinane Strelets neziko mveliso ezibalulekileyo kummandla iVolga. Maxa wambi uye wabona amaza eziliqela ngenxa yokukhula kwenani labantu: amakholwa Old, le bezithanga waseJamani abo babezonda ubomi ngcono abalimi. Saratov - ezweni elincinane nosaziwayo abaninzi kwimbali Russian, kuquka umphathiswa tsarist inkulumbuso Petra Stolypina.

nomda Fort

Ngokutsho nentsingiselo eyamkelekileyo kucingwa ukuba umhla isiseko Saratov - July 12, 1590. City ibonakala njengenqaba, ngokuthe ngcembe kwi someleza esinzulu umda womzantsi-mpuma weRashiya. Ngoko ke uphuhliso kunye nozinziso kumazwe enkulu kwaqhubeka. Umhla isisekelo wesixeko Saratov kungqamane komnye umjikelo uphuhliso lorhwebo kwi iVolga indlela.

Nqaba, leyo eyakhelwe kunxweme ngoko ngokwaneleyo lomlambo, kukho umqobo enamandla nxamnye iyangena kwi Nogai kunye iCrimea nangezinto. mbuya eyingozi lanyanzela urhulumente tsarist phantse ngaxeshanye ukwakha Samara, Saratov kunye Tsaritsyn. Yonke loo mizi ngaminye yaba nobaba - UGrigory Osipovich Zasekin. Fortifier eligcisa, umthetheli abanamava nomakhi wayengomnye amanani ezinkulu enxulumene kudityaniswe amandla eRashiya kwi iVolga River. 1590-d (ezazilapha Saratov) - umhla, yinto esibaluleke kakhulu kule nkqubo. Ngenxa enqabeni yakwazi ukuseka i uxhulumaniso esisigxina kunye esezantsi kuyo efikelela kuyo iVolga.

Iimpawu inqaba

Zasekin uzimisele kuphela uya kuba yintoni umhla ekusekweni kwe-Saratov, kodwa uya kuba yintoni na indawo yokuqala yokwakhiwa inqaba. Baba lula ukuwela iVolga River, ibekwe kanye gabhu phakathi Tsaritsyn e Samara. Ekuqaleni, ukulungisa ikhonza malunga 300 yabatoli. Ecaleni idolophu induli. Kuye isetyenziswe njengeqonga lula ukujonga lo mmandla iikhilomitha eziliqela macala.

Esi sixeko ekhuselweyo iinqaba nje kuphela kodwa izithintelo zasendalweni: kumathambeka, umlambo, ehlathini, amachibi oxbow, imifula kunye echibini encinane. Kwelinye icala kumda yendalo Saratov waba udonga. Sizame nakubakhi mzi. Xa umhla ekusekweni Saratov, phezu kwindawo engasese phambi kwakukho iindonga iimboniselo.

servitors City

Intliziyo yokuhlala omtsha ngoko nangoko yaba irhuluneli Office. Ecaleni kwakhe, a abatoli iyadi, abathetheli kunye namanye amajoni. Ezinye mzi ahlala izakhiwo nabarhwebi kunye namagcisa. abantu Service (kuquka gunners) babehlala kufutshane iindonga zesixeko, ukuze xa kwimeko qwa kwangoko ukulungiselela ukuziphendulela mzi.

Ndahlula ezinye zakhiwo izisele wompu, oovimba kunye isonka entolongweni. Isakhiwo emide yaba yicawa Exanda ezinye izakhiwo. Saratov ikakhulu elakhiwe iinkuni, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba kukho ingozi rhoqo lomlilo. Kuba ukhuseleko abemi zodongwe kunye emlilweni metallurgical baba isiganga. umhla kusungulwa ngempumelelo Saratov kunye neemeko zendalo Lower kummandla iVolga ziye zavumela sixeko ukuze ikhule ngokukhawuleza. Kwakukho indawo enkulu engekashunyayelwa yomhlaba ochumileyo kunye namadlelo luninzi. Bortnye amabala nokuzingela etyebileyo kwaye umtsalane bonke abahla- ezintsha.

Inqwaba yabantu

Nakule kwamathanga Russian ngomhla iVolga of kokusekwa kwisixeko Saratov waba uphawu ebalulekileyo, ilandelwe yi yokufika abafudukele mmandla liye landa kakhulu. abantu Service babehamba entlango ngenxa ngamathuba amatsha kunye umvuzo ophucukileyo. UBamcubunga ekhatshwa iinqanawa zabarhwebi kunye nendlwana, nzima nje kuphela ephila Nogai, kodwa Cossacks imigulukudu "amasela ', inkunzi abarhwebi.

Umsunguli Grigoriy Zasekin wamiselwa irhuluneli yayo yokuqala. Waye ophethe ebomini yonke sixeko yaye uxanduva lokuhlawula musketeers lomvuzo. Ezinye imihla imicimbi wamajoni, baye benza horticulture, wokufama olimekayo nokuzalana nemfuyo. Kubuya abantu abafuna ukuhlala e Saratov, wabonakala kwinkulungwane ekuqaleni XVII, xa urhulumente Russian sasinda imfazwe yombango kunye nongenelelo Polish.

Xa Ixesha Iingxaki

Ulungelane kwiintlungu imfazwe, abemi Posada kunye nabalimi babaleka isiphithiphithi amaphondo central ecaleni iVolga. Umhla ukubunjwa Saratov - 1590, kodwa emva kweminyaka engama-20 iye ikhule ibe isixeko ngokwenene oko kusenziwa ngokudlela indlala abantu abafudukayo ngaphakathi. Ngelo xesha linye i inqaba iVolga wanyamezela ingcinezelo elide Cossacks zasekuhlaleni, owawukhokelwa yama- ezahlukeneyo (umz Ileyka Muromets ilya Gorchakov).

Ngehlobo lowe-1607 kwakukho isisongelo entsha. A prince Ivan Agasti waqokelela Cossack ibutho Tsaritsin kuthinjwa sinyukele iVolga. Saratov ekampini ngoko umthetho Vladimir Anichkov kwemikrozo kunye Saburov. Le abavikeli ezinqabeni kwawona zonke ukuhlaselwa amatutu akazange avumele ukuba bangene esixekweni.

mngeni emitsha

Tsarevich Ivan zokuthi wabaleka ukuya Don, apho ke yabulawa kuqubisana nomkhosi ka nguDmitry False II. Saratov kwakhona ngokufutshane wayeka ukuthobela abasemagunyeni eMoscow - amandla ngayo babamba abaxhasi kwenye pretender.

Kungekudala ihlabathi liya kuza, kodwa 1614 ngokwezivumelwano eyabehlelayo yintlekele ngokwenene. City wayitshisa emhlabeni. Abahlali abaninzi babulawa nabo basindayo babalekela Samara. Ngokuthe ngcembe, le nqaba ishiyeka ibuyiselwe. imvuselelo yawo kungqamane ngokubuyiselwa wegunya esemthethweni eMoscow (etroneni wadlulela Romanov Minor).

Ummandla iVolga, elingumthombo, waphila ubomi bakhe yephondo, wonqanyulwa, angabikho ukuthabatheka ezinkulu kwezopolitiko. Umcimbi ongundoqo apha yaba kukwakha iinqaba ezintsha (umz, elingundoqo base data yaba kummandla Saratov). Imbali yommandla kwinkulungwane XVII, laziwa kakhulu eyayivela. Ngowe-1636, uAdam Olearius watyelela Saratov - intloko nonozakuzaku waseJamani, washiya amanqaku yakhe yayahlukile kuphila Russian.

ukukhula zokuhlala

Ngowe-1674, xa Alexis, Saratov nqaba wafuduselwa kwindawo entsha kufuphi Sokolova ntaba. Ngexesha kwiphulo wasePersi , wayetyelela Peter I. Saratov Base kukade icangcisiwe, ngaphezu. Umzi lukhula chu nokuphuhlisa. Abahambi ibhiyozele izitrato zawo ngqo kunye Iiveranda zokuthenga zizityebi. Saratov yaba liziko zomdongwe, mveliso imveliso, ukulinywa kweenkozo, yetyuwa. Iqhayiya abantu basekuhlaleni iye mveliso eyenziweyo taffeta, satin kunye iikawusi. Ngowe-1774 le dolophu wahlasela ibutho Emelyana pugacheva. kuvukela lakhe sele ngemilenze yayo yokugqibela. Ataman wabanjwa ukuwa ezifanayo kufuphi Saratov.

Ukukhula yesixeko kunye needolophu ezingqongileyo negalelo abanini, abalawuli kunye nabathengi. abahlali ezintsha beze izenzekele. Ezi abafudukayo babebaleka ngamakhoboka le abaqeshisi. Ndahlala Ukuba kwisininzi kwaqala endlwini (umz, elizayo Hvalynsk). Phakathi kwinkulungwane XVIII, iye waphila iminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 amawaka abantu kummandla Saratov. Ngeli xesha, loo mzi ungakhiwa wabasebenzi ezintsha zokuhlala inxaxheba kwimveliso ityiwa echibini Elton.

kwiphondo centre

Mhlawumbi Saratov namhlanje akuyi kuba yokuhlala enkulu kangaka, ukuba ungabi uCatherine II isalelo kufuduso enyeleni yasekuhlaleni kwanabo. Amakholwa Old waseka zokuhlala ezininzi, kuquka Balakovo kunye Pugachev. Ukukhula kwenzeka Saratov emzantsi-ntshona, apho kwavela iindawo ezintsha zokuhlala. Ngowe-1803, esi sixeko inkundla yayo yokuqala. Xa xesha uCatherine II, iziko lephondo lakhukuliswa kufika isiJamani.

Ngowe-1782 IPhondo Saratov kwasekwa. De 1850 inonyaka enye enkulu kulo lonke Russia. E Saratov kunye kwindawo ezingqongileyo bafuna abantu abasuka kwizithili esembindini, apho kukho ukunqongophala komhlaba. Ukongeza kufika Russian kwaye German kuhlala kummandla Ukraine Mordvinians nangezinto. Ngokutsho 1897 ubalo, kwiphondo Saratov wahlala 2.5 million, kwaye eli nani ngaphaya 3 million kwi olwandulela leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ukukhula wayeka kuphela ngenxa kwegazi oluye ezilandelayo. Yabemi Saratov ngu 242 amawaka abantu. Esi yayisisixeko esikhulu ezweni lonke iVolga (ngakumbi Kazan, Astrakhan, Samara kunye Nizhny Novgorod).

Saratov Stolypin

ukuba ezinika abaninzi Saratov kunye kwindawo ezingqongileyo enxulumene Petrom Stolypinym (1862-1911), mhlawumbi lokuzalwa yayo idumileyo. I edumileyo laseburhulumenteni Nicholas II era iminyaka eliqela usesikhundleni Prime Minister of Russia. Waba umqalisi ephambili zokulungisa izinto ngexesha Tsarist Duma. indlela lakhe kwezopolitiko baqalisa in Saratov wakhe - ngo-1903 wamiselwa irhuluneli Saratov. Ngowe-1906 waba ngumphathiswa wezekhaya wasishiya eso sixeko, apho kanye watyelela abafikayo kuphela.

Stolypin wabulawa emva kokuba yokudutyulwa yemiboniso Kiev. Situlo apho wahlala phantsi emva ezibulala wabetha imbumbulu ufake imyuziyam zengingqi Saratov. Kwakhona edolophini umzobo inkulumbuso, ayiqabe yi igcisa Russian omkhulu Iley Repinym. Ngo-2002 yokuqala Saratov weza eRashiya namhlanje Stolypin lesikhumbuzo.

mveliso Soviet

Ngenxa yeHlabathi yokuQala kunye War Civil, ezolimo Saratov wénza kakhulu. Kuphela emva kokuba kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, umthamo zemveliso weza kwinqanaba irekhodi phambi 1913. In imi--30. isixeko onamava kweefektri collectivization. Ukuguqulwa kwexesha waphenjelelwa kakhulu yintoni na ngoku Saratov.

Amafoto zamashishini ezininzi - imifanekiso yezityalo, ngokusekelwe ngezoshishino ngenkani. Ezi ziquka i "Universal" - .. Le mveliso benza kwimveliso izixhobo ngomatshini, kwakunye ukunitha mveliso, isityalo kwibhoyila, inyama, njl Ngenxa mveliso iye yatshintsha isakhiwo koshishino Saratov. indima Ukwanda kuwo wadlala otyhidiweyo, yaye ngaphantsi yaye ngaphantsi - INDUSTRY UKUTYA.

IMfazwe Enkulu Yobuzwe

Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iinkampani ezininzi ukusuka kwiindawo eziphambili ziye babalekela ngokhuseleko olubonakalayo lwe Saratov. Iifoto kunye nohlaziyo abakhenkethi abatyelela namhlanje kulo mzi, ichazwa njenge iziko yemveliso mihla, kodwa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-capital kwezoqoqosho wayibeka ngo-1941-1945. inkqubela eyongeziweyo iye irabha, textile kunye noshishino nokukhanya kumashishini eli.

Isixeko satellite of Saratov, Engels, ibekwe kwi okwahlukileyo, washiya eludinini iVolga, ukuba bakhutshwe Bryansk Engineering yeziTyalo, kwixesha elizayo abe ebhasini. Kwakukho nabanye imveliso entsha ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, musa ukuba kude Saratov awawenza negesi elafikayo dolophu kwi umbhobho yakhiwe ngokukodwa. Uninzi iinkampani enokulungiswa phantsi iimfuno ngaphambili, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba kuqoqosho ezidolophini liye landa isabelo ubunzima obunjineli boomatshini.

Le minyaka

Xa nenani-1950. apho Saratov kunye needolophu eziyingqongileyo kuye amashishini amakhulu-isikali lweshishini lemichiza. Ukuphuhlisa amafutha kunye namandla nezintsonkothileyo, kuquka igesi yendalo, shale oyile, i-oyile kunye noshishino ngamandla obushushu. City atsaleleka nabakulungeleyo kakhulu ngakumbi iingcali profile lwenzululwazi-technical.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, lezixhobo ehlaziyiweyo, oomatshini kunye nezityalo ukuze imveliso electronic. Ngaxeshanye, iziko yengingqi ngomnye imiphambili Komhlaba Ntombi ubhukuqiwe kwimimandla emathafeni le RSFSR kunye Kazakhstan.

Xa nenani-1970. kummandla Saratov wazalwa kwaye ziphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza sokufuna ezintsonkothileyo. imisele eyakhiwe iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, kwakunye nezinye iziseko. Saratov namhlanje kuhlala enye wemizi emikhulu kummandla iVolga. Kunye isixeko yisathelayithi Engels, yenza agglomeration elinabemi kwesigidi sabantu.