Izibakala lobuxoki oko kwatshintsha ihlabathi

Ebhekisa imbali, uya kufumana: izibakala athandabuzekayo wegqitha njengoko inyaniso engangxengwanga kanye. Enyanisweni, kukho iithiyori ezininzi "ezifunyaniswe" zesayensi ukuba kanye wangena iingqondo zabantu zingalahlekanga. Ngaphezu koko, abanye babo nje ziye zathathwa ngokwexabiso ubuso, kodwa kwakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo vuhlayiseki. Nazi 9 iinkcukatha zobuxoki kanye yalitshintsha ihlabathi.

1. izibonelelo zendalo pholisa

Ngoku uhambo nge eUnited States - ayikho into enkulu. Njengokuba kude njengoko kokubona kwamehlo - umendo kunye esecaleni ukuphumla ime. Kodwa la mazwe wakhangela kwiinkulungwane eziliqela eyadlulayo? Imihlambi inyathi ku amadama, amawaka kweentaka zasendle nakumahlathi aluhlaza ... Ezulwini on Earth? Ewe, yena apho, kude ngenye imini kweza evela eYurophu wayitshabalalisa.

America wavela phambi abahlala ngohlangothi ngobuninzi emangalisayo. Mhlawumbi wabona izinto babethanda kakhulu kangangokuba wadala intsomi yabo: ubutyebi zendalo yengingqi ayikwazi badiniwe. Abantu musa ukuthandabuza kuxhelwa beaver, amaxhama, ingqawa kwanezithwala bonke abantu. emasimini zasendle kunye namahlathi sele zitshatyalalisiwe, abemi iinyathi lihlile ukusuka kuma-60 ezigidi kumawaka, umkhweli negobo abaye bafa ngaphandle.

Kakade ke, kukho abalondolozi ababesilwa unyango okungenaluzsini izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Wavele, kwakunzima, ngokuba abantu musa nangoko ukubona wrongfulness. Kunjalo, lo ngowona ntsomi kwezibonelelo pholisa yendalo kukhokelele ekuyilweni iipaki ezininzi zesizwe eUnited States.

2. Le uhlobo umntu bungabonakala ngokwembonakalo

Thina rhoqo hlalutya ngubani umntu ngokusekelwe data zayo zangaphandle, siya kubuyela ngoku nathi kule ngxelo okanye hayi. Yiloo nto abadlali ezifana Jason Statham kwi movie udlalwa abalinganiswa efanayo. Enyanisweni, ukuvela kunye nomlinganiswa babe nto eqhelekileyo, kwaye oku impazamo esinayo kubalandeli yiphysiognomy.

Inzululwazi yokumisela ngeempawu lomntu intsukaphi emva kumaxesha amandulo. Ngoko ke, kaPythagoras wala ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabafundi abantu ukuba Bakhangela abaziziyatha, kwaye uphawu ubuso ebanzi Aristotle ngayo kufutshane crazy. Ngokucacileyo yaqulunqa izibonelelo ezisisiseko yiphysiognomy kwi igqirha Italian kwinkulungwane XVII Giambattista della Porta, yaye oku esinye isizathu sokuba ngoku ngenxa imilo empumlweni okanye umlomo bayakwazi Cazulula umntu snobs kunye Idiots.

Nangona kunjalo, umonakalo omkhulu kuphando lwakhe wagalela criminologist kunye wezifo zengqondo ezinjengoCesare Lombroso ngenkulungwane XIX. Kwanabenzi bobubi abo, wayeqinisekile ukuba sisazinzulu, kufuneka iinkcukacha ezithile zangaphandle. Ngenxa yoko, emikhulu kunye yocingo ephantsi sele kusenokubonisa utyekelo bafune mthetho. Kuyinto ngenxa kwithiyori uGqirha Lombroso kwi ezingqondweni kawonke okhule ngokusisigxina ingcamango kubi ukuba ijaji umntu kwaye kufuneka imbonakalo.

3. amavumba oonobangela zezifo

Akekho ofuna ukuba kwinkulungwane London XIX. Ngowe-1830 ubhubhane yesifo, influenza nekholera ngokoqobo zatshatyalaliswa umzi. Le meko yaba ezimbi nkqu iiklasi ephezulu waqalisa ukuphawula oko ukungcola abahluphekayo bahlala. Isizathu yaba theory miasma. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukugula kunye nokufa okubangelwa ukunuka ukusuka okubolileyo mbandela organic ncedo ngemali. Kakade ke, ukuba lisenokubhidekisa, kodwa kube nefuthe elihle kulo elimiweyo liphela.

Ngenxa kwithiyori miasma eLondon iimeko zococeko ziye ngcono kakhulu. Ngokwendalo, oku akuzange kwenzeke ngobusuku obunye. Innovation kwakhokelwa iziganeko ziqukiwe imbali ukunuka Omkhulu. Ehlotyeni eshushu ka-1858 iThames, eziwa ezibharhileyo rhoqo evela kwimizi, namadela kunye ngendle, waqala ukupapasha elitsarhayo zingenakunyamezeleka, enyanzela abahlali ukuba ushiye eLondon, kwaye iPalamente ukuba ukuthatha izigqibo likaxakeka. Kungekudala likomkhulu inkqubo yogutyulo esitsha sadalwa, kunye nokugula nokufa zanyamalala izitrato zawo.

theory Miasma iye ziyayiphikisa kuphela ngo-1892, xa ubhubhane sotyatyazo Hamburg akazange ladlulela eLondon, nangona kusekho air "ivumba" yayo. Mhlawumbi, ukuba ingcamango uluntu ka Dr. John Snow, abasafuna efumaneka 1854 ikholera ebangela amanzi okusela elosulelekileyo evela iThames.

4. izulu lamaKristu emhlabeni

I intsomi ubukumkani lamaKristu Prester uYohane wazalelwa eYurophu ngo-1145, yaye ukuba wawuphila ngaloo mihla, nako oko bekuya ufuna ukuba khona. Ngokutsho ilivo, ebukumkanini ongumKristu mthetho kunye neemfuno, umsindo kunye umona, kwaye igutyungelwe emazantsi imilambo yaba amatye. Noko ke, ingxaki enye kwiparadesi isekhona: yena engqongwe abahedeni kunye savages, yaye akukho umnqweno ngaphandle nokuphanga. Ukuze ufumane nokukhusela ubukumkani wasentsomini, i baseYurophu waya iihambo ezininzi Asia Afrika. Akubuzwa ukuba khangela Christian Shambhala neNkosi yaso egcwele okunene kwakhokelela iimfazwe anegazi lonqulo?

5. Iziqalelo ezine ukulawula umzimba womntu

namagqirha Greek babekholelwa ukuba umntu senziwe izahlulo ezine: igazi, phlegm, inyongo emnyama kunye ebengezelayo. ayo kubalulekile, njengoko ibizwa, ukutshatisa izinto ezine: umoya, amanzi, umhlaba kunye nomlilo. umxholo yabo emzimbeni womntu imisela uhlobo yesimo. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukho bezinto inyongo etyheli bamenza choleric, omnyama - melancholic, yencindi - phlegmatic, negazi - sanguine. Xa ulungelelwano phakathi kwabo yaphulwe, bakholwa yi amaGrike amandulo, abantu bagule.

Kulo mbono, ibe logic okhethekileyo, ayimangalisi into yokuba iye yaba negalelo elikhulu amayeza kwinkulungwane XIX. Ukuba ubuyisele intsalela incindi ebalulekileyo kwakhona abantu ukuba batshintshe iindlela zokuphila, esuse umzimba ngoncedo enemas kwaye wenza nomkhuba. Indlela yokugqibela unyango yaba kakhulu yingozi. Njengokuba isifo eyonakalisayo ngokwayo, kwabulawa amawaka abantu. Omnye wabo, wavele, wabonakala Dzhordzh Vashington. Ngexesha unyango, igazi-zokuqeshisa, nto leyo okudambisa laryngitis kunye nenyumoniya, i-US umongameli wokuqala ngomhla ngaphantsi kwe 40% yegazi wafa ngesiquphe.

6. Umntu unakho ukufumana ubomi obungunaphakade esebenzisa lichiza

Ukuze ube awufi, abenzi bamachiza wasebenza ngaphezu kwekhulu. Ukudala lichiza awayesibawela, bona mix izinto ezahlukeneyo, kwaye iziqhamo experimenti bahlolwa phezu kwabo, nto leyo ke kaninzi iba unobangela wokubulawa kwabo. Ngo-850, i-esegumbini le Tang Dynasty udale into engaqhelekanga zamalahle, saltpeter nesalfure. Kakade ke, ayizange ukunikezela ubomi obungunaphakade, kodwa wenza into ebaluleke kangako. "Lichiza ukungafi" wayitshisa indlu yakhe isikhumba izandla ubuso yonakele. Kwathi kanti, esegumbini wasungula Ifomula eyimveliso powder. Ngenxa yoko, akazange kuphela akazange afumane ukungafi, kodwa wadala ngumbulali ngenene, ngenxa apho imfazwe elandelayo baba nokuba anegazi ngakumbi.

7. Iliso lomntu ukukhanya, sivumela ukubona ihlabathi

izazinzulu Greek ziye kwakuthe ithiyori yonke, ezama ukucacisa iliso yabantu isebenza njani. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ngaphakathi kwabo umlilo ngawo abantu kwaye ziyabonakala. Amehlo, amaGrike amandulo bexambulisana, kukhutshwe ukukhanya, ukuxubana iziza zendalo ezibophelelayo lwangaphandle emphefumlweni kwehlabathi.

Le mbono kudala sijongwe yenzululwazi kunye yenza isiseko weenkolelo malunga iliso ezimbi - emehlweni, ekwaziyo kokuchitha ukungaphumeleli, inkathazo kunye intlekele. Kuye kwadlula phantse zonke iinkcubeko neenkolo, kuquka Islam kunye ubuKristu. Naphi na apho uya kwenzeka ukuba, nokuba eMpuma Yurophu okanye Asia, ngokuchasene iliso ububi uya kusoloko kufunyanwa ngamakhubalo kunye yomabophe. Emangalisayo, kwinkulungwane xxi, siya kuqhubeka lokukhuselwa. Nokuba kuyimfuneko kulo mzekelo konke konke khangela omnye komnye?!

8. Ukwandisa wezolimo ebangela imvula

Ngaba wakha wayibona imifanekiso American Intshonalanga yenkulungwane XX? Njengomgaqo, baba yinto engento kodwa umhlaba owomileyo enothuli. Baqala ke ukuba kuvela emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokubuyiswa amafama ubomi kulinganiswa yasemaphandleni.

Kweli thuba ukususela 1865 ukuya 1875 kwi Intshonalanga kuye kwavela elinye intsomi: ukusebenza abantu abaninzi, kokukhona kusenokwenzeka baqale imvula. Sasidla ngokuthetha ngayo yonke - ukususela iintatheli abepolitiki kunye izazinzulu. Noko ke, nokuqhubeka ukusebenza kwiinkalo zolimo imbalela, amafama kuphela akazange abanganisa imvula, kodwa watshabalalisa ongaphezulu. Le ngenxa indlela engeyiyo kulinywe lwelizwe lwaba iziphango uthuli-1930, yaye le ndawo kanye echumayo kuye ijikwe ibe ntle kakhulu kumafama ndawo.

9. North Pole - nto Eden

Namhlanje, ngoncedo "Google Umhlaba" wonke umntu unokuphonononga nayiphi na inxalenye kumphezulu womhlaba. Noko ke, ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo, abantu abazange babe iinkqubo ezinjalo, yaye ingcamango ngokungacacanga ukuba ikhangeleka njani, umzekelo, i-North Pole, kunye nomfanekiso- ngqondweni, njengoko uye wabonisa yi imbali, - into eyingozi.

Ngokutsho abaphandi ngenkulungwane XVI, inikeza ulwandle efudumeleyo. Ice e North Pole wayengekho, bakholwa. Ngapha koko, wayeza kuba ngxa iintsuku ezibandayo kanye ayikwazanga ayasekwa ndifuze ice floes ezinkulu. Iindawo ezinika umdla ngaphesheya North Pole kwabonakala abaphandi ngokungenaloyiko lula adventure, kodwa iinkulungwane embalwa elandelayo, kodwa kuphela bezama nje ukufikelela kuye.

Ngowe-1879, le ntsomi we polar Eden kwaphela. Kwathi kanti, akukho elwandle efudumeleyo ayikho, kwaye onke amathemba eqaqambileyo zitshatyalalisiwe emva kwiphulo ezibuhlungu George Washington DeLong.