Injongo yeNkqubela yesiThathu. Iinjongo ze-3rd Crusade kunye neziphumo

Ngo-2011, uPapa uBenedict XVI waxolisa kwiiNkolo zamaKhonto. Enyanisweni, kunzima ukucingela into engeyona engokwemvelo kunokuba imfazwe egameni likaKristu, ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokungaxhatshali kokubi ngogonyamelo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko izazi-mlando ziqaphele, iinjongo zonqulo zazingekho zizathu eziphambili zokuba, umzekelo, ookumkani abane baseYurophu abanamandla ukuba baqoke iYerusalem ukusuka kuma-Arabhu ngo-1189. Ngoko yintoni eyayijoliswe kwiNkqubela yesiThathu? Yayiphi na nini na?

Iziganeko zangaphambili

Ngowe-1183, enye yezona nkokheli ezinkulu zehlabathi lamaSilamsi ngelo xesha - iSaladin - yanqoba izixeko ezibalulekileyo ze-Aleppo noMosul. Oku kuthetha ukuba amandla amakhulu avela kuMbindi Mpuma, okwakubangela ingozi enkulu kumaKristu. Nangona kunjalo, abalawuli be-Crusader iinqununu babehlala kunye neengxabano ze-internecine kunye neengongoma kwaye abazange baqaphele ukuba bajikelezwe ngamacala onke, kwaye ngoko ke intshaba enamandla kakhulu nomkhosi omkhulu. Ngelo xesha, abazange bayeke ukuhlasela amaSulumane. Ngokukodwa, ngelinye ilanga i-knight uReno de Chatillon, owayebandakanyekile ekuphangi kweentlavane ezivela eYiputa, wahlambalaza uSaladin, wadlwengula udade wakhe, oye waya kumyeni wakhe. Ngenxa yolu lwaphulo-mthetho, akazange athwale isigwebo esifanelekileyo kwi-King King Baldwin ye-Fourth, eyabangela ukuba amaSulumane aqale imfazwe, eyona nto ibalulekileyo imfazwe ye-Hatinna - yenzeka ngo-1187 kwaye yaphela ekunqothulweni kwamaKristu. Ngaphezu koko, imikhosi yabo yempi-imigaqo ye-Templars ne-Hospitallers-yabhujiswa yiSaracens, kwaye kwakungabikho mntu ukukhusela iYerusalem. Ngenxa yoko, ngoSeptemba 1187 loo mzi wanikezelwa enenceba kaSaladin, owathi wabonakalisa ubuntu obungalindelekanga ngelo xesha, ukukhulula bonke abantu basezidolophini, kubandakanywa namajoni, ukuba athathele intlawulelo.

Ukulungiselela kunye neNjongo 3 yeNkqubela (ngokufutshane)

Iindaba zeziganeko zafika eYurophu kuphela emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa. UPapa wayengenakunceda ukubiza "umkhosi wamaKristu" kwiingalo kwaye ngokukhawuleza wavakalisa amaKatolika emhlabeni jikelele injongo yeThathu yoKhuselo, eyayiza kubuya eJerusalem kwaye ijezise iSaracens.

Nangona kunjalo, nganye yamakhosi amathathu, abonisa umnqweno wokuya ekulweni "ngenxa yobuqaqawuli bukaKristu," babe neenjongo zabo. Ngaloo ndlela, injongo ephambili ye-3rd Crusade yabonwa nguRichard the Lionheart, owayesanda kungena kwisihlalo sobukhosi saseNgesi, njengethuba lokuzikhazimulisa ngezenzo zobuqhawe kwaye azuze uzuko lweqhawe elikhulu. Ngokuphathelele uKumkani waseFransi uFilipu II kunye noMlawuli waseJamani uFrederick oQala, banethemba lokuba badibanise amandla abo emazweni abo, ukuxosha ama-knights angavumelaniyo, kunye nokwandisa impembelelo yabo kwibala lezopolitiko. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakungekho ubunye phakathi kweenkokeli zamaKristu, kwaye ngamnye wabo wayekhetha ukwenza ngokuzimela. Ngako oko, xa uthetha ngekhosi kunye nenjongo yeNkqubela yeThathu (1189-1192), umntu kufuneka acinge ngeendlela zokulawula amabutho aseBrithani, amaJamani kunye namaFrentshi, kunye nezenzo zabaphathi babo ngokwahlukileyo.

Intetho kaRichard the Lionheart noFilipu okwesibini

Ngaphambi kokuba ithumele ePalestine, abaseBritani bakwazi ukuphakamisa imali ngakumbi kunamanye amazwe athatha inxaxheba. Inyaniso kukuba abantu abaninzi baseBrithani bemali babekholelwa ukuba injongo yoKhuselo lweThathu yayiyinzuzo yokuphuculwa ngokukhawuleza kokumkani ngenxa yexabiso elinokukhethwa xa kwenzeka ukunqoba amaSulumane namaYuda, ngoko ke bavuyisa ngemali kaRichard ngokuthatha ubukhosi E mhlabeni. Xa kukhishwe umyalelo ukuba uthethe, imikhosi yayithwalwe kwiinqanawa ize iya kwiLizwe elingcwele elwandle. U kumkani ngokwakhe waya eItali, ehlanganisene nendlela kunye nenkosi yaseFransi. Ekubeni iRichard kunye nomkhosi waseFilipi bahamba ngokukhawuleza, bafika eSicily kuphela ekwindla, kwaye imikhosi yamaCrafta kwakufuneka ihlale kwiindawo zokuhlala kwaye ikulindele ukusa. Ngethuba lexesha lokunyanzelisa, inkosi yaseNgesi yakwazi ukuxabana noMbusi waseJamani, kwaye amaFrentshi asuka ePalestine ngoMatshi ngaphandle kokubambisana, njengoko waxelelwa ukuba isikhundla samaKristu angingqi sasibuhlungu ngakumbi.

Ukuthathwa kweCyprus

UKumkani uRichard waqhubeka nomkhankaso ngo-Apreli 1191. Nangona kunjalo, endleleni eya kufuneka athathe iSyprus, njengoko umbusi wendawo wayebanjwe ngumfazi wakhe umfazi uBerengaria waseNararre. IsiNgesi sasinamandla okwaneleyo okubamba isi siqithi ixesha elide. Ukongeza, iinjongo zeNkqubela yesiThathu zahluke ngokupheleleyo, ngoko zathengisa ngexesha kwiGuy de Lusignan. Ixesha lokugqibela ngeli xesha lalibhekiswa njengenkosi yaseYerusalem, eyabanjwa yiSaldin, kwaye ke akazange akwazi ukufumana imali enjalo ekhohlakeleyo njengento ecebileyo njengeCyprus, kodwa nokukholisa uRichard ukuba athathe inxaxheba ekuvinjelweni kweAqra, apho kwakukhona khona impi kaFilipu. Oku akuzange kuhambelane naluphi na uhlobo ukuya kwinjongo yokwenene yeSigqeba soThathu, kodwa kwakuncedo kuLusignan.

Intetho kaFriedrich Barbarossa

Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuba iinjongo zeNtshukumo YesiThathu, abo bathathi-nxaxheba abaye baqhekezwa ngquzulwano lwangaphakathi, bekuya kufezwa ukuba babekhokelwa ngukumkani waseJamani. Inyaniso kukuba uFriedrich Barbarossa ngelo xesha wayesekhulile kwaye unamava kunamanye amabini amakhosi. Wayekulungele kakuhle intetho yakhe, egqiba isivumelwano kunye nomlawuli waseByzantium, oye wachaza iinkcukacha ezifana nokunikezelwa kokutya kwabase-Jamani kwiintengo ezibekwe ngaphambili. Ngexesha elifanayo, uFriedrich waqalisa umdlalo obini kwaye waqala ukuthetha kunye nabantu baseSerbia nabaseBulgaria, balungele ukuvukela iByzantium kwaye baqaphele amandla akhe ngokutshintshana kwamalungelo athile. Ngaloo nto, nangona okokuqala injongo yeCroducus yeThathu yabizwa njengenkululeko yaseYerusalem, uMlawuli waseJamani wayenqikaza ixesha elithile, nokuba ingaqala imfazwe neByzantium ekulawuleni eBalkans.

Ukufa kweBarbarossa

Yiba nokuba kunjalo, ekupheleni kukaMatshi, ngo-1191, ukuwela kwemikhosi yaseJamani kwi-Bosporus yaqala. Ukuqhubela phambili indlela yabo yadlulela kwimimandla yaseAsia Minor eyayinabantu baseSeljuk Turks, ababehlala behlasela kwaye bebuthathaka umkhosi wabantu abaMnqophiso. Ukuze abajezise, kwagqalwa imfazwe kufuphi nomzi wase-Ikoniyo, emva koko umkhosi waseJamani wawunomnikelo omkhulu weemfuno kunye nokuloba. Ekugqibeleni, umkhosi waseJamani wangena kwintsimi yobukumkani baseCilician Armenian, eyayinobungane kwiCriusaders. Nangona kunjalo, ngeJuni 9, ngelixa bewela umlambo oqhwithiyo uKalikadn (iSilif), umbusi osekhulile wawa ehashe waya emanzini ephethe izixhobo ezixakekileyo waza wamisa. Iindaba zeli ganeko zavuya kakhulu kuSarddin, owayeqonda ukuba ngoku iinjongo zeNtshukumo yesi-3 ngamaKristu akunakwenzeka. Emva kokufa kukaFriedrich, ininzi yempi yakhe yabuyela ekhaya, kwaye inqwelwana elincinci laya eAkra, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, alizange libonakalise.

Ukuvinjelwa kweAqra kunye ne-Battle of Arsuf

Njengoko uninzi lwababhali-mlando luvumelana, impendulo kumbuzo wento eyayiyinjongo yokuqala yeCroducade yeThathu ingaba enye-ukuvinjelwa kweYerusalem. Nangona kunjalo, kunzima kumntu wanamhlanje ukuqonda ukuba kutheni, endaweni yokuya kwisiXeko esingcwele, imikhosi yobukumkani abangamaKristu iminyaka emithathu emininzi ijikeleze i-Akra, engenanto ebalulekileyo. Kwaye ngeli xesha baxabana ngokugqithiseleyo, kwaye emva kokubanjwa kwesi sixeko eSiriya, kuphela iNkosi yesiNgesi uRichard ehleli nomkhosi, amaqela amaninzi afanelekileyo avela kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye namaqela abo, kunye neenkwenkwezi ze-Templars kunye ne-Hospitallers. Le mivuzo yempi yamaCrafta yenze ishintsho kwiArsuf kwaye ngoSeptemba 7 yahambisa umkhosi waseSaracens. Emva koko baya eYerusalem, kwaye uRichard wayenomuzwa wokuthi wayengakulungele ukuqhubeka nemfazwe, waza wabuza uSarddin ngengqungquthela. Nangona kunjalo, umbusi wamaSulumane wamkhanyela, eyazi ukuba injongo yeNkqantosi yesithathu ayayi kuze ifikeleleke, amaKristu akayi kubuya i-1096-1099, kwaye ayengeke akwazi ukuvuselela i- Kingdom yaseYerusalem.

Ukuphela kwemfazwe

Ebuyela eFransi, uKumkani uPhilippe waqala ukuphindisela uRichard ngenxa yeentlonelo azenzileyo ngeli phulo. Ecinga ukuba itrone phantsi kwakhe yayingadangalisa, inkosi yaseNgesi yagqiba uxolo oluhlazolayo ngokwemigqaliselo yeSaladin kwaye yabuyela ekhaya, yashiya iYerusalem ezandleni zamaSulumane.

Ingaba iinjongo zeNkqantosi yeThathu yafezekiswa (ithala lesiganeko ngonyaka)?

Ngaloo ndlela, yonke imizamo yehlabathi lamaKristu ukubuyela ezweni elingcwele yayingenanto, kwaye imibingelelo enkulu yabantu ayizange ikhokele kuyo nayiphi na into. Ngezantsi kwetafile apho ungayilandela khona iingongoma eziphambili zeziganeko esizicingayo.

Ngoko, kumbuzo woluphi umgomo weNkqubela yeThathu, impendulo yile: ukuthunjwa kweYerusalem. Ukongezelela, ngoku uyazi ezinye iinkcazo ezichaza isizathu sokuba ingafezekanga.