Ilizwe lamazambane. Imbali yokuvela kwamazambane eRashiya

Emva kwesonka kunye nembewu yokutya, le mifuno inokuthi ihlale kwindawo yesibini ngokuxhaphaka. Afrika okanye iMelika, iYurophu okanye i-Asiya-kungakhathaliseki ukuba lizwekazi, bayathandwa ngabantu abajikeleze ihlabathi. Siyazijwayele ukuba asisayi kujonga into entsha kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo asiyithathi kwinani lezondlo. Sithetha ngamatatata esiwaziyo ixesha elide. Makhe sikhumbule ixesha apho kwakungekho ngokubanzi, sifunda ngezinye iintlekele ezinxulumene nokulahlekelwa kwayo, kwaye sifumane isizathu sokuba sisasazwa kakhulu eRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, makhe siqale kwindawo apho isasazeka kulo lonke ihlabathi. Yintoni eyaba lizwe lazo lezambatho? Ingaba yiYurophu okanye enye indawo?

Ilizwe lamazambane

Sekude kukholelwa ukuba iizambatho zafika kuthi eMzantsi Melika. Ilizwe lazo lezambatho yiChile, ePeru naseBolivia. Nanamhlanje, ngexesha lethu, kwi-Andes, unokubona indlela amazambane akhula ngayo. Kulapho, kwindawo ephakamileyo yeekhilomitha, unokufumana izilimo eziyizigaxa eziphantse kuzo zonke iintlobo ezaziwa ngexesha. Ngaphantsi kweengcamango zenzululwazi, kumaxesha amandulo, amaNdiya kuloo ndawo angakwazi ukuzala kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zezityalo ezibandakanya iifatata. Ulwazi lo kuqala malunga namazambane luvela kwiSpaniard, ilungu lempuphu yamajoni kaJulian de Castellanos ngo-1535. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ingcambu ye-mealy yale sityalo yayikuthanda nakwaseSpanish. Enyanisweni, bambalwa abantu bawaphulaphula amazwi akhe. Ngoko unokuchaza ngokufutshane indlela ibali lemivelaphi yamazambane (ukusasazeka kwalo) liqale.

INkcubeko ifike njani eYurophu

U-Pedro Chiesa waseLe Leone ufumana inkcazo elandelayo yeembatata kwi "Chronicle of Peru". Wachaza esi sityalo ngokubanzi. Imbali yokuvela kwamathabhaka athakazelisa uKumkani waseSpain, owanikela umyalelo wokuzisa umlinganiselo omkhulu wale mveliso ngaphandle. Ngaloo ndlela, ngenxa yeSpeyin, indawo yokuzalwa yasebhatyeni - eMzantsi Melika - uye wanika le Yurophu yonke nale mifuno. Ekuqaleni waya e-Italiya, kwaye kamva eBelgium. Emva koko, i-dolophu yaseMons (eBelgium) yadlulisela iindiza ezininzi ukuze zihlolisise i-arc yakhe kunye nomhlobo waseVienna. Kwaye kuphela umhlobo wakhe, kunye nomhlaza wezityalo, uchaze ngokucacileyo iifatata emsebenzini wakhe Kwizilimo. Ndiyabulela kuye, i-potato inegama layo lesayensi -Solanum tuberozum esculentum (paslen klubnenosny). Ngokuhamba kwexesha, inkcazo yezambatho kunye negama lomyezo wegadi liye laziwa ngokubanzi.

E-Ireland

Ixesha le-Ireland, kwaye ngama-1590 iifatata zafika apho. Apho wafumana ukuqonda yonke indawo kuba wayemiswe kakuhle nangaphantsi kweemeko ezingathandekiyo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yimozulu, imanzi okanye eyomile, ithambileyo okanye iguquke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-tubers yatyaliswa kumhlaba ovundileyo okanye ongavumiyo, amazambane ayevelisa iziqhamo. Ngoko ke, isasazeka kakhulu kangangokuba kwiminyaka ye-1950 ubuncinci kwisithathu semimandla efanelekileyo yezolimo ityalwe ngamasimati. Ngaphezu kwesahlulo sesivuno esivunyiwe sasijoliswe ekudleni abantu. Ngaloo ndlela, iitapile zazidliwa ngesidlo sasekuseni, isidlo sasemini nesidlo sakusihlwa. Konke kwakuya kuba kuhle, kodwa ngokukhawuleza kuya kuba nokusilela kwesityalo? Yintoni eyayingayidla i-Irish kulo mzekelo? Babengafuni ukucinga ngako.

Iziphumo zokuvuna ezihlwempuzekileyo

Ukuba kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba amazambane azingenanga isivuno esilindelekileyo, kwandelwa ezinye iinzame zokunika uncedo oluyimfuneko kumaxhoba. Kwaye ukuba nangomnyaka ozayo kwakhona kwakunokwenzeka ukuqokelela inani eliyimfuneko leengcambu, oku kuhlanganiswe ukungaphumeleli kwexesha elidlulileyo. Ngoko, ngo-1845 kwakukho ukuhluleka kwesityalo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho mntu wayekhathazekile ngezizathu zento eyenzekayo. Kufuneka kuthiwa ngelo xesha, kuninzi okwakungaziwa malunga nokusa kwexesha elide- isifo sezambatho, ngenxa yokuba kwakungenako ukuqokelela inani elifanelekileyo lemifuno. I-fungus echaphazela izilimo eziyizigaxa ibangela ukubola kwezibambane zombini kunye nangemva kokuqokelela emasimini. Ukongeza, i-spores fungal yesifo isasazeka ngokulula ngamaconsi. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba e-Ireland ngelo xesha iifatata zintlobo enye zityalwe, isityalo sonke safa ngokukhawuleza. Into efanayo yenzeke kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo, eyabangela kuqala ukungena kwemisebenzi, kwaye ke yilamba ehlabathini. Ngokuchanekileyo kwachaphazela ukuqhambuka kwekholera, leyo ngo-1849 yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwamawaka angama-36. Imbali yezambatho ezinokubakho ukungahambi kakuhle kwezinto zikhokelela ekubeni i-state ilahlekelwe ngaphezu kweyesine yabemi bayo.

Iipatates: imbali yokubonakala eRashiya

Kancinci, inkcubeko yasasazeka kumazwe aseYurophu, njengoko sibonile kwimeko yase-Ireland, kwaye ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo kwavela kuqala eRashiya. Ngaloo minyaka, uPetros ndaya e Holland. Wayefumana ithuba lokutya izitya ezenziwe kwiifatata (ngeli xesha, njenganamhlanje, akazange akrokre ukuba ilizwe lazo lezambatho nguMzantsi Melika). Emva kokuhlwaya izinto ezintsha zokupheka, umbusi waseRussia wathi i-original taste of fruits. Ekubeni eRussia oku kudla okunyanzelisayo kwakungekafiki, wagqiba ekubeni athumele esikhwameni sakhe sekhaya kunye namazambane. Ngaloo ndlela yaqala imbali yamatera eRashiya.

Kwi-chernozem, kunye nakumhlaba we-acid acidification, isiko esitsha sisekwa kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaqhelekileyo babesalumkele ngokuqaphela le mangaliso-imifuno, ngenxa yokungabi nolwazi lweendlela ezichanekileyo zokuyilungisa, kwakukho imeko ezininzi zokutyhefuza. Indlela yokwenza ngayo ukwenzela ukuba ukwabiwa kweetayibhethi kufakwe kwisantya esibanzi? UPetros ndandingumntu onobuqili kwaye ndafika ngcamango yokuba unokwenza oku. Kwimihlaba emininzi i-tubers yatyaliswa, kwaye ngasemva kwayo yayimiswe umlindi owayephethe inkonzo ngelixa, kodwa washiya amasimu ebusuku. Oku kwabangela umdla omkhulu phakathi kwabahlali abaqhelekileyo, kwaye baba ngobusuku, kude kube kungekho mntu ubonayo, ukuba imifuno emitsha kwaye uyitshale emasimini abo. Nangona kunjalo, i- apple eyimfuneko yayingasasazwa ngeli xesha. Kwakukho abaninzi balabo "baphumelele" ukuba bangetyhefu ngamabhanki ayo. Ngoko ke, "i-apucking apple" ngokuyisiseko abantu abalula bafuni ukukhula. Kuphela iminyaka engama-50-60, ummangaliso-imifuno yayikhohliwe eRussia.

Iifatata zaziwa njani

Kamva, uCatherine Catherine waba nendima enkulu ekwenzeni iifatates ezamkelekileyo emhlabeni jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, iinjongo eziphambili zokusasazeka kwezilimo zengcambu kwaba yindlala eyenzeka ngawo-1860s. Ngaloo nto bawakhumbula yonke into ababeye bayigatya ngaphambili, kwaye bamangaliswa ukubona ukuba iifatata inomdla obalaseleyo kwaye unomsoco. Njengoko bethetha, "bekungekho nwabisa, kodwa inzuzo yasize."

Nanku ibali elithakazelisayo lamazambane eRashiya. Ngoko, ngokuhamba kwexesha, izilimo eziyizigaxa zepatata zaqala ukutsalwa kulo lonke ilizwe. Kungekudala, abantu babone ukuba luncedo kangakanani kwisithamo semifuno, ngokukodwa ngexesha lokungaphumeleli kwezityalo. Kuze kube ngoku, iifatata zibhekwa njengesonka sesibini, kuba unesitorelo esaneleyo ngaphakathi kwendlu yangasese, unokuphila nangamaxesha anzima. Ndiyabulela kwikhalori yabo kunye neenzuzo, kwaye nanamhla, into yokuqala etsalwe kwintsimi yizilimo eziyizigaxa zepatato.

Kutheni iifatata zithandwa kakhulu eRashiya

Ukususela ngexesha likaPetros, abantu abazange bazi ngokukhawuleza malunga neekhemikhali kunye nexabiso lokunqongophala kwesi sihloko somzimba womntu. Nangona kunjalo, imbali yamazambane ibonisa ukuba iqulethe izinto eziyimfuneko zokusinda ngexesha lokulamba, izifo kunye nentlekele. Yintoni ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye iluncedo kule ngcambu eqhelekileyo? Kuvela ukuba iiprotheni zayo ziqukethe phantse zonke i-amino acid esingazifumana kwiindawo zokutya zezityalo. Amakhulu amathathu amagremu ale mifuno anele ukwanelisa umgangatho wemihla ngemihla ye potassium, i-phosphorus kunye ne-carbohydrate. Iifatata, ngokukodwa zitsha, zizityebi kwi-vitamin C kunye ne-fiber. Ngaphezu koko, iqulethe ezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ebomini, ezifana nentsimbi, i-zinc, i-manganese, i-iodine, i-sodium kunye ne-calcium. Kwaye ininzi yezixhobo ezincedo ziqulethwe kwi-peel yamazambane, oku namhlanje aqhelekanga asetyenziselwe ukutya. Nangona kunjalo, ngamaxesha alula, abantu abaqhelekileyo abazange bawushiye kwaye badle iitato eziphekiweyo, eziphekiweyo okanye ezibilisiwe.

Ukulima kolunye uhlobo lwezambatho kunye nemiphumo yale nto

Njengoko sifundile, indawo yokuzalwa yamazambane yiMzantsi Melika. Kukho amafama enza ngokuhlakanipha, ukuzalisa izityalo zengcambu zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngako-ke, kuphela abanye babo babengenako ukufumana ingxaki yokugula. Ngoko ke, nangona iintlobo ezinjalo zilahlekile, akuyi kubakho iintlekele ezimbi ezifana ne-Ireland. Inyaniso yokuba kwimvelo kukho iintlobo zenkcubeko efanayo, ikhusela abantu kwiintlungu ezinjalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukhula olunye uhlobo lweziqhamo, oku kunokukhokelela kwinto eyenzeka e-Ireland ngelo xesha. Kanye kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezichumisi ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali kunye neentlobo zepilisi, ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukujikeleza kwezinto zendalo nemvelo ngokubanzi.

Iyintoni inzuzo yokukhupha iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezambatho

Kutheni, kule meko, kubandakanywa naseRashiya, yenza ukuba abalimi bakhule kuphela uhlobo oluthile lwezambatho? Oku kubangelwa kakhulu ngokuthengisa kunye nezoqoqosho. Ngaloo ndlela, abalimi banokubethelela uhlobo oluthile lweziqhamo, ngoko ke, ngenxa yemfuneko enkulu evela kubathengi. Kwakhona, ukuvela kwenkcubeko eqhelekileyo kunokuchazwa kukuba iindidi ezithile zezambatho zizisa isivuno esikhulu kwelinye okanye kwelinye indawo kunezinye. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko sifunde, le ndlela ingaba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu.

I-Colorado beetle - eyona nto intshaba yamafama aseRashiya

Umonakalo omkhulu kwizityalo unokubangelwa zizilwanyana ezinambuzane. Eyona nto iyaziwayo kuyo yonke i-trucker okanye umlimi omnye uhlobo lwe-beetle-beetle yi- Colorado beetle. Ngowokuqala ngowe-1859 kwafunyanwa ukuba bunzima bunjani ekuhlaleni iizambane kunokuzisa le nambuzane. Kwaye ngama-1900 i-beetle yafikelela eYurophu. Xa waziswa apha ngethuba, wakhawuleza washaya ilizwekazi lonke, kuquka uRashiya. Ngenxa yokuchasana neekhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukulwa nayo, le bhungane iphantse ibe yintshaba enkulu kwigadi. Ngoko ke, ukugqiba le nkathazo, ngaphezu kweekhemikhali, zaqala ukusebenzisa iindlela ze-agrotechnical. Kwaye ngoku e-Russia yonke i-dacha umntu ofuna ukutya amazambane otyongwe okanye aphekiweyo emlilweni womlilo webhefu kufuneka aqale azi kakuhle iindlela ezilula zokulwa nale nkathazo.