Ixesha lixesha lokuphuhliswa koluntu. Ziziphi ii-epochs zehlabathi?

Abantu abaninzi basebenzisa igama elithi "ixesha", ingakumbi ngaphandle kokucinga ngentsingiselo yalo. "Ixesha lama-Victorian", "Ixesha lamaSoviet", "I-Renaissance" - yintoni na eli binzana lithetha, yintoni na eli xesha, eliqhelekileyo lisetyenziswe ngabadumi beembali, izafilosofi, abavubukuli kunye nabanye abaphandi?

Inkcazo yegama elithi "epoch"

Ixesha liyingqayizivele kumgaqo kwiiyunithi zexesha. Akunakutsholwa ukuba lo unyaka, iminyaka elishumi, ikhulu leminyaka okanye iwaka leminyaka. Ixesha lingahlala ixesha elingenammiselo, ngezinye ixesha kuthatha iinkulungwane eziliqela, ngamanye amawaka eminyaka. Yonke into incike kwizinga kunye nesantya sophuhliso loluntu. I-hopo iyunithi ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuhamba kwenkqubo yembali eyenziwa ngayo. Eli gama lichazwa njengento efanelekileyo yokuphuhliswa komntu.

Iiperiodization zophuhliso loluntu

Ixesha lesiganeko liyingcamango yefilosofi ebonisa izinga lokuphuhliswa kwempucuko, ukuguquka koluntu kwizinga elithile lezenkcubeko, lobugcisa kunye nentlalo, ukuphakama ukuya phezulu. Amafilosofi kunye neembali-zembali zamaxesha ahlukeneyo baye bazama ukuxazulula i-puzzle kunye nokudala ixesha elichanekileyo lexesha elifanelekileyo. Ukwenza oku, izazinzulu zathatha ixesha elithile lembali, zafunda oko kwenzekayo ngaloo mihla, kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwaba ngabantu, kwaye sele sele lidibanise. Ngokomzekelo, ixesha lehlabathi la mandulo libukhoboka, eli xesha liyi-capitalist, njl njl.

Kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba iimbali-mlando zenze iiproodizations eziliqela zokuphuhliswa koluntu, kwaye zonke zichaphazela amaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ulwahlulo oluqhelekileyo: udala, i-Middle Ages, ixesha elitsha. Lo mbandela uhlala uvulekile kude kube ngoku, njengoko izazinzulu azizange zifike kwisivumelwano. Ukwahlula kwimbali yehlabathi ukuya kwixesha elidityanisiweyo.

Iimpawu zokuhlula imbali

Ixesha lehlabathi lixesha elikhethiweyo, elikhethiweyo ngokwemigangatho ethile. Mhlawumbi, iimbali-mlando beza kufikelela kwisivumelwano ukuba bavavanya uphuhliso loluntu ngentetho enye. Kwaye ke akukho ngcamango evamile malunga nendlela yokwahlula imbali, apho uyakwakha khona. Abanye bathabatha njengesimo sengqondo sabantu kwipropati, abanye - izinga lokuphuhliswa kwemikhosi evelisayo, abanye bawenza ixesha lokufunda, ukukhetha isigqibo sobakhoboka okanye inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ekugqibeleni, uluntu lwehlabathi lwababhali beembali-mlando ligqibe ekubeni ixesha liyi-teknoloji ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Kukho ixesha elidlulileyo kwiimbali, kwaye bonke bahlukana nokuhlaziywa kwezobuchwepheshe. Iingqondo ezilungileyo zilwa ukuqonda ukuba ziphi na izigaba abantu abaye bahamba nazo, kwaye ziziphi ezinye iinyathelo ezingenakuqhubeka nazo.

Iimpawu eziphambili zeembali zehlabathi

Iingcali zenzululwazi zikwahlula ezine iinkalo eziphambili zophuhliso loluntu: i-archaic, igrarian, i-industrial and post-industrial. Ixesha lokuqala libhekisela kwiinkulungwane ze-VIII-VI. BC Ixesha lama-Archaic libonakaliswe ngempumelelo ebalulekileyo yoluntu phambili, utshintsho kumfanekiso woluntu, ukuvela kweziseko zemihlaba, ukukhutshwa kwabantu ngokubanzi. Ngeli thuba, ukuhlaliswa kwamadolophu kwanda, ngokubanzi abantu babehlala kwizixeko. Kwakhona kukho utshintsho olukhulu kwimicimbi yempi.

Ixesha legrama liwela kwiinkulungwane ze-V-IV. BC Umbutho ovela kwiindawo zakudala udlulela kwigrarian kunye nezopolitiko. Ngeli thuba, ezininzi iinkokheli, izikumkani kunye nemibuso yavela ngokulawulwa ngokubanzi. Kwakukho ukwahlula kwabasebenzi kwiinkomo, kwezolimo nakwi-handicraft. Eli xesha libonakaliswe ngendlela yokulima yemveliso.

Kwiminyaka yezoshishino (i-XVIII-1 isigqibo sekhulu lama-20), utshintsho lwezoqoqosho noluntu lwehlabathi, ezobuchwepheshe kunye nezopolitiko zenzeke. Esikhundleni semveliso, iifekthi zavela, oko kukuthi, umsebenzi wabasebenzi uthatyathelwe ngamashishini. Ngenxa yoko, imarike yezabasebenzi yanda, ukuveliswa kweemveliso kwandisiwe, kwaye i-urban urban active. Ixesha langemva kwezezimboni laqala kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-20, libizwa nangokuthi "ixesha elingenamsebenzi." Eyaziwa ngokuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kweemeko, ukuzenzekelayo kwemveliso. Ixesha laqala ngeenguqu ezinzulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, liyaqhubeka nanamhla.