Boris Pasternak - biography, ubomi kunye nomsebenzi

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich, ogama engobomi inikwa kweli nqaku ngomnye iinkosi ezimbalwa ilizwi, imbasa enye iimbasa ezininzi awayesibawela - i-Nobel Prize.

biography imbongi

Boris Pasternak, ogama photo linikwa kwi nqaku, wazalelwa eMoscow ngo-1890. usapho imbongi yaba ubugcisa kwaye ekrelekrele. Umama - nomdlali, uyise wayengumzobi wodumo academician. Umsebenzi wakhe uye wafumana indumiso ophezulu, abanye bade zithengwe yi umxhasi odumileyo Tretyakov ngenxa lwembali yakhe. Z Osipovich Pasternak waye wahlobana Leo Tolstoy yaye omnye illustrators zakhe azithandayo.

Ukongezelela Boris owamazibulo, intsapho kamva abantwana abathathu ngaphezulu - unyana mncinane kunye neentombi ezimbini.

ebuntwaneni

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, ogama imibongo nabangekafumani kwathiwa, ukusukela ekuzalweni waba-bume yendalo emangalisayo. kwindlu yabazali bakhe wayesoloko ngomoya wokubuk 'iindwendwe, avulekela iindwendwe abadumileyo. Ngaphandle Lva Tolstogo, apho watyelelwa abaqambi Scriabin kunye Rachmaninoff, amagcisa Levitan kunye ivanov, kunye nabanye abantu abaninzi zokudala. Kakade ke, ukudibana nabo benokuba kuchaphazela Pasternak. Enefuthe elimandla phezu kwakhe ukuba Scriabin, ogama Impembelelo Boris oneminyaka eli-13 ubudala ixesha elide kakhulu inxaxheba emculweni yaye uceba abe umqambi.

Wafunda Boris Pasternak (biography imbongi iqulethe oko) ngokugqibeleleyo. Waphumelela lomthambo yesihlanu eMoscow apho iiklasi ezimbini ngezantsi abaqeqeshiweyo Vladimir Mayakovsky. Kwangaxeshanye, wafunda ukwakheka ikhono Moscow Conservatory. Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo naso ke iziqu yakhiwe - kunye imbasa yegolide kunye emagqabini kuzo zonke izifundo.

esinzima

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich, kuya kudityaniswa kamva ogama biography akukabikho yinyaniso ukhetho nzima emva kokuphumelela, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ngowokuqala, sisigqibo ibuhlungu kakhulu ukuba - ukuba ashiye omsebenzi umqambi ngayo. Yena ngokwakhe, kwincwadi engobomi bakhe kamva wachaza ukuba wenza njalo kuba ilifa pitch ogqibeleleyo. Uhlobo imbongi elizayo wayesele ukuzimisela okukhulu kunye nokusebenza babekwa. Ukuba uthe waqala into, ngoko kufezeka. Ngoko ke, oko umculo uthando kakhulu, kodwa ukwazi ukuba nako ukungena kulo msebenzi eziyimfuneko self ukuphelela, Pasternak, amazwi akhe, "hlasi" kuye ngokwakhe.

Ngowe-1908 yena wangena Moscow University, kuqala kwi-Faculty of uMthetho, kodwa emva konyaka batshintsha isigqibo iguqulelwe kwisebe bulumko. Njengesiqhelo, Pasternak umfundi brilliant and ngo-1912 waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe kwiYunivesithi Margburga sixeko. Yena kwangaphambili umsebenzi sobulumko elungileyo eJamani, kodwa ngequbuliso wagqiba ekubeni azinikele na bulumko, nemihobe.

Ukuqala ngendlela yokudala

Nemimoya kwisihobe, waqalisa emva kwexesha, malunga-1910. umbongo Boris Pasternak ngayo ngelo xesha, ngokuvumelana Iingcinga ebendinazo Sergeya Bobrova, oogxa imbongi ukuba basebenze kunye kwizangqa zemibongo, kakhulu ukuganga nje ekwimo, ezama ukulungiselela ezinomthamo omkhulu.

Ukutyelela eVenice nentsapho yakhe 1912 kwaye ukusilela intombi yakhe ukuba Boris bachukunyiswa. Oku kuboniswe kwivesi yakhe yokuqala kwelo xesha.

Ekubuyeleni eMoscow, yena uqala ukwenza kwizangqa boncwadi "Musaget" yaye "ezipheleleyo", ethetha kunye nemibongo yakhe. Ngexesha le minyaka, yena otsaleleke eziqhubekayo ezifana kwisihobe, futurism kunye umqondiso; kodwa kamva wayekhetha ukuba ukungena nawuphi na umbutho uncwadi, kunye ukuzimela.

iminyaka 1913-1914 baba Pasternak ubunzima ebomini yoyilo. Okokuqala, abambalwa zemibongo bakhe zapapashwa, kwaye ukuqokelela yokuqala yapapashwa ngowe-1914, "nguDidimo ngamafu." Ke konke oku ufumana lo gama kuphela ilinge ngokubhala, njengokuba awonwabanga umgangatho imisebenzi yabo. Kulo nyaka mnye leva Vladimir Mayakovsky. Pasternak njenge imbongi uphantsi kweempembelelo yayo.

Ukuzalwa imbongi

Inkqubo bobuchule - yinto ukuyichaza. Umntu kudala ngokulula, ngokungathi 'umdla, omnye hones ngenyameko ibinzana nganye, ukufikelela imfezeko. Le yokugqibela fanele ku Boris Pasternak. Imibongo ngaye - nto sisipho esikhulu nje kuphela, kodwa umsebenzi onzima. Ngoko ke, eyapapashwa kuphela ngo-1922 yingqokelela "Dade My - Life", yena ingqalelo ukuqala umsebenzi wakhe zoncwadi. umbongo Boris Pasternak kaThixo, ebandakanyiweyo kuwo zabhalwa ehlotyeni ka-1917.

wande 1920

Ukuqala 1920 yabalasela iziganeko eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Ngowe-1921, abazali imbongi xa bafudukela eJamani, yaye ngowe-1922, Boris Pasternak, ogama engobomi iqulethe izibakala ezininzi umdla, utshata Evgenii Vladimirovne Lure. Emva konyaka, ke unyana Zhenya.

ubuchule Boris Pasternak kwezi minyaka enemveliso - ngo-1923 kukho yingqokelela "Imixholo nguqu" kunye umbongo ezimbini adumileyo - '. Nine anamashumi Ngomnyaka wesihlanu "" uLieutenant Schmidt "yaye Baba isiganeko zoncwadi konyaka wafumana nokuhlola eliphezulu Maksima Gorkogo.

Imbongi namandla Soviet

Ingqalo 1930 - ixesha igunya ingqalelo Pasternak. imisebenzi yakhe ziye iprintwe kwakhona ngonyaka ngamnye, imbongi ngo-1934, Mhlanguli intetho kuloo nkongolo yokuqala Union of Writers. Its ibizwa ngokuba imbongi kakhulu kwilizwe lethu. Kodwa ke amandla umphindezeli wamagazi ubakhumbule, ukuba imbongi owayenesibindi ukuyimela intsapho wabanjwa le poetess uAnny Ahmatovoy, Hope kunye Gumilev zikhuselwe. Le akanayo sixolele. Basinde kule ngxaki kunye Boris Pasternak. biography emfutshane Imbongi ithi ngo 1936 phantse ngomnyaka wesithoba bakhe ukuphelisa kubomi esemthethweni zoncwadi kweli lizwe, esola nembonakalo engalunganga kunye iqembu ebomini.

Translations Pasternak

Kwenzeka ukuba Pasternak yaziwa ngumguquleli, kungekho ngaphantsi kwe abe yimbongi. Ibizwa ngokuba omnye iinkosi ngeyona translation zemibongo. Ngubani na, ukuba akunjalo imbongi emangalisayo, kungaba bhetele kunokuba ukuba umsebenzi omnye uMdali?

Ngenxa sengqondo esibi noomagunya, 1930 emva kwexesha, imbongi eseleyo ngaphandle ingeniso. imisebenzi yakhe ukuba iphinde yakhutshwa, imali kunqaba, kunye Pasternak libhekisela transfers. Ngokumalunga imbongi babo ingcamango yakhe. Wayekholelwa ukuba inguqulelo - ezizimeleyo ezifanayo umsebenzi wobugcisa, lo yokuqala. Kwaye apha weza ukusebenza yonke meticulousness wakhe, ufuna ukwenza yonke into ngokugqibeleleyo.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, imibongo kunye iinguqulelo leyo wangena-mali segolide iincwadi Russian kunye amazwe, waqalisa ukufunda inguqulelo ngo-1918. Emva koko wenza becala umsebenzi neembongi German. umsebenzi wayo ophambili kwaqala ngo-1936. Waya cottage e Peredelkino, yaye lisebenza nzima phezu uguqulelo Shakespeare, Goethe, Byron, Rilke, kaJolobe, Varley. Ngoku umsebenzi wakhe uxatyiswa belingana ngemisebenzi yokuqala.

Pasternak Iinguqulelo - oku nje kuphela ithuba ukondla usapho, kodwa uhlobo indlela aqonde ngokwakhe njengoko imbongi kwiimeko zokuhlukunyezwa kunye nokwala ukupapasha imisebenzi yakhe. Boris Pasternak sembethe iinguqulelo zobungangamela Shakespeare, leyo kudala ziyahlonelwa.

Impi kwempi iminyaka

Ukwenzakala ezifunyenwe yi umbhali ebuntwaneni bakhe, akazange avumele ukuba kwenziwe phambili ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kodwa ke ukuhlala kude ayikwazanga. Emva kokugqiba uqeqesho emkhosini, waye wathunyelwa phambi intatheli. Ekubuyeleni ekhaya, e Peredelkino, kuba idala kumjikelo lwemibongo 'izwe.

Kwiminyaka emva kwemfazwe - ixesha lomsebenzi onzima. Pasternak kuthatha kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba umvuzo kuphela yakhe. Imibongo kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, wabhala kancinci - lonke ixesha lakhe babandakanyeka translation and umsebenzi kwi inoveli elitsha.

Kule minyaka kunye akhawunti omnye umsebenzi yemidlalo wembongi - ". Faust" uguqulelo Goethe kaThixo

"Gqirha Zhivago" - kukuba kwendalo kunye nomsebenzi ozithandayo imbongi xa

Le ncwadi iye yaba imisebenzi zibalulekileyo kunye ziintanda wembongi. kweminyaka elishumi waya kuye Boris Pasternak. "Gqirha Zhivago" - na inoveli ubukhulu becala ngokuphila kwakhe.

Ukuqalisa - 1945. Ngeli xesha, kwase umfanekiso lemvu noveli umfazi zombhali Zinaida Neuhaus. Emva kokuba ukuvela ebomini Pasternak Olga Ivinskaya, nto leyo eyaba Ndithelekelele lakhe elitsha, i-ngqangi bahamba ngokukhawuleza.

Le inoveli - umntwana ephambili owuthandayo wembongi, wadalwa ixesha elide - iminyaka eli-10. Oku ngenene Philaretus umbhali,-akhawunti eyinyaniso iziganeko kweli lizwe ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane kunye nesiphelo kunye imfazwe yoyikekayo. Ngokuba lo ukunyaniseka "Gqirha Zhivago" yaye ngokucacile agatywe ngegunya, kunye Boris Pasternak, ogama engobomi igcina iziganeko eli xesha linzima, yathotyelwa kwimeko kule ukuhlukunyezwa.

Kunzima ukucinga ukuba kunzima ukwenza ekugwetyweni ngokubanzi, ingakumbi evela koogxa ngayo.

ESoviet Union kuhlelo wencwadi uye alelwe ngenxa kwimboniselo umbhali impikiswano ngayo Oktobha Revolution. Roman kakhulu kwamanye amazwe kuphela. Kwaba lula ukupapasha eItali. Ngowe-1957, "Gqirha Zhivago" Pasternak wakhululwa waza waba kuyabuya nangoko. Yeyona imveliso ye-West yadla Rave.

1958 - an umhla emangalisayo. Nokukhutshwa Nobel Prize - imbongi Ukuvuya inkulu ingqalelo aphezulu italente yakhe wamazwe ngamazwe, yaye intlungu yokwenene ngenxa ukuphinda ebeyeke ngamandla zesinyanzeliso. It yayenziwa isohlwayo ukuba bawukhuphe; phezu imbongi waphendula Bacinga ngokwabo ngaphandle yephandle, yena akakwazi. Zonke ubukrakra kwexesha Pasternak ecacisa yaye ngokuqinileyo ichazwe kulo mbongo "I-Nobel Prize", ebhalwe ngo-1959. Ibhaso kwafuneka ukunika, yaye le ndinyana, eyapapashwa phesheya, yena kanye akazange icala phantsi inqaku "umbuso." Usindiswa kukuba le ncwadi kwenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume Pasternak.

Boris Pasternak - imibongo elifutshane imbongi

Ukuba sithethe ngemisebenzi yokuqala wembongi, kwaba ngamandla impembelelo yokomfuziselo. izicengcelezo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, imifanekiso engaqhelekanga kunye nothelekiso mava kweli xesha. Utshintsho kakhulu isimbo Pasternak ebudeni beminyaka yemfazwe. Vesi uyakuthanda abe ukufunda lula nelula. Ba ngokukhawuleza nangokulula igcinwe, kwaye kumnandi ukufunda nje umqolo. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi yemibongo elifutshane wembongi, ezifana "Hop", "Umoya", "Matshi", "Hamlet". genius Pasternak kaThixo amanga neqiniso nkqu zincinane imibongo yakhe wawongwa intsingiselo enkulu bulumko.

Boris Pasternak. Uhlalutyo umbongo "Julayi"

Umbongo inxulumene nexesha kade wembongi. Ke kubhaliwe 1956 xa Pasternak ulele ehlotyeni xa dacha kwi Peredelkino. Ukuba kwiminyaka yokuqala wabhala umbongo ngobuchule, ngoko kamva bafumane orientation lwentlalo umxholo oluthandayo imbongi - ukuqonda ekuqhubekekeni yehlabathi yendalo abantu.

"Julayi" - umzekelo ocacileyo yemibongo ngumshumayeli. Igama womsebenzi nomxholo wayo ziyafana. Yintoni na le ingcinga ephambili efuna ukudlulisela umfundi Boris Pasternak? Julayi - enye kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni intle, okwabangela sincoma ngokunyanisekileyo umbhali. Kwaye ndandifeketha na wayo, amathayara kunye nomtsalane ufuna ukuchaza.

Umbongo lenziwa iinxalenye ezimbini. Inxalenye yokuqala yokudala umoya imfihlelo - ngubani na igumbi labahambi, yayize endlwini? Brownie, umshologu, niqondisise lowo uzayo aphilileyo, ezemidlalo kunye sneaks?

Isigaba sesibini imfihlelo undwendwe twisiseka kudizwe - le ebubini-Julayi, ngenyanga phakathi-ehlotyeni. Imbongi humanizes Julayi usebenzisa sokuzenza: endlwini, slob vurhongo, abatyeleli umhlali.

Le peculiarity lo mbongo na ukusetyenziswa umbhali imifanekiso ebonwayo ocacileyo: Julayi "kuphazamisa yetafula ngaphandle etafileni," "ubaleka ovuthuzayo uyilo".

ubomi Personal wembongi

Boris Pasternak, engobomi ogama akanakuba ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ibali intsapho yakhe, wayetshatile kabini. Njengoko umntu enobuchule, iimvakalelo eziphilileyo, waba ngumntu nomdlandla. Akonelanga ukuze iye kuhlala ukukopela banal, kodwa uhlale ubambelele umfazi oyintanda, yena nako.

Umfazi wokuqala wembongi waba evgeniya Lure elinomtsalane, artist oselula. Badibana ngo-1921, yaye ukuhlangabezana imbongi wakubona yokomfuziselo. Ngeli xesha, Pasternak akugqiba umsebenzi wakhe ibali "eyelets lwabantwana," apho igama Heroine yayingu Eugene, yaye ukuba uthe wabona intombazana ngokomfanekiso wakhe.

Eugene waba imyuziyam yokwenene wembongi. Esulungekisiweyo, intekenteke, intekenteke ngaxeshanye swi ezizimeleyo, babangela ukuba isa- engaqhelekanga. Kwiminyaka yokuqala nitshatile, Boris Pasternak mhlawumbi okokuqala bonwabile. Okokuqala, yamthanda mpuluswa zonke iingxaki, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe ubomi nzima amahlwempu nenani-20 baba ngakumbi ungenelele ithamsanqa usapho. Eugene wayengekho umfazi ofezekileyo, yena wayefuna ukuqonda ngokwam njengomzobi, yaye abaninzi usapho siphathelele Pasternak kwafuneka ukuba athathe kulo.

Ngowe-1926, phakathi kwakhe Marina Tsvetaeva iqala imbalelwano elide, nto leyo umfazi nje crazy nobukhwele wembongi. Ayizi ukuma waya nabazali bakhe Germany Pasternak. Ekugqibeleni, igqiba ukunikela umnqweno ku tiva ngokwam njengomzobi Bayisungula ubomi babo ukunyamekela umyeni wakhe. Kodwa ke imbongi yayisele wadibana umfazi wakhe elizayo, owesibini - Zinaidoy Neygauz. Wayesele mane, yena - engama-32 ubudala, yena utshatile kwaye bekhulisa amakhwenkwe amabini.

Neuhaus sisichasi ngokupheleleyo Evgenii Lure. Sinikezelwa ngokupheleleyo intsapho yakhe, yena olunoqoqosho kakhulu. Akuzange kube nokulungiswa enye oko lokuba umfazi wokuqala wembongi. Kodwa Pasternak xa uqala ndathandana nalo mfazi. Inyaniso ukuba utshatile kwaye unabantwana, ayizange ayeke. Ngoku ubomi bakhe, engekamboni kuphela naye.

Ngowe-1932, yena yaliwa watshata Eugenia Zinaida. Emva ihlukane nomfazi wakhe wokuqala, wenza bonke abo minyaka, de kokufa kwakhe, wamnceda nonyana wakhe yaye zigcinwe kwebala.

Pasternak nomfazi wakhe wesibini, nam, mna ndonwabile. Nenkathalo, ukonga, wazama ukumnika intuthuzelo noxolo, yaye kwaba Ndithelekelele imbongi yakhe. Umtshato yesibini wazalelwa unyana, Z.

ulonwabo Family yathatha, njengoko umtshato wokuqala, ngaphezulu kancinane ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-10. Pasternak ngokuya bahlale kwi dacha yakhe Peredelkino, yaye ngakumbi abantu bonse ngakumbi umfazi wakhe. Kanye kule magazini "Yehlabathi Elitsha", wadibana wasebenza apho umhleli Olga Ivinskaya. Loo Ndithelekelele yokugqibela wembongi.

Amaxesha aliqela bazama ukuba ashiye, ukuba ashiye umfazi wakhe ngenxa yokuba Pasternak wayengafuni, oko kwakuthetha lukhulu kuye, yaye ke ngoko ayikwazanga bekwazi ukwenza kakubi kunye naye.

Ngowe-1949 Ivinskaya wabanjwa waza wathumela kwiinkampu iminyaka emi-5 ukuba nolwalamano Boris Pasternak. Kwaye yonke le minyaka wathabatha unonophelo kanina abadala kunye nabantwana, ngokubonelela imali. iye ongenakuwelwa Free eli xesha nzima - ngo-1952 imbongi ungeniswe kwisibhedlele kunye ndamelwa yintliziyo.

Emva kokubuyela Olga waba unobhala ongekho Pasternak - nto eqhuba yonke ishishini layo, enxibelelana egameni layo kunye Abahleli, benza iphinda imisebenzi yakhe. De kube sekupheleni kobomi imbongi xa abangazange, sahlukana.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba oko kwenzeka ehlabathini imbongi-baiting bekhubazekile kakubi impilo yakhe. Wahlaselwa yintliziyo ngo-1952, wenza ngokwayo ngayo.

Entwasahlobo, ekuqaleni kuka-Aprili 1960, Pasternak wagula ugula kakhulu. Akukho namnye babecinga ukuba waba lomhlaza esele aphila ukuvumela isisu. Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, imbongi uyaqonda ukuba isifo esibulalayo, yaye akazange kuphila. May 30 Boris Pasternak wafa. Lonke eli xesha ecaleni komandlalo wakhe umfazi wakhe, Zinaida, abaseleyo umyeni wakhe emi-6 yaye ezibulewe sesi sifo. Imbongi kunye nentsapho yakhe wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni Peredelkino.

Ubuchule emangalisayo Russian imbongi, umbhali kunye umguquleli Boris Pasternak uhlile kuncwadi ehlabathini. osemqoka kwayo imbongi - indlela entle ekhululekile kunye imifanekiso emangalisayo yemibongo.