Inkcubeko yaseShayina

Ekubeni ngo-1871, izazi-ntlalo, i-anthropologists, kunye nososayensi zenza uluhlu oluhlukeneyo lweenkcubeko, ekugqibeleni lwabonakalisa kwisakhiwo sokuqala, ngokungqinelana neziganeko ezili-164 kwimbali yoluntu ziwela phantsi kweenkcazo zeenkcubeko. Oku kukuhlanganiswa kobuncwane kunye nobutyebi bokomoya, ilifa loluntu, elidalwe kwinkqubo yophuhliso lwentlalo kunye nentlalo. Kuxhomekeke ngokukodwa kwimimandla engokomoya, njengencwadi, ukupenda, isayensi, ifilosofi.

Isiko lesiTshayina - iZhonghua wenhua, obizwa ngokuba yiHuasya wenhua (iHuasya - igama elidala lalo lizwe) yinto eyingqayizivele ebonisa inkalo yezinto ezikhethekileyo kwiChina: indlela yokucinga, iingcamango, iingcamango, kunye nokuziphatha kwazo kwansuku zonke, ezopolitiko, ubugcisa, uncwadi, ukudweba , UMculo, ubugcisa bombano, ukutya.

Izinto ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu zibonisa oko - ukudala, ukuqhubeka, ukunyamezela.

Enyanisweni, ngowona mdala kunembali yoluntu, ekhoyo kwiminyaka engama-5000. Isiko lesiTshayina lenziwe ngokusuka kwimithombo emithathu: impucuko yoMlambo oMnxantathu, impucuko yoMlambo Omkhulu (iYangtze), isiqhelo samantla esenyakatho.

Ihlala ingaguquki ukusuka ekuqaleni kwayo. Kwimbali yehlabathi, iindawo ezininzi eziphakamileyo, ezizukiswa ziinkcubeko ezizityebi, kodwa zingagcinwa kude kube ngamaxesha ethu, ngokungafani neChina.

Zonke iimpembelelo zangaphandle zihambelaniswe kwisiChina. Kwimbali yoBukumkani beCelestial, akuzange kubekho iimfazwe ezinkulu kwiindawo zonqulo. Iinkonzo ezintathu (ubuBuddha, i-Islam, ubuKristu) zisasazeka ngokukhululekile kuyo yonke indawo yombuso.

Inkcubeko yeli lizwe ihlelwa kwiindidi ezilandelayo: i-elite, yamandulo, ikhoyo namhlanje kwaye ithandwa.

Isizwe saseShayina isiko - uhlobo oluthile. Inxulumene nobuntu obuvelele kwimbali yeli lizwe, elibangela kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kwalo.

Inkcubeko yasendulo yaseChina, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yenkcubeko yaseTshayina ngokupheleleyo, ihlelwa ngokwexesha (okanye idynasties), ngokuqala kokulawula kwala mathathu matyala ka-Xia-Shang-Zhou kwaze kwaba ngo-1840 (ekuqaleni kwemfazwe yokuqala ye-opium). Ngokuhambelana neendlela eziqhelekileyo: izithethe zaseShayina, i-calligraphy, umzobo, umculo kunye ne-opera, imfundo, ifilosofi, ezoqoqosho, isayensi, ezopolitiko njalonjalo.

Kususela kwisizukulwana ukuya kwisizukulwana, abaphandi bavuma ukuba amandla okwezoqoqosho okwangoku kweli lixhomekeke kwinto yokuba amaxesha aseTshayina awakwazi ukudala nokugcina inkcubeko enkulu apho kukho intlanga eyahlukeneyo ekuzinzile nasekuhambaneni.

E-Chine, amazwe angama-56 ahlala, elowo luneenkcubeko zalo, lugqitywe ngamakhulu eminyaka. Umculo womculo, imidaniso, izithethe kunye neenkolelo, iimbali kunye neengcamango, ukudweba kunye nokwakha.

Inkcubeko yamandulo kunye neyenamhlanje ikwabelana ngokuqala kwemfazwe ye- opium phakathi koBukumkani baseBrithani kunye neChina phantsi kolawulo lwe-Qing Dynasty (1636-1911). Into ebalulekileyo ekuhlelweni ihambelana nokuqala kwimbali yanamhlanje yelizwe, xa okokuqala kwakukho ukuphazamiseka kwimicimbi yangaphakathi ngamazwe angaphandle.

Isiko lesiShayina samanje si "ngengqondo yegazi elixutywayo", "imfundo" yamanyathelo asekuhlaleni naseNtshona.

Yintoni i-quintessence yesiChina?

1. Okokuqala, oku kuyimilinganiselo yeConfucian, ethathwa njengobonakaliso obuphezulu benkcubeko yaseShayina. Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwifilosofi yaseConfucian kunye ne-post-Confucian ifumene inkcazo yeklasi ye "Lee."

"Li," engagubungela into ethile, kodwa kunengcamango engabonakaliyo, ibhekisela kuyo nayiphi na imisebenzi yezenhlalakahle zobomi bemihla ngemihla, efana nokucinga kweNtshona "inkcubeko." Ezi zizithethe zentlalo, iinkcubeko, izithethe, izithethe okanye amasiko. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba nangona igama elithi "li" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "isiko," linentsingiselo ekhethekileyo kwiConfucianism (ngokuchasene neentsingiselo zentsapho eziqhelekileyo). Kwi-Confucianism, iintshukumo zobomi bemihla ngemihla zibhekwa njengezithethe. Akudingeki ukuba iququzelelwe, kodwa ngumyalelo oqhelekileyo, umsebenzi ozenzekelayo, owenziwe ngomsebenzi, into ethile abantu abaye bayayiqonda okanye abangazibandakanyiyo ngexesha lokuphila kwabo ngokuqhelekileyo. Imveli ("Li") iququzelele uluntu oluphilileyo, enye yeenjongo eziphambili zeConfucianism.

2. Iingcamango ezisisiseko malunga nohlobo lwabantu, oluqulunqwe nguMencius, ogcinwe ukuba ububele bungumgangatho ongenamntu womntu ofuna kuphela impembelelo entle yoluntu.

3. Ukufundisa ngothando lwaseMo-tzu.

4. I-Tao kunye neT yimiqathango ebini yokuqala yefilosofi yaseLo Lao Tzu.

5. Ukujonga kwiifom zolawulo lukaHan Fei.

Zonke ezi ngcamango ziphuhliswe ngesiseko sezigqibo malunga nokuphela komntu kunye nendalo. Inkcubeko yokomoya yaseTshayina ivela kwiintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobugcisa neengcamango. I-Shamanism yayinempembelelo enkulu ebomini bokwenyaniso phantsi kobudala bokuqala. Iingcamango zakhe zathintela emva kweembonakaliso zenkcubeko, ezifana nokukhokelwa kookhokho kunye nefilosofi yemvelo.