Abantwana abaneziphiwo Russia. Ukusebenza kunye nabantwana abakrelekrele. abantwana uphiwe enkulisa. Umntwana emculweni ngu ...

Kwinkqubo mihla yemfundo ubambe indlela umfundi-TAC indawo ekhethekileyo umntwana. Namhlanje akwanelanga nje ukuba kudlula umgangatho kolwazi kubantu abaselula. Kubalulekile ukuba kukubethelela ubuntu evumelanayo umntwana. Kulindeleke ukuba bahlolisise ngenyameko ukuze kuphunyezwe umsebenzi iminqweno enjalo kunye namathuba, nobuchule umntwana ngamnye. Ngokunxulumene nophuhliso izinto ezinjalo kuluntu jikelele, kwaba ingqalelo bengqondo, ootitshala nomba abantwana abakrelekrele. Ukuba nokuba nje kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, le nto ithetha ukuba mntu na amandla supernormal, kodwa namhlanje kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela.

Kweli nqaku siza ufumanise ukuba ibonakalise indlela ubuchule abantwana unesiphiwo, iindlela uphethwe lula ukubona yaye ziziphi iimpawu umsebenzi zokufundisa nezi bantwana.

Imbali elivela kuzo lengcinga 'giftedness "

Nangona into yokuba namhlanje umntwana unesiphiwo - umntu edumileyo ithembisa, kude kutshanje ukuchongwa kunye nophuhliso nobuchule ebantwaneni azizange wenza nantoni na iisayikholojisti okanye izazinzulu.

Imbali elivela ingcamango "italente" (eziphawula omdala) labhalwa kwiinkulungwane eziliqela. Ngoko ke, kumaxesha amandulo, abantu unayo ubuchule ezingaqhelekanga, abe kwinqanaba eliphezulu bekuliphi inqanaba lengqiqo, bema ngaphandle kweso sihlwele: iinkokheli zabo kunyulwa wesizwe, baba iishaman okanye amaxhwele.

Imigomo ezifana 'yingqondi, "yaye" italente ", yavela izihlandlo zehlabathi lamandulo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eli xesha odumileyo inani elikhulu labantu ezibalaseleyo ubugcisa iinkcuba. Ukuphonononga imisebenzi ababhali ezahlukeneyo eli xesha, ungakhetha i ingcinga ephambili ukuba ubuhlakani italente - akukho nto kodwa isipho esivela woothixo. Ngenxa yoko igama elithi 'misebenzi', bona bubonakala kwisiLatini ngokuba 'umoya. " zobulumko zamandulo bakholwa ukuba abantu nobuchule awuqhelekanga na entsimini zathunyelwa oothixo ukwenzela ukuphucula umhlaba okhoyo. Le ngcamango kuchazwa azibhala ka G. Hegel, kant kunye nabanye.

Ngubani na lo "misebenzi" ekuqondeni iinkcuba bamandulo? Oku kunokuba wasentsomini, okwakubonakala ebantwini belo xesha ongafiyo demi-uthixo ngokobuntu. Kuqala kubalelwa ubungqondi neembongi kunye namagcisa, yaye kuphela emva ukuze babe abantu abanetalente ukuba bakuzibalela abaphandi abadumileyo kunye namanani oluntu.

Kuphela phakathi sisazinzulu ngenkulungwane XIX F. Galton (umzala ka Charles Darwin kaThixo) theory abekwa phambili yi "basemhlabeni" ngemvelaphi italente kwabantu. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi "italente ilifa: imithetho kunye neziphumo zayo; 'lo umphengululi uthi italente into njengelifa. Ezi inzululwazi ezifunyanisiweyo ukuba ngokomfuniselo yahlalutya imbali emilibeni iintsapho-300.

Kodwa kwangaxeshanye kukho nezinye izimvo imvelaphi kwetalente. Ngokukhethekileyo, abaphengululi bacingela ukuba umntwana onesiphiwo - akukho isipho wendalo okanye amandla kaThixo. Ababhali ingcamango "isileyiti" ( "Tabula uhlanga") bathi ukuba abantwana bazalwa ngaphandle iziphiwo ilifa, nayiphi ukuthambekela umsebenzi yengqondo engaqhelekanga. Kwaye ukuyilwa buchopho enokuchaphazela okusingqongileyo yentlalo abakhule ngayo. iimbono ezinjalo kuba nendawo uluntu lwale mihla. Kwaye banalo inyaniso - eneneni, okusingqongileyo kunempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso nobuchule zabantwana, kodwa ecaleni notyekelo yendalo yomntu, yofuzo akunjalo.

giftedness yengqondo

Ngophuhliso lenzululwazi yezonyango kunye nasengqondweni linyuke kakhulu umthamo zohlalutyo kunye nesifundo izinto ezichaza ingcamango giftedness. Ngeli xesha, indlela abenze sibalulekileyo nokuvavanya ubuchule baba ekuthiwa-level of ingqondo (IQ). Abaphengululi ezifana A. Binet, Stern, G. Müller, G. Vyzenk, D. Hebb, iimvavanyo abakhethekileyo eyenzelwe ukufumanisa iimpawu ezithile. Kodwa le ndlela iye ngokuxhomekeke nakukhalazeleka.

Abachasi lo mbono, baye babonisa ukuba nokuba abantu abane kwinqanaba elisezantsi zophuhliso ngokwasengqondweni ukuze onesiphiwo. Kukho iimeko apho abantwana bazalwa izifo zofuzo zabakhonzela khona izakhono ezingaqhelekanga kwiindawo ezifana, ngokomzekelo, ubugcisa, umculo, ubugcisa bezandla kunye nabanye.

Ingcamango yokuba esineziphiwo eRashiya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX

Eli xesha luphawulwa ukwanda nomdla ingxaki abantwana abakrelekrele. Izazinzulu ezininzi, iisayikholojisti kunye nootitshala bazama ukunika ekuqulunqeni ezona ngqo into enjalo. Yanda iindlela ezahlukeneyo ubuchule une abantwana. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo GI sele yenziwe Rossolimo, eziquka kumetwa ubuntu ezifana:

• ke;
• ingqalelo;
• associativity;
• ukuba ukhumbule.

Ngenxa yoko, njengokuba luveze ngumntwana onesiphiwo - akukho kuphela has inqanaba eliphezulu ubukrelekrele. Ekwaziyo abantwana enamandla-ezithandwa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo, uzinzo ingqalelo kunye inkumbulo, nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha.

Ngeli xesha, oko laliqulunqwe kuqala nezingqinekayo ngokwenzululwazi ingcamango yokuba italente yomntwana iphuhliswe ngenxa yofuzo iziphene kule nkqubo semisebenzi yezentlalo, zemfundo zemfundo.

zinika umdla K. Sototina: Lo mbhali uthi onesiphiwo abe umntu zonke ngenxa umthambo rhoqo. Kwelinye icala, ukukwazi isegazini ukuze kumka nomoya ukuba abathanga bayaphuhliswa.

igalelo elikhulu psychology of giftedness babe NS Leites, BM Teplov, AG UPetros nabanye.

Kwakhona qaphela ukuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, ukongeza umdla academic kuphela kwingxaki giftedness sithathe imfuno loluntu uphuhliso, ukufunda le meko. kuluntu Modern idinga abantu abanetalente: iingcamango ezintsha, izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu, impumelelo aphezulu nayiphi inkalo yolwazi igalelo kuphuhliso ngamnye kunye nelizwe ngokubanzi.

Inkolelo giftedness

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho nanye into enjalo amagama ezithile njenge "buchopho." umphandi ngamnye ufumana indlela yakhe kule ngxaki. Noko ke, ukuba ukuhlalutya uncwadi ngokwasengqondweni kwaye zokufundisa, unako ukuchaza "italente" njengoko umgangatho psyche yabantu ukuvela kuyo yonke ubomi kuchaphazela ukukwazi ngamnye ukuphumeza iziphumo kwahluka umgangatho. Zengqondo baphawula ukuba lo mmangaliso - ziziphumo impefumlelwano data oluntu isegazini, lonke uluntu engqongileyo neendlela nasengqondweni self-zophuhliso.

Kutheni kwengqondo ziye kufika kwisigqibo ukuba ebuntwaneni kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo Uxilongo kunye nophuhliso nezakhono? Inyaniso kukuba ukufikisa ukuyilwa ezahlukeneyo iimpawu ngamnye kwengqondo. Imfundo ye abaneziphiwo Abantwana - njengesakhi ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwexesha elizayo nobuchule. Ngoko ke, ootitshala kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kubafundi. yobudala yabantwana luphawulwa umsebenzi nangakumbi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo engqondweni ukubunjwa yesazisi. Oku ngumhlaba ochumileyo uphuhliso bafune nethuku baby.

Yayingubani umntwana onesiphiwo? Lo ngumbuzo kuwo akukho impendulo enye. Ngoko ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho izimvo malunga ne:

• abantwana abaneziphiwo - yinto lwepaki, ukukwazi engaqhelekanga ukuphuhlisa kule nkqubo yemfundo;
• bonke abantwana bazalwa unesiphiwo, njengokubonisa ngakumbi ubuchule babo buxhomekeke kwiimeko oluntu.

Ngenye indlela, umntwana onesiphiwo - i umntu ebonisa naliphi na inqanaba iseti avareji ngentla. kufuneka babonisane njani ezi zakhono efanayo - kuyo nayiphi na indawo enye oluthile lolwazi okanye nje indlela ukuxilonga kwabo besebancinane, oko kukuthi i "umgangatho", nokuba "eyinqaba" - zonke ezi mibuzo uqhubeka ufuna iimpendulo zengqondo ehlabathini lonke.

Nakuba kunjalo, ukwakhiwa ethile, ndathi data zifumaneka kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo lokuqwalasela, yemifuniselo ingxelo kule ncwadi. Siya kwabelana olu lwazi ngezantsi.

Iimpawu uphawu giftedness

Ziziphi iimpawu zobuntu asenokubonisa ukuba kukho umntwana unekhono?

Ukwahlula phakathi iinkalo ezimbini yokuziphatha komntwana:

1. Instrumental - indlela itakane ente ethile.
2. Oluchazayo - limisela sengqondo ukusebenza womntwana.

Ngenxa yoko, le miba yokuziphatha zihlalutywe ngokwezi ndlela zilandelayo. Ngoko ke, lo isixhobo uphawuleka:

• fast (ebizwa i "no-ubudala") ekufundeni nawuphi na umsebenzi, ukuphunyezwa kwayo ngempumelelo;
• owasungula iindlela ezintsha zokusombulula ingxaki ekhoyo;
• ukuyilwa ezahlukeneyo zokubhala, izinto ezifunyaniswe (ezintsha).

Kwakhona umntwana onesiphiwo idla idala indlela yayo ukwenza nawuphi na umsebenzi, uye izakhono ayalelayo, ukuhlanganiswa, uhlalutyo, kwakunye uhlobo eyahlukileyo yokufunda. Ngoko ke, ukusebenza nabantwana unesiphiwo eklasini zifuna indlela ngamnye zobuqu.

inkalo inkuthazo ebonakaliswa ezi zilandelayo:

• umntwana kukho yaligqiba umdla kwezinye izinto;
• baby umsebenzi ahlukeneyo engqondo, utyekelo ukufunda, ukuhlalutya izenzakalo;
• self-ngcono, eli ligatya kweempendulo esele zenziwe eqhelekileyo ukuba umsebenzi;
• ukwanda selectivity (umzekelo, isimo sengqondo edlelelelayo kwizifundo zobugcisa, umculo, njalo-njalo).

Amaxesha amaninzi abantwana abaneziphiwo kokuya esikolweni utitshala duct ukuba iimpawu inkuthazo - iintsana anjalo umnqweno eliphezulu ulwazi zehlabathi, elungele ukuba abantu balinge, ukufuna izisombululo ezintsha imeko yengxaki.

Kodwa ndibona ukuziphatha kuchazwe umntwana omsebenzi osemqoka, siya kuthathwa kuphela ubukho ubuchule ezithile kunye nezisusa.

iintlobo giftedness

Ngokusekelwe kokuma enabantwana ubuchule ezithile, abaphengululi bagqiba kwelokuba giftedness ukuze zihlelwe ngokwezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo:

• umsebenzi apho umntwana iqhuba kakuhle;
• Ifomu uboniso namakhono zangaphandle;
• degree of zophuhliso;
• lokuphakama obubonakala kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo lo mntwana;
• iimpawu ubudala.

Ngomhla kwingongoma nganye 'umsebenzi' Ukuhlelwa giftedness isekelwe phezu ezaziwayo-kakuhle izinto ezintlanu: yeengcingane, esebenzisekayo, ngokunxibelelana, ngokomoya yaye zexabiso obugcisa nobugcisa; ezintathu nempilo yengqondo: ngokweemvakalelo, volitional, ngokwasengqondweni. Amaninzi abantwana abaneziphiwo egadini babe isakhono kwinkalo ethile yomsebenzi: iingoma, ukuzoba, uyilo kunye nabanye.

Imilo ye wabonakala lwangaphandle abantwana abanetalente kwaye unesiphiwo babe ubuchule ecacileyo ezifihlakeleyo obungaqhelekanga. Kwimeko yokuqala iziphumo ngemisebenzi usana kubonisa ngokucacileyo misebenzi yakhe, lokufunyaniswa umfundi kunye uhlobo abagxothwa italente - umsebenzi iisayikholojisti, ootitshala nabazali bomntwana. Amaxesha amaninzi ukukwazi aba zabantwana ukuya ababanjwa, kukhokelele kwinto yokuba ukuzalwa umntu abanetalente nje awusebenzisi inegalelo ebomini.

Ngokutsho neqondo zophuhliso zezi italente ahluka:

1. To-umhla, nto leyo luphawulwa iziphumo ezibonakalayo komsebenzi umntwana onesiphiwo wakhe. ootitshala basebenza nabantwana abakrelekrele, ababonisa Tala zabo, ukuze kuphuhliswe izakhono ukunceda boyise imiqobo yoko, ukuba susumetela kwisenzo.
2. Kwi amandla bathi xa usana utyekelo zendalo kunye nobuchule, nto leyo okwangoku kuhlala ezingaphuhliswanga. Xa lokufunyaniswa olu hlobo kwezakhono umntwana kufuneka inxaxheba kuphela ootitshala, kodwa abazali babantwana abakrelekrele, emva zonke izalamane kufuneka ithuba lokubona ukuziphatha umntwana ukuze ixesha elide ukuchonga iipateni.

Iimpawu Latitude umsindo:

1. italente Lilonke, esibonakala yi kukuba umntwana obonisa isakhono engaqhelekanga kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye neendawo zobuchule. Ukwabandakanya abantu abanjalo bathi: "Abantu abanamakhono - bangamachule yonke into."
2. italente olulodwa kuboniswa kuphela entsimini exineneyo, ezifana umculo okanye ukupeyinta.

Age awohluke iziphiwo zihlelwa ngeentlobo zilandelayo:

• ekuqaleni;
• kamva.

Ngoko, ngokufuthi ootitshala ezichongiweyo abantwana abaneziphiwo enkulisa. Ezi abantwana zibizwa ngokuba bokuhlela ( "abantwana emangalisayo"). Nje kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, lo gama wabonakala bengqondo ngokuthi "mihla umntwana ekrelekrele." Leligama inikwa abantwana kom kwinkalo ngokwasengqondweni, umzekelo, ngo-emibini - kwiminyaka emithathu umsebenzi inkosi indala elektroniki, iikhompyutha, izixhobo zombane zasekhaya. Ngophuhliso kwetheknoloji kuqaliswa ubuchwepheshe bolwazi kunye nekhompyutha kwinkqubo kwenziwe la bantwana esiba makhulu, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuchaziwe kungekudala ulwazi kunye nezakhono zophuhliso ziya kuqwalaselwa eqhelekileyo.

Tindlela sokuxilonga iziphiwo

Nangona yokuba kwengqondo ziye zaphuhliswa lwemibuzo ezahlukeneyo neemvavanyo, iindlela ezisisiseko kuxilongo of giftedness iliso kunye nokuhlola zendalo. Igalelo elikhulu inzululwazi ngalo mba, wazisa AF Lazurskii. Wenyusa ukubukela umntwana ixesha elide (iminyaka eliqela). Loo isifundo ubuntu baby, bonisa ubuchule ethile, oko kwenziwa rhoqo (yonke imihla), kwaye mhlawumbi - maxa wambi.

Enye indlela ukulandelela ukuthambekela yomntwana kuyo nayiphi na ubuchule yindlela engabo buqu. Ngokufuthi, nokwenza, eliphethwe ngokohlobo uxwebhu lwemibuzo.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ukubona iqela labantwana ngabanye unesiphiwo, ifuna uluhlu amanyathelo diagnostic, kuquka:

• Ukubona indlela aziphatha ngayo umntwana kwiimeko zamaziko emfundo, amakhaya, iiklasi ezongezelelweyo kunye nexesha lokuphola;
• kwizinto zomsebenzi oqeqeshelweyo nosana iziphumo zovavanyo;
• ephethe imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ngokwasengqondweni-diagnostic (uphando, iimvavanyo, ukulinga, njl);
• Umbutho amakhuphiswano yengqondo, ngokwasemzimbeni neyobuchule.

Iingxaki abantwana abakrelekrele

Ngelishwa, bengqondo waphawula ukuba umntwana unesiphiwo idla ijongene eziliqela iingxaki ezithile. Thina ukuchaza abo zixhaphakileyo.

• Ukungabikho umdla ekufundiseni esikolweni samabanga aphakamileyo.
• Ngokufuthi, ngokuba nenkalipho yomgwebo, ubuchule obuthile, umsebenzi, ukuba nentsusa kwento kwaba bantwana kuyagxekwa, ekubeni ngokuqhelekileyo ootitshala kunye nootitshala zixabisa iimpawu abantwana, njengoko nokuthobela, ukuthobela ngqongqo imithetho.
• Phezu komntwana unesiphiwo abazali nootitshala ngamanye amaxesha nethemba ezininzi kakhulu. Baby, uqikelele ukuba ubudlelwane abadala, ngokufuthi wenza imisebenzi, nangona eneneni wayefuna ukungqina ngenye indlela.
• Amaxesha amaninzi aba abantwana esingelwe phantsi esangqeni koontanga.
• Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantwana bayakwazi yokukhetha abahlobo abadala kunaye, kodwa kule meko, abantwana abakwazi baphumeza iziphiwo zabo ngokupheleleyo ngenxa umahluko kakhulu kuphuhliso ngokwasemzimbeni.

Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi kunye nabantwana uphiwe kokuya esikolweni nokuba isikolo kufuna ulwazi bengqondo, indlela ngamnye, ingqalelo kunye ukuphendula.

Iimpawu zomsebenzi zokufundisa kunye nabantwana abakrelekrele

Kakade ke, kukho iinkalo zomsebenzi kunye nabantwana abakrelekrele. Kuluntu kukho uluvo lokuba ezi abantwana akufuneki ukukhokelwa kunye nokulawulwa omdala. Enyanisweni, yinto okwahlukileyo. Abantwana italente, edinga njalo uncedo mentors eziphezulu. Ngoko ke, abantwana abaneziphiwo enkulisa ingekabinazo ukuqonda "isimo" zabo, elo wabelithiyiwe kubo abadala. Kuphela phantsi nga kuphuhliswa kweliso elibukhali likatitshala kufuneka, ukutyhila zexa ezintsha italente enkulisa. Ukongeza kumsebenzi ngamnye kunye nabantwana kwiindonga kokuya esikolweni, umsebenzi kuphuhliso ubuchule abantwana abaneziphiwo yobudala kokuya esikolweni oluqhutywa kumaziko ahlukeneyo ophuhliso kwangethuba.

Ukusebenza nabantwana unesiphiwo eklasini kukufumana indlela ekunene ukuya umfundi, ukuba abe omnye abaphezulu kunye nomncedisi ekuphunyezweni kweeprojekthi ezicwangcisiweyo.

Ukusebenza nabantwana unesiphiwo nani kuqhubeka ukuphuhlisa izakhono zabo sikhokelo kwemfundo. Ngoko ke, le nkqubo namhlanje iye musani ukuba imfundo yamabanga ngabafundi, kunye ulwalathiso yinxalenye ezizimeleyo, gxininisa ekuchongeni nasekuphuhliseni izakhono zabantwana.

Xa iincwadi engqondweni kwaye emfundo ezi zicwangciso zemfundo unesiphiwo zilandelayo:

1. Ujula ulwazi.
2. Uphononongo ngezixhobo zokufundisa ngesantya okukhawulezileyo.
3. Ukudala iimeko eziyingxaki for self-determination abantwana babo.
4. izinto zokuzikhulisa.

inkxaso karhulumente kubantwana abakrelekrele

Urhulumente inomdla kwimfundo yabantwana abakrelekrele abanetalente. Ngoko ke, kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba izinto zengqondo kunye zokufundisa ngomsebenzi kunye nenkqubo ekujoliswe kulo le-Russian Federation iye yaphuhliswa abantwana abakrelekrele "Abantwana Russia". umxholo walo iquka ucwangciso "onesiphiwo Children", leyo ijolise ekudaleni iimeko ekuchongeni nasekuphuhliseni abantwana abanetalente kumgangatho karhulumente kulo. Le misebenzi ilandelayo yenziwa kule nkqubo yale nkqutyana:

1. Bonke-Russian Olympiad kwi kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo.
2. Ukhuphiswano, izimpi, ukhuphiswano phakathi sikhokelo kwemfundo.
3. utshintsho Creative kwiinkampu, kwizikolo zasehlotyeni kubantwana abanetalente.

abantwana abaneziphiwo kweli lizwe

Ngebhongo sinokuthi iRussia esisityebi kwetalente. Abantwana akhusele ilungelo ukhuphiswano ngamazwe zomculo bezobugcisa eli lizwe, ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi yemidlalo kwihlabathi-ngokubanzi, abaqhuba iisimpoziya kunye neenkomfa zenzululwazi.

iprojekthi indalo le encyclopedia "unesiphiwo Abantwana of Russia" sele uphunyeziwe sikhokelo yenkqubo karhulumente. Kule ncwadi kudweliswe amagama guys abaye bazibalula kwinkalo ethile yomsebenzi. Ukongeza, zimakishwe yaye amaziko emfundo eziye wadala iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu kuphuhliso ubuchule zabafundi. Kwakhona kuluhlu ethi "unesiphiwo Children of Russia" amagama ootitshala eziBekekileyo kunye nokuba le ndawo.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuchongwa kunye nophuhliso lwabantwana unesiphiwo - umsebenzi obalulekileyo uluntu ehlabathini. Ngapha koko, xa ezandleni abanamakhono, ubugcisa, ekwaziyo bhetyebhetye yabantu yokucinga engaqhelekanga kukuphuhlisa elizayo uluntu oluphucukileyo mihla.