Lwahlulwe lwaba atom neemolekyuli amanzi? reactions Formula chemical

Amanzi - imeko esingundoqo eziphilayo emhlabeni. ngaphantsi komhlaba ingaphezulu kwe-esithathwini iqulathe iilwandle, iilwandle, imilambo kunye namachibi. Umthamo wamanzi kwi elwandle ngamaxesha ezilishumi ivolyum ndawo komhlaba iyonke.

Land - Isiqithi elwandle

iplanethi yethu kungathathwa ulwandle apho amazwekazi bayakwazi kuphela isiqithi omkhulu, ngenxa yokuba lo, ukususela Earth orbit uMhlaba ubonakala blue-eluhlaza, umbala olwandle.

Yonke ophilayo kwiplanethi yethu yenziwe ngamanzi, umz jellyfish iquka 95% kunye umzimba womntu iqulethe amanzi 65%. Ukungabikho weli kuphela 1% of ubunzima bomzimba ubangela imvakalelo lunxano. Ukuba umzimba ulahlekelwa-10% kokufuma, leyo kunokubangela intshabalalo yayo. Phantse zonke ekudibaneni kwemichiza kwenzeka ngendlela zolwelo medium. Ngokwenza amanzi lilawula lobushushu eli abahlala komhlaba. Ukuba umntu akanayo ukubila, emva kweeyure zomsebenzi onzima lobushushu emzimbeni wakhe wayeza kuvuka ku-46 ^° C

okuhambisa amanzi

Kwemvelo ityhalela rhoqo: umphunga evela amadama ezivulekileyo, behamba besinga amafu, iwela njengemvula okanye ikhephu yaye ke ngeenxa zombini, imilambo kunye nemisinga aqukuqela elwandle. Ukufuma ingena emhlabeni, ziqokelela kwaye kwakhona uza kumphezulu, kuwuzalisileyo phezulu okugcina amanzi. Uninzi lwamanzi olukhoyo njengoko umphunga kwimeko-bume, kwi imeko isiqina - ngohlobo lamanqanaba emikhulu floes ikhephu womkhenkce ezintabeni kwimimandla ezibandayo. Malunga wamashumi amabini ka emvula isetyenziswa ngqo eziphilayo. amanzi Natural akahlambulukanga ngokupheleleyo, ucoceke kangangoko kunokwenzeka kuthathwa ukuba ukuna, kodwa iqulethe ezinye ubumdaka entrained emoyeni.

Lo mzobo ubonisa ezinye atom kwemolekyuli kwaye kubandakanya amanzi lahlulwe ngokwemvelo.

Ubume amanzi

Lwahlulwe lwaba atom neemolekyuli yamanzi - yazini kweli xesha lethu nawuphi na umfundi.
molecule ngalinye le nto yakhiwe elinye ioksijini atom kunye athom ezimbini hydrogen. Esi sakhiwo inezigaba emithathu, njengoko saxineka nxamnye omnye komnye. Embindini oxygen (isimboli chemical - G) kumacala omabini isigxina ezimbini atom hydrogen (H) - yeyona athom apho uwahlule molecule yamanzi.

Kufuphi oxygen ingaphezulu izityholo ezimbi bayazibhijabhija, nasesangqeni athom hydrogen - HIV. Ukwazi oko atom kwemolekyuli lamanzi yahlukana, physics umisela ukuba molecule wayo - dipole. Oku ebangela zonke iipropati ebonakalayo. Umgama phakathi eziba ezi athom O, H - malunga 0.1 NM, naphakathi athom hydrogen - malunga 0,15 NM.

Enyanisweni, amanzi - kuba hydrogen oxide, eyona nto iphambili kweli hlabathi. Ngowe-1783, i-usomachiza odumileyo Lavoisier kuqala itsalwa hydrogen ngamanzi kunokuba kuboniswa apho athom wahlulelene yomoya yamanzi (ifomula - H ₂ O). Ngoko ke ubunzima bayo ezinto - 18 g / Mol, equka wamcacisela inani langoku molecule ubunzima atom oksijini kunye hydrogen. Le ndlela yokubala noshowo kuboniswa apho zinemoletyhule amanzi atom uphuphu.

physics Water

Amanzi ulwelo ukuba akukho ivumba, kukha beve, akukho umbala, ukuba le mihlaba ilandelayo:

• mninzi amanzi - 1 g / cm ^3;
• degrees ukuqanda - ⁰ ° C (ice);
• degree ebila - 100 ^{° C} (engumphunga).

Lwahlulwe lwaba atom iimolekyuli zamanzi physics, zinokujongwa ngezantsi.

Ngexesha reflux uwaphule iibhondi hydrogen, kwaye ulwelo lube karhulumente umphunga. Xa amaqondo obushushu uvikivwa ukususela 100 ^{° C} ukuya 3,98 ^{° C} umthamo wayo kunciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo umva lwenzeka kwi sicatshulwa ngakumbi komda omncinci. Inxalenye umthamo wamanzi kwi 3,98 ^{° C} inobunzima ngaphezu ^kwi-0 ° C, ngenxa yale komkhenkce waqhubeka kumphezulu wayo.

Ukongeza, amanzi inenani umphezulu kwempixano kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ulwelo, ngaphandle mercury. Ngaphantsi komhlaba iimolekyuli zamanzi babe nomdla kakhulu omnye komnye. Kodwa ezi molekyuli musa ukutsala molecule emoyeni phezu kwabo, baye ninomdla omnye komnye kuphela. Oku kwenza impembelelo umphezulu ukuqina umboniso phezu kwamanzi.

Le propati esetyenziswa yi ezinye izinambuzane ukuba umntu onokuhamba phezu komhlaba ngaphandle ukutshona. imizimba yabo ukukhanya kakhulu, kwaye kwempixano umphezulu awubavumeli ukuba iwele emanzini. Formation of icicles kwakhona kwenzeka ngenxa yale propati amanzi nezinomtsalane phakathi iimolekyuli ayo. Xa ulwelo iguqulelwa Bungumphunga, oko kukuthi sukube, umphezulu nengxabano shwaka.

Iipropati Chemical amanzi

Water - kweziyobisi kunokuba mva. iimpawu zayo yamachiza ixhomekeke ngoko atom kwemolekyuli manzi zahlulwe. Ulwelo disintegrates hydrogen neoksijini phantsi kwempembelelo umsinga wombane. Indlela abasabela kwenzeka apho umi kunye oxidant, kunye arhente nokunciphisa. Molecule yamanzi ufana umazibuthe enkulu kakhulu atomic uyakwazi ukunxibelelana phantse yonke into izakubanodibaniso. Phantsi yesenzo neetyuwa walo wabona haydrolisis ukunika electrolyte buthathaka.

Amanzi idityaniswe ezininzi oxides ezisisiseko. Iba neziphumo enezinto ezininzi, ezifana sodium, potassium nesinyithi phezu ubushushu, kunye ngendaleko hydrogen uyabonakala:

2Na + 2H ₂ O = H ₂ + 2NaOH;
2K + 2H ₂ O = H ₂ + 2KOH;
3Fe + 4H ₂ O = 4H ₂ + Fe ₃ O _4.

Nonmetals azikho bamatasa zesinyithi, kodwa ukusebenzisana ngamanzi phantsi zokufudumeza enamandla:

C + H ₂ O = H ₂ + CO;

CH ₄ + 2H ₂ O = 4H ₂ + CO _2.

Esinxibelelana abaninzi oxides non-metal. Xa oku kwenzeka indlela abasabela ngayo compound wokusungula acid.
Ezifunyenwe yi ngokutshiswa hydrogen oxygen ukuze umphunga wamanzi:

2H ₂ + O ₂ = 2H ₂ O,

yaye lo ukusabela lwephanyazo kubushushu ^ka 700 C.

Umgaqo yokuchitheka emanzini

Le medium zolwelo iyanyibilika izinto ezininzi, ithi ezahlukeneyo udibaniso. Zahlula-hlulwe ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• awonayo;
• kabi awonayo;
• phantse ezingenakunyibilika.

Yintoni na umgaqo yokuchitheka? Ukuqwalasela atom apho yomoya amanzi wahlulelana yedwa, oko kunokucaciswa ukukwazi layo ukutsala molekyuli kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuhlanganisa kuyo ion ityuwa iya ababetsaleleke ion ityala kwemolekyuli yamanzi. Oku ukhupha okanye ibizela ubushushu. Ion ichithwe ngoqobo amanzi nokugcina inani elithile iimolekyuli zamanzi wokusungula iqokobhe ukuphilisa. Le ion ke hydrated, kunye ziikristale ezinjalo kuthiwa njengekristale carbohydrate.

ukusebenza amanzi

umsebenzi into zolwelo kubomi babemi planethi yethu ayikwazi nembeko, kuba bonke ubomi, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba loo nto, kodwa usoloko ugcina ubukho balo kuphela ngenxa yale nto.

1. Lokugaya. Amanzi lisebenza kuphela polar, okusingqongileyo ilungileyo yonke indawo ukungenisa i reactions ephilayo. Izinto ezinokuthi ichithwe kuyo, zibizwa ngokuba esibamba ezingenakunyibilika - hydrophobic.
2. Transport. iimolekyuli iseli yangaphakathi rhoqo nokusuka kwiseli enye ukuya kwenye. Amanzi ukudluliselwa ubalulekileyo okusingqongileyo yangaphakathi nayiphi ephilayo.
3. Thermoregulation. Amanzi ngokulinganayo isasaze ubushushu nokubanda, lungisa iqondo lobushushu ngaphakathi emzimbeni, ezifana ibangela izilwanyana ukubila ngaloo buyehla umzimba.
4. Ixabiso begazi lamanzi kukuba lizibandakanya ngayo ezininzi kwemichiza.
5. umsebenzi Mechanical. impahla amanzi kubalulekile ukuba nciphisa ukugcina ukumila amalungu kunye namalaphu.

Iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga amanzi

Akukho nto ehlabathini, nenjongo zonke izinto eziphilayo ngaphezu kwamanzi plain. Ukuxinana ngokwesindlwane, umthamo high ubushushu ingcinezelo eliphezulu umphezulu, amandla ayo kwiimemori - konke oku iipropati anomalous kwento ezifana namanzi. Imigqaliselo kunye amalinge zingqina ukuba ubuncwane zolwelo unalo ikhono lokunciphisa iimpawu izinto, nto leyo kanye uyapheliswa kuyo, yaye ukugcina ezi zakhiwo, nasemva kokuba nokususwa ngokupheleleyo kwezi zinto. Yakhelwe kule siseko engundoqo amayeza ngamayeza. Enye obungenakuphikiswa kwaye ngexesha into efanayo kunzima ukusuka kwindawo umbono isayensi - iimpawu impiliso ekhethekileyo amanzi Epiphany equlethe amandla kakhulu. Zonke ezi iimfihlakalo ekusafuneka ukusombulula izazinzulu zangoku nezexesha elizayo.