Eyayimela zaseYiputa. eyayimela yaseYiputa kunye nentsingiselo yawo. eyayimela yamandulo Egyptian

eyayimela zaseYiputa, imifanekiso leyo zinikwe apha ngezantsi, yenye zokubhala ezisetyenziswa phantse 3.5 amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. E Egypt ukuba isetyenziswe Ekuveleni 4 kunye kwiinkulungwane 3 le BC. e. Le nkqubo idibanisa iimpawu phonetic, syllabic kunye nezimbo Indawo YobuzweKCharselect. Samandulo saseYiputa eyayimela kwakukho imifanekiso amahle, intw 'imiqondiso phonetic. Njengomgaqo, baya kusikwa ematyeni. Noko ke, phezu yeengcongolo, naphezu sarcophagi ngomthi nazo ukufumana eyayimela zaseYiputa. Umfanekiso ezazisetyenziswa ukuba bamakishe, zazifana lwezinto alathelwe. Oku kube lula kakhulu ukuqonda izinto ezibhaliweyo. Ukongeza kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela oko kwakuthethwa le nto okanye loo mlinganiswa.

Imfihlakalo ukuvela kweempawu

Imbali ukwenzeka kwale nkqubo iya nzulu elidlulileyo. Kwithuba elide kakhulu, omnye ezinqabileyo kakhulu yokubhala iYiputa Narmer sokuxuba. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba iimpawu zakhe yokuqala bachazwa. Noko ke, abembi aseJamani ngowe-1998 wafumanisa ngexesha kumbiwa amacwecwe amakhulu amathathu udongwe. Baye bachazwa protoieroglify. Iimpawu yomhla we-33 BC kwekhulu th. e. Kukholelwa ukuba esi sivakalisi yokuqala libhalwe litywina lokuqinisa Dynasty Second amangcwaba kwi Abydos uFaro uSete-Seth-Peribsen. Ndingade ndithi ekuqaleni nje iimpawu kusetyenziswa imifanekiso yezinto nezidalwa eziphilayo. Kodwa le nkqubo inzima kakhulu kuba kwakufuneka izakhono ezithile yokuluka. Kulo mba, emva kwethutyana imifanekiso zaye lula ukuya kwiisekethe kuyimfuneko. Ngaloo ndlela kwabakho umbhalo hieratic. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kakhulu ngababingeleli. Benza imibhalo kwamangcwaba neetempile. Demotic system (kazwelonke), owayebonakele kamva, kwaba lula. Kwakugcwele izangqa, jike, oodwi. Noko ke, ukuze kubongwe abalinganiswa original kule ncwadi ithe kuyingxaki.

Ukuphucula iimpawu

Ekuqaleni, lo eyayimela umYiputa yayingumfuziselo. Oko kukuthi, ilizwi Wavela ekubume lwemifanekiso ebonakalayo. Kuye kwamiselwa ngakumbi intsingiselo (YobuzweKCharselect) ileta. Ngoncedo neeideogram ukuba abhale ezinye izinto ezithile. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kungathetha umfanekiso iintaba njengenxalenye isiqabu, yaye intaba, kwilizwe lasemzini. umfanekiso kwelanga lithetha "mini" kuba likhanya kuphela emini. Kamva ekuphuhlisweni wonke neeideogram inkqubo yokubhala yaseYiputa wadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Thile kamva, yaqala ukuvela kunye namanqaku yesandi. Kule nkqubo, ingqalelo ngakumbi yahlawulwa nje intsingiselo yamagama njengoko ingcaciso nesandi. Zingaphi abalinganiswa umYiputa? In the New, kuMbindi noBukumkani Old imiqondiso lalimalunga 800. Xa zexesha lamaGrike namaRoma kukho ngaphezu kwama 6,000.

ngezigaba

systematizing ingxaki ihlala engekasonjululwa unanamhla. Uollis Badzh (philologist IsiNgesi kunye isazi) wayengomnye izazinzulu yokuqala, ngubani kwikhathalogu ezo eyayimela umYiputa. isimo sakhe yayisekelwe iimpawu zangaphandle imiqondiso. Emva kwakhe, ngowe-1927, uluhlu entsha yaqulunqwa Gardiner. "Igrama Egyptian" lakhe eziqulathwe kucalulo imiqondiso phezu sesichengeni. Kodwa kuluhlu yakhe imiqondiso baye bohlulwa amaqela ziyaphawulwa ngokuzibhala Latin. Phakathi iindidi imiqondiso amanani ngokulandelelana owabelwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, esakhiwa Ukuhlelwa Gardiner kwakugqalwa eqhelekileyo. Iziphumo zobalo natyetyiswa kongezwe abalinganiswa ezintsha kwiqela elithile kubo. Ezininzi iimpawu ezivulekileyo Kamva, ndathunyelwa amaxabiso zokoqobo yongezwe emva kokuba amanani.

Le ifundwe entsha

Kunye ukwandiswa kuluhlu, ezenziwe ngokwesiseko lucalulo Gardiner, abanye abaphandi baqalisa ukucacisa malunga nokwabiwa ezingachanekanga zabalinganiswa kumaqela. Kwiminyaka engama-80, wakhululwa i-volume ezine ikhathalogu abalinganiswa, ezahlulwe kwintsingiselo. Eli Nations kamva ixesha kwakhona waqala ukuba uhlaziye. Ngenxa yoko igrama yabhalwa Kurt ngo-2007-2008. Yena ilungelelanise ekujongwe Gardiner emine kwaye sele liqalise icandelo elitsha ngokwamaqela. Lo msebenzi, Kakade ke, kukho ulwazi kakhulu luncedo xa kusenziwa translation. Kodwa abanye abaphandi unamathandabuzo ukuba ingaba ifundwe entsha babeqhele e Egyptology, ekubeni amaphutha yayo kunye neziphene.

indlela Modern kubalinganiswa encoding

Namhlanje kwenziwe uguqulelo Imifanekiso umYiputa? Ngowe-1991, xa ubuchwepheshe bee-computer yenziwe kakuhle, oko kuye kwandululwa uku encoder abalinganiswa iilwimi ezahlukeneyo Standard Unicode. Inguqulo entsha iqulethe eyayimela ezinkulu zaseYiputa. Ezi abalinganiswa kuluhlu: U + 13000 - U + 1342F. Namhlanje kuqhubeka ukuba kuvela iindidi iikhathalogu amatsha nge-elektroniki. Ziqonde yakhona zaseYiputa kwi ulwimi Russian yenziwa ngokusebenzisa umhleli womzobo Hieroglyphica. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngalo mzuzu iyaqhubeka ukuba kuvela beefayili ezintsha. Ngokunxulumene nenani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo mqondiso ke nangoku ayikwazi zihlelwe ngokupheleleyo. Ukongezelela, ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha, abaphandi bafumane yakhona baseYiputa ezintsha kunye nexabiso phonetic lwe unyulo elitsha zikhona.

Iimpawu Image Direction

Amaninzi, amaYiputa babhala imigca tye, ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo. It lwalunqabile ukuhlangabezana umgca ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Kwezinye iimeko, ezi mpawu nkqo. Kulo mzekelo, yokuba zisoloko ukufunda ukususela phezulu ukuya ezantsi. Noko ke, nangona ulwalathiso preferential ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo kwi kwimibhalo kwamaYiputa, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, kwiincwadi zophando mihla le uphawu ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Imiqondiso kuboniswe iintaka, izilwanyana, abantu baye kuvuliwe ukuya ekuqaleni ubuso line njalo. Uphawu eliphezulu waba ukongama phezu emazantsi. AmaYiputa akazange asebenzise sahluli izivakalisi okanye amagama, okt akukho ziphumlisi. Iimpawu Calligraphic xa uzama ukuba zisasaze le leta ngaphandle izikhewu symmetrically, ukwakha neengxande okanye izikwere.

inkqubo ezingaqondakaliyo

eyayimela umYiputa lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini aphambili. Eyokuqala phonograms (amanqaku sound), kwaye eyesibini - neeideogram (imiqondiso esemantiki). Latest gama lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela nayiphi na ingcamango. Nabo ke, ukuba zohlulwa ngokwendidi 2: senjongosenzi kunye logograms. Phonogram esetyenziselwa izandi. Eli qela libandakanya iintlobo ezintathu iimpawu: trehsoglasnye, dvusoglasnye kunye odnosoglasnye. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba akukho mfanekiso phakathi abalinganiswa izikhamiso. Ngoko ke, le ndlela yokubhala lwamaqabane, njenge Arabhu okanye isiHebhere. AmaYiputa ukufunda itekisi kunye zonke izikhamiso, ukuba kwenzekile, kubhalwe. Umntu ngamnye wayesazi kakuhle into isandi phakathi kwezinye zandi kufuneka abekwe yokubiza igama. Kodwa ke ukungabikho kweempawu lwezikhamiso yingxaki enkulu ngenxa Egyptologists. Kwithuba elide kakhulu ngolwimi (phantse i amawaka amabini minyaka yokugqibela) kwakugqalwa ufile. Kwaye namhlanje akukho bani owaziyo kakuhle indlela amagama ngokunjalo. Ngenxa yophando philological nako, kakade, makamise nefonetiki rough amazwi amaninzi, ukuze baqonde intsingiselo yawo eyaziwayo engumYiputa Russian, Latin kunye nezinye iilwimi. Kodwa imisebenzi enjalo ngoku nenzululwazi ekwanti kakhulu.

phonogram

Iimpawu Odnosoglasnye baba alphabet zaseYiputa. Eyayimela kulo mzekelo osetyenziswayo ukubonisa omnye ngonobumba. Amagama ngqo bonke abalinganiswa odnosoglasnyh ayaziwa. ezilandelelanayo eyenziwe zizazinzulu, Egyptologists. Ukuguqulwa kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa oonobumba Latin. Noko ke, ukuba, oonobumba Latin ayikho oonobumba okanye kufuneka ukuba ngaphezulu, amanqaku ngoko lwemvakalo-zwi zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa. Dvusoglasnye izandi zenzelwe ukuba ukudluliselwa consonants ezimbini. Olu hlobo loonobumba kuqhelekile ngokwaneleyo. Ezinye zazo polyphonic (nokudlulisela imidibaniso ezininzi). imiqondiso Trehsoglasnye ukugqithisa, ngokulandelelana, oonobumba ezintathu. Baya Kwakhona zisasazwa ngencwadi ebhaliweyo. Njengoko umthetho, iindidi ezimbini zokugqibela zisetyenziswa kongezwe iimpawu odnosoglasnyh ukuba inxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo abonisa isandi sawo.

Ideogrammaticheskie eyayimela yaseYiputa nentsingiselo yawo

Logograms imifanekiso ukuba kuboniswe oko ngokwenene ithetha ukuba. Umzekelo, umzobo kwelanga - namhla, kwaye ukukhanya nelanga ngokwawo, kunye nexesha. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluchanileyo olungakumbi logo kuhamba isandi eziqhelekileyo. Senjongosenzi ke neeideogram, eyenzelwe ukuba libhekisela logogram iindidi zegrama. Njengomgaqo, baye babekwa ekupheleni kwamagama. Ofakelwe waba ukucacisa intsingiselo izinto ezibhaliweyo. Noko ke, akazange ukumisela naziphi amagama okanye izandi. Senjongosenzi kungenzeka zombini ephathwayo kunye nexabiso ngqo. Umzekelo, i-hieroglyph umYiputa for "iliso" - akwaneli nje isebe umbono, kodwa kwakhona ukukwazi ukubona, ukubukela. A uphawu ebonisa incwadi esongwayo yeengcongolo, ayikwazanga nje abonisa incwadi okanye skrolela ngokwayo, kodwa abe abstract ngakumbi, ingqiqo abstract.

ukusetyenziswa kwemiqondiso

abalinganiswa zokuhombisa kwaye kunokuba esesikweni ukwenzela ukuzalisekisa kwazo. Ngokukodwa, imiqondiso, njengoko umthetho, kuba uphawu imibhalo engcwele kwaye omkhulukazi. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukudala ishishini kunye namaxwebhu olawulo, imbalelwano wasebenzisa inkqubo elula hieratic. Kodwa nakuba nokusetyenziswa rhoqo, ayikwazanga asuse ngabalinganiswa. Baqhubeka ukusebenzisa kwithuba le wasePersi, kwaye ngexesha ulawulo lwamaGrike namaRoma. Kodwa ke mna ndithi ukuba ngenkulungwane IV babembalwa abantu angasebenzisa nokuqonda inkqubo.

uphando lwezenzululwazi

Omnye oonobumba bokuqala Ababhali bamandulo abanomdla UDiodorus, uStrabo, nguHerodotus. igunya okhethekileyo sifundo yeempawu waba Horapollon. Zonke ezi ababhali baye babonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba bonke abalinganiswa lizisa umfanekiso yeleta. Kule nkqubo, ngokoluvo lwabo, abalinganiswa ngamnye otyunjwe amagama lonke, kodwa hayi oonobumba okanye amagama. Phantsi yempembelelo yalo ithisisi lixesha elide kakhulu yaye abaphandi ngenkulungwane ye-19. Not uzama ukuqinisekisa ngokwenzululwazi lo mbono, izazinzulu ziye ziqala i eyayimela, nzele kubo njengesixhobo igrafu yemifanekiso. Eyokuqala lowo wacebisa phambi yeesimboli phonetic, waba Thomas Young. Kodwa yena akakwazanga ukufumana isitshixo Tu ingqondo kubo. Ukuwuqonda yakhona yaseYiputa waphumelela Jean-Fransua Shampolonu. Sinokholo sembali yale umphengululi ukuba washiya ithisisi ababhali baza bakhetha indlela yakhe. Njengesiseko ndifunda wathabatha kwingcinga yokuba imibhalo umYiputa musa kuqulatha lweziqalelo sengqiqo phonetic.

Uphando Rosetta Stone

Le buza zakudala yaba abangelwe emnyama olukhazimlisiweyo slab. Oku konke ngokupheleleyo, wayifulela zemibhalo eziye zenziwa ngeelwimi ezimbini. Kwi kwipleyiti babezithetha ezintathu. I ezimbini zokuqala eyenziwe eyayimela ngamaYiputa amandulo. Ikholam yesithathu yabhalwa ngesiGrike, yaye ngoncedo ubukho bakhe ngetekisi ilitye ukufunda. Yaba i ababingeleli idilesi ebekekileyo, uyalele yi nguPtolemy i Fifth Epiphanes ngomhla ekumisweni kwayo. Kumbhalo wesiGrike elityeni ubuzinyaswe amagama Cleopatra kunye uPtolemy. Bekufanele ukuba kumbhalo yaseYiputa. Kwakusaziwa ukuba amagama ooFaro zibandakanya cartouches, okanye izakhelo elimbhoxo. Yiyo loo nto Shampilona akukho nzima ukufumana amagama kwisicatshulwa umYiputa - ngokucacile ivelele nabanye abalinganiswa. Kamva, ngokuthelekisa ikholam itekisi, umphandi ngakumbi yaye uqiniseke ngakumbi wihi kwithiyori yeesimboli phonetic ezisekelwe.

Eminye imithetho uphawu

Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa kwi ubuchule bokubhala waba imiba yobuhle. Ngenxa yesi sizathu ukudala imithetho ethile ezithintela ukhetho lwe kwicala kwisicatshulwa. Imiqondiso angabhalwa ekunene ukuya ekhohlo, kwaye vice versa, kuxhomekeka apho kusetyenziswa. Abanye abalinganiswa zabhalwa ukuze ubuso ngobuso ukufunda. Kwaye lo mgaqo kubalinganiswa ezininzi, kodwa ezicacileyo kakhulu umda waba ukuzoba abalinganiswa ebonisa izilwanyana nabantu. Ukuba umbhalo ubekwe kwi-website, abalinganiswa yayo ngamnye wabhenela phakathi emnyango. Kuza umntu ngoko lula ukufunda abalinganiswa, kuba iqala abalinganiswa okubhaliweyo kubekwe mgama ngakumbi kuye. Ngenxa yoko, akukho namnye umqondiso "akazange abonise ngokungazi 'yaye abazange babuye umva yakhe nabani na. Lo mgaqo, enyanisweni, ibonakala incoko phakathi kwabantu ababini.

iziphumo

Kufuneka ke ukuba, nangona elula elikhangeleka ngayo izinto zokubhala kumaYiputa, inkqubo yawo ngemiqondiso yayigqalwa inzima kakhulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abalinganiswa waqala kuziphosa ngasemva, yaye kungekudala kwafakwa ngezinye iindlela yokuvakalisa ngemizobo zentetho. AmaRoma namaGrike akazange abonise umdla okhethekileyo eyayimela zaseYiputa. Kunye ukwamkelwa inkqubo symbols of Christianity ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa. Ngu 391, ngokomyalelo baseByzantium uMlawuli uTheodosius Enkulu Okokuqala zonke iitempile zabahedeni zivaliwe. Imihla irekhodi obhalwe yokugqibela ukususela kunyaka 394 (sinokungqinelwa iziphumo ezinenzululwazi ngezakudala malunga. Fila).