Impiliso kunye nolwakhiwo lisiza. Iimpawu ze isakhiwo lisiza

Hayi, ukuba zintle kunye nehlabathi emangalisayo phantsi kwamanzi, kanye njengoko yena twisisaka. De kube ngoku, oosonzululwazi bafumanisa iintlobo ezithile ezintsha ngokupheleleyo kwaye engaqhelekanga isilwanyana bafunda iimpawu engakholelekiyo yezityalo, ukwandisa intsimi isicelo.

Le flora ezilwandle, iilwandle, imilambo, amachweba kunye imigxobhozo azikho nje ezahlukeneyo njengomhlaba, kodwa owahlukileyo ezintle. Siya kuzama ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na ezi ezimangalisayo kwamanzi izityalo, ulele kwaye yintoni na isakhiwo ukubaluleka kwabo ebomini babantu kunye nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.

indawo ecwangcisiweyo kwinkqubo yehlabathi organic

Ngokutsho imilinganiselo eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi, ulele zithathwa iqela kwezityalo. Bayinxalenye ubukhosi Cell Plants ubukumkani kunye nezityalo subkingdoms Lower. Enyanisweni, eli candelo isekelwe phezu iimpawu ngesakhiwo ezi abameli.

Igama bona bangena ngokuba nako bakhule, aphile phantsi kwamanzi. igama Latin - ulwelwe. Ngenxa yoko ibunjiwe igama inzululwazi, ukwenza isifundo iinkcukacha ezi zinto ziphilayo, ixabiso labo kwezoqoqosho kunye isakhiwo, - phycology.

ngezigaba ulwelwe

data Modern ukuvumela ukuba ukuquka yonke ingcaciso ekhoyo malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo abameli bamasebe ezilishumi. Isiseko kokwahlulwa ngesakhiwo umsebenzi kuyimfuneko yaye kubalulekile of lisiza.

1. single-elilodwa Blue-oluhlaza, okanye icyanobacteria. Abameli: umbala oluhlaza, Monera, mikrotsistisy kunye nabanye.
2. Diatoms. Ezi ziquka pinnulyariya, navicula, plevrosigma, melozira, gomfonema, sinedra kunye nabanye.
3. Gold. Abameli hrizodendron, hromulina, primnezium kunye nabanye.
4. Abomvu. Ezi ziquka abomvu.
5. Brown. Kelp, Sargassum, cystoseira kunye nabanye.
6. Omthubi noluhlaza. Oku kuquka izifundo ezifana Ksantopodovye, Ksantokokkovye, Ksantomonadovye.
7. Olubomvu. Gratsillyariya, ahnfeltia, whelk.
8. Green. Chlamydomonas, Volvox, chlorella kunye nabanye.
9. Evshenovye. Zezona abameli kakhulu abangekaphuhli lo green.
10. Stoneworts. Hara njengommeli ephambili.

Le yokuhlela ayibonisi isakhiwo ulele, yaye ibonisa kuphela ukukwazi kwabo umBoniso kubunzulu ezahlukeneyo, ebonisa nombala we umbala othile. Okt ukupeyinta isityalo ngumqondiso apho kokwabo kwisebe elithile.

Ulwelwe: iimpawu zolwakhiwo

bevumelana osemqoka zazo eziphambili - kukuba umzimba neenkalo ngokweenxalenye. Oko kukuthi, akukho ulele, ezifana izityalo ephakamileyo, ukwahlulwa ecacileyo yokusinda, equka isiqu, igqabi neentyantyambo, kunye iingcambu. ulwelwe isakhiwo umzimba amela thallus okanye thallus.

Ukongeza, inkqubo iingcambu Okungekhoyo kwakhona. Endaweni yoko, xa kukho izinto ezihlobene ngomsonto-ezifana zibhityile kwawo ezizodwa, ebizwa rhizoids. Ukuba enze umsebenzi we-attachment kwi zeendawana, ngaloo ndlela ubeziphethe ngumtya.

Thallus ngokwalo kuba iimilo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu kunye nemibala. Ngamanye amaxesha, amanye amalungu ufana ngamandla ukubaleka izityalo ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo lisiza yi ngqo kakhulu ukuba isebe ngalinye, ngokunjalo kwixesha elizayo kuya kuxoxwa ngazo ngokweenkcukacha ngemizekelo ngabameli.

iintlobo thalli

Thallus - iphambili nayiphi lisiza multicellular. Iimpawu ze isakhiwo umzimba kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba thallium unokuba kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

1. Amoeboid.
2. Monad.
3. Kapsalny.
4. Coccoid.
5. Filamentous okanye trihalny.
6. Sartsinoidny.
7. Lozhnotkanevy.
8. Elizenzekelayo.
9. Psevdoparenhimatozny.

Eyokuqala amathathu kakhulu uphawu iifom bobukoloniyali kunye kwiseli enye, elinye phambili ngakumbi multi-cellular umbutho,, ezintsonkothileyo.

Le yokuhlela kulinganisiwe kuphela, kuba uhlobo ngalunye iinketho enguqu ezikhoyo, uze emva koko ukwahlula omnye komnye phantse nzima. Umphetho kuphakanyiswa zingacimeka.

iseli ulwelwe, isakhiwo sayo

Le peculiarity ezi zityalo ekuqaleni kulwakhiwo yezikhala zabo. Kuyinto yahlukile kuleyo abameli aphezulu. Uyakwazi wobeka iingongoma ezimbalwa engundoqo apho zabelwe iiseli.

1. Xa abanye abantu ziqulathe isakhiwo izilwanyana ezizodwa - organelles ze intshukumo (misila).
2. Maxa wambi kukho ibala.
3. Iintsuba ezi ngeke enye iseli isityalo oluqhelekileyo. Ngokufuthi baxhotyiswa ezinezinye ekudleni okanye lipid zikhabane.
4. Ngombala afakwe emzimbeni okukhethekile - chromatophores.

Ke ezinye isakhiwo iiseli lisiza kuxhomekeke imithetho ngokubanzi laloo izityalo ngaphezulu. Kananjalo:

• isiqalo kunye chromatin;
• chloroplasts, chromoplasts, kunye nezinye isakhi-equlethe isakhiwo;
• vacuole nge cell incindi;
• cell udonga;
• mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes;
• izixhobo Golgi, reticulum endoplasmic , kunye nezinye izinto.

Kulo mzekelo, isakhiwo zeselula ye ulwelwe kwiseli ingqamana ukuba abantu prokaryotic. Loo nto nalo inucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, kunye nezinye izakhiwo.

Isakhiwo yeselula ye ulwelwe multicellular iyavumelana ngokupheleleyo ukuba izityalo ephakamileyo zikrelekrele, ngaphandle iimpawu ezithile.

ISebe Green ulwelwe: Ulwakhiwo

Kweli sebe ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• kweseli;
• multicellular;
• lobukoloniyali.

ngaphezulu kwe lishumi lamawaka iintlobo zonke apho. The main Iiklasi:

• Volvoxes.
• Conjugates.
• Ulotriksovye.
• Elizenzekelayo.
• Protococcal.

Iimpawu isakhiwo single-ezineseli usendleleni yokuba ngaphandle iseli idla uhlawulwe yi zokwaleka olongezelelweyo ezisebenza umsebenzi uhlobo amathambo - pellicle. Oku kukuvumela ukuba bakhuselwe kwiimpembelelo yangaphandle, ukuba ugcine i imilo ethile kunye nexesha phezu ukwenza iipateni ezintle elimangalisayo ion intsimbi kunye neetyuwa.

Njengoko umthetho, isakhiwo lisiza eluhlaza uhlobo kwiseli ngokuyimfuneko ziquka nayiphi na intshukumo organelle, ngokufuthi msila ekupheleni ngasemva umzimba. Abangenzi nto zizondlo - starch, ioli okanye nomgubo. abameli Key: chlorella, chlamydomonas, Volvox, hlorokokkum, protokokkus.

umdla kakhulu abameli elizenzekelayo njengoko Caulerpa, kodium, atsetobulyariya. thallus yabo - ukuba ukuba akukho ndixakene nohlobo nembasa, kwaye enye iseli nesigebenga eyenza yonke imisebenzi esisiseko yobomi.

Multicellular unokuba lamellar okanye isakhiwo filamentous. Xa kufikwa kwemilo nembasa, ngoko ke badla multi-sixhobo sekhombuya hayi kuphela umaleko ube mnye. Ngokufuthi isakhiwo lisiza kule hlobo ifana kakhulu amahlumelo kwezityalo eziphezulu eziphila. Amasebe ngaphezulu thallium, kokukhona ukufana.

Abameli Key - mahlelo alandelayo:

• Ulotriksovye - ulothrix, Ulvi, monostroma.
• Stseplyanki okanye conjugates - zigonema, Spirogyra, muzhotsiya.

Iifom yobukoloniyali - ekhethekileyo. Ubume bale hlobo ulwelwe eluhlaza yi intsebenziswano enkulu phakathi olwenzeka elikhulu abameli kwiseli zimanyene ngokuqhelekileyo yencindi kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle. Abameli eziphambili zingathathwa ngokuba Volvox, protococcal.

Iinkalo ezithile zobomi

zokuhlala Key - ngamanzi ahlaziyekileyo yaye ulwandle, iilwandle. Amaxesha amaninzi kunokubangela i ebizwa ngokuba yi-esezansi ekuveleni, ukuba clouding yonke komhlaba. Chlorella lisetyenziswa lulimo yezilwanyana, njengoko oxygenates kwaye bazenza nyulu, amanzi, kunye namasalela owomileyo kondliwa imfuyo.

Lona lisiza eluhlaza kwiseli zingasetyenziswa izithuthi isithuba ekuveliseni oxygen by photosynthesis ngaphandle kokutshintsha isakhiwo sayo kunye nokufa. Ngokutsho ubude bexesha na eli sebe - endala kwimbali izityalo kwamanzi.

Division ulwelwe Red

Okunye Igama isebe - whelk. It wabonakala ngenxa kubameli umbala ekhethekileyo kweli qela yezityalo. Yonke le ndaba zombala. Ubume lona lisiza ebomvu xa iyonke uzalisekisa zonke iimpawu ezingundoqo ubume kwezityalo. Baya kungaba eyodwa ezineseli kwaye multicellular, sibe uhlobo olwahlukileyo thallus. Kukho lwabameli ezinkulu nezincinane kakhulu.

Noko ke, kombala babo ngenxa iimpawu ezithile - kunye yiklorofili, la lisiza aliqela kwezinye zombala:

• carotenoids;
• phycobilins.

Bathi afihla ngombala enkulu eluhlaza, ngoko ke umbala izityalo ziyahluka ukusuka mthubi ukuya omfusa nebomvu. Oku kungenxa kukufakwa phantse zonke kwamaza bokukhanya. abameli Key: ahnfeltia, phyllophora, gracilaria, abomvu kunye nabanye.

Ixabiso yokuphila

Nmb ukuhlala kumanzi acocekileyo, kodwa inkoliso - kodwa baselwandle abameli. Ubume lona lisiza ebomvu, ingakumbi ukukwazi ukuvelisa ekhethekileyo into agar-agar, yenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Oku kuyinyaniso ingakumbi ushishino confectionery ukutya. Kwakhona, inxalenye enkulu abantu asetyenziswe amayeza kwaye isetyenziswa ngqo ngabantu kukudla.

ISebe Brown lisiza: Ulwakhiwo

Amaninzi kwikharityhulam yesikolo isifundo kwezityalo asezantsi, iindawo zazo ezahlukeneyo Utitshala uyalela abafundi: "Bhala iimpawu noshowo loo kelp." Impendulo: thallus na isakhiwo olunzima kakhulu kuzo zonke iintlobo ezaziwayo zezityalo ephantsi, kwi thallus, nto leyo edla ubungakanani umxhelo, zicwangciswe baqhuba iimpahla; thallus kukodwa isakhiwo multi-umaleko, ngenxa oko kufana isixhobo uhlobo ngelaphu kwezityalo eziphezulu eziphila.

Abameli leeseli ulwelwe ukuvelisa ezi yencindi ezizodwa, ngoko ngaphandle lisoloko legqunyiwe ngomaleko elifana nalo. izondlo ungamyeki zezi:

• kelp ekudleni;
• oyile (amafutha yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo);
• mannitol utywala.

Nantsi into ekufuneka uyenze ukuze nithi, ukuba wabuza: ". Dwelisa iimpawu noshowo le kelp" Ewe ngenene kakhulu kwaye ezikhethekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abameli izityalo kwamanzi.

Ukusebenzisa le efama kunye nokwabiwa

Kelp - umthombo iphambili iikhompawundi organic hayi kuphela abemi herbivorous baselwandle, kodwa abantu abahlala kummandla wonxweme. ukusebenzisa kwabo ukutya yandile phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Kwezi imithi eyenziweyo umgubo kunye nezimbiwa izinto, alginic acid.