U-Nikolay Nikolayevich Miklukho-Maklay: i-biography efutshane

"Wena ungowokuqala ... uye wangqina ukuba umntu uphi na umntu" - la magama uLN Tolstoy wabuyela kwintsimi yeselula kakhulu uNikolai Miklukho-Maklai. I-biografi yale ndwendwe idumileyo inomdla kakhulu kangangokuthi ifundwa ngomoya omnye. Akumangalisi ukuba wayevame ukumenywa enkundleni yasebukhosini, ngoko waxelela intsapho yasebukhosini ngobomi bakhe phakathi kwama-aborigines eNew Guinea.

UMiklouho-Maclay: i-biography (intsapho kunye nobuntwana)

Ixesha elizayo elihambahambayo elihambahambayo kunye ne-ethnographer lazalwa ngo-Julayi 17, 1846 kwidolophana yaseYazzykovo yaseNovgorod, kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo. Kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo, kunye nonina, umzalwana kunye noodade, wayefudula ehamba ukusuka kwindawo eya endaweni, elandela uyise, owayengumqhubi wezitroli. Ekupheleni kuka-1856 intloko yentsapho yamiselwa inhloko yokwakhiwa kwendlela ephakamileyo yaseVyborg. Ngelo xesha u-Nikolai Miklukho-Maklai, uSr. wayesele egula kakhulu ngesifo sofuba, kodwa wenza ngenzondelelo umsebenzi wakhe kwindawo entsha yomsebenzi. Oku kwagqitywa kwempilo yakhe, kwaye emva konyaka wafa eneminyaka engama-41.

Ekubeni ukusindiswa kwentsapho kutyalomali kwizabelo, kwaye umhlolokazi wamfumana ngokuphila ngokubonisa imibala yeendawo, wakwazi ukunika abantwana imfundo ehloniphekileyo, ecela ootitshala ekhaya. Waye waqesha umfundisi wokudweba, owavula izakhono zobugcisa kwiNikolai.

Ukufunda kwi-gymnasium

U-Nikolai Miklukho-Maklai, ongu-biography ogcwele iziganeko ezithakazelisayo, ngo-1858, kunye nomzalwana wakhe omdala uSergei, wamkelwa kwisikolo sesithathu kwisikolo sase-Annenshule. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza abafana bacela umama ukuba atshintshele kwi-gymnasium yelizwe. Ngaloo nto, umhlolokazi wafaka isikhalazo sokubhaliswa koonyana kubaphathi, ngokuhambelana nenqanaba lomyeni wakhe ofileyo, ukunika ilungelo elinjalo.

Kwisibini yePeter Petersburg Gymnasium Nikolai Miklukha wayefundela kakubi kwaye wayehlala eqaqa. Ngenxa yoko, ngobunzima obukhulu, wahanjiselwa kwibakala lesi-5.

Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-15, ngethuba lomfundi, uNikolai wabanjwa, kunye nabanye abazalwana besikolo kunye nomzalwana uSergei, aboshwe entolongweni likaPeter noPawulos. Enyanisweni, emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, abantwana abaselula bakhululwa, ekubeni ikhomishoni yophando ibecinge ukuba babevalelwe ngephutha.

Ukufunda eyunivesiti

Ehlotyeni ka-1863, u-Nikolai washiya i-gymnasium. Wabonisa umnqweno wokungena kwi-Academy of Arts, kodwa umama wakwazi ukumkhusela.

NgoSeptemba 1863, intombazana eyabhalisa kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow njengomphicothi-zincwadi kwiSebe leFizikiki neMathematika, okwakunokwenzeka nangona kungekho ncwadana ekupheleni kwekhosi yokuzivocavoca. Apho wahlala enzululwazi ngezobugcisa, kuquka ne-physiology.

Ngethuba lentlanganiso yeyunivesiti, eyayibanjwe ngo-1864, uNikola wazama ukubeka umfundi wakhe esikolweni kwiSufshinsky Gymnasium kwisakhiwo. Bavalelwe ngulawulo, kwaye le ndoda yayivalwe ukuba ihambe kwiiklasi.

Emva kokucaca ukuba uNikola wayengenakufumana imfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya, umama wavuma ukuthumela le ndoda ukuba ifunde kwamanye amazwe, eJamani. Emva kokusebenza nzima, le nsizwa yakwazi ukufumana ipasipoti yangaphandle kwaye iya kumazwe angaphandle ngo-Apreli 1864.

Ubomi eJamani

U-Nikolai Miklukho-Maklai (i-biography yenzululwazi ngokuphindaphindiweyo yalungisa kumaxesha eSoviet) emva kokungeniswa kwiYunivesithi yaseHeidelberg yabandakanyeka kwimibango yezopolitiko phakathi kwabafundi baseRussia basekhaya abajongene nemibono eyahlukeneyo ekuvukeni kwePoland. Unina wazama zonke iindlela zokuncenga indodana yakhe ukuba ingabikho kwezobupolitika ibe yinjineli. Ngokuchasene neemfuno zakhe, le ndoda, kunye neenkulumo kwimathematika, yaqala ukuya kwiiklasi kwinqanaba likawonkewonke.

Ehlotyeni ka-1865, u-Nikolai Nikolayevich Miklouho-Maclay (i-biography ebusheni bakhe eyaziwayo ngokufanelekileyo) yadluliselwa kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig. Kulapho wabhalisa kwi-faculty, apho waqeqesha abaphathi kummandla wezolimo kunye namahlathi.

Emva kokuphulaphula iikhosi ezi-4, waya kuYen waza wangena kwi-faculty, apho wafunda khona iminyaka emithathu.

Expedition ukuya kwiiCanary Islands

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1866, inkokheli yenzululwazi kaNiclas E. Haeckel yagqiba ukutyelela iSicily ukuze ifunde i-fauna yaseMedithera kwaye yamema umfundi wakhe othandekayo nomncedisi wokuhamba. Imfazwe yabanyanzelisa ukuba batshintshe indlela, kwaye loo mfana wayifumana eNgilani, apho wadibana noDarwin ngokwakhe. Emva koko iilungu leendwendwe zahamba ngomkhumbi waya eMiraira, kwaye ukusuka apho ukuya eSanta Cruz ukuya kwisiqithi saseTenerife.

Abantu basekuhlaleni bathatha inzululwazi kubadumi. Ekugqibeleni umsebenzi, iqela lezinzulu, kuquka iMiklukho-Maklai, lenze indlela eya eMorocco. Kukho uNicholas wahlala ekufundeni ubomi beBerbers waza wabuyela kwiYen kuphela ngoMeyi 1867.

Umsebenzi wezesayensi

KuJena NN Miklouho-Maclay (i-biography ebusheni bakhe ichazwe ngasentla) kwakhona waba ngumncedisi eHaeckel. Ehlotyeni ka-1867, wapapasha inqaku lakhe lokuqala lenzululwazi kwiJena Journal of Medicine and Science Science. Isayinwe nguMiklouho-Maclay.

Ngomnyaka kamva, le ndoda iphumelele kwi-Faculty of Medicine kwiYunivesithi yaseJena kwaye yaqala ukubandakanyeka emsebenzini wesayensi. Kwamanye amanqaku akhe waxela ukuba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukwahlula, oko kukuthi, utshintsho olusuka kwimoko yangaphambili yezinto eziphilayo kwezinye iifom, kodwa kungekhona okuphezulu.

Ukugqithiselwa ukuya e-Itali naseLwandle Olubomvu

Emva kokungaphumeleli kwemizamo emininzi yokwenza ilungu le-polar expedition ye-Miklouho-Maclay (i-biography kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe iboniswe ngezantsi), waya eSicily kunye ne-zoologist-uDarwinist u-Anton Dorn.

E-Itali, ihambo elizayo elihamba phambili eliye lafunda ngokugqitywa kweCanal Canal kwaye yagqiba isigqibo sokufunda inyama yeLwandle Olubomvu.

Emva kokundwendwela iYiputa, apho aqhuba khona umsebenzi omkhulu wophando, usosayensi waya eRashiya, apho wafika khona ehlobo le-1869.

Ukulungiselela uhambo lokuqala ukuya eNew Guinea

Emva kokudibana nezihlobo ezazihlala eSaratov ngelo xesha, u-Nikolai Miklukho-Maklai (i-biography yenzululwazi yaguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezininzi) waya kwikomkhulu kwaye yakuthetha kwiinkomfa eziliqela zenzululwazi. Kungekudala wamukelwa kwiinqanaba zeRussia Geographical Society waza wavuma ukuhanjiswa kwenkqubo yePasifiki.

NgoMeyi 21, 1870, uMphathiswa wamaMarb Krabbe wabika ukuba imvume eyona mkhulu ifunyenwe ukuhambisa uMiklouho-Maclay ukuya eBatavia kwi-corvette "Vityaz".

UMiklukho-Maklai Nikolai Nikolaevich: i-biography emfutshane ngexesha lokuphila kwiziqithi e-Pacific Ocean

Umkhumbi we "Knight" wenziwa ngoNovemba 8, 1870. EBrazil, uMiklouho-Maclay wavakashela esibhedlele sendawo ixesha elithile waza wahlolisisa abameleli bohlanga lweNigroid bobabini besini.

NgoJulayi 21, "I-Knight" yafika eTahiti. Esiqithi saseMiklukho-Maklai wathenga i-red calico, izinaliti, imimese, isepha kunye nezipho ezivela kuBhishophu uJossan.

Emva koko umhambi watyelela uApia, apho aqeshe khona abakhonzi ababini: umkhombe waseSweden u-Olsen kunye nomntu osemzini ogama lingumfana. Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, isayensi kunye nabancedisi bakhe bafikelela ekupheleni kokuhamba kwabo. UMiklouho-Maclay (i-biography emfutshane yenzululwazi ifana neveli ye-adventure) yafika ngaselunxwemeni kunye nabancedisi bakhe baza batyelela ilali. Bonke abahlali baqala, ngaphandle kweePapu ngegama likaTui, oza kuba ngumlamli phakathi kwamalungu ohambo kunye nama-aborigines.

Kwiinyanga zokuqala, abahlali babeziqaphele ngabasandul 'ukuza, kodwa ngo-1872 uMiklouho-Maclay (i-biography emfutshane ayinakukunika umfanekiso opheleleyo wobomi bakhe, egcwele izenzo) yamkelwa njengomhlobo.

Hlola intsimi yomhambi ogama lakhe egama lakhe. Ngoko kwimephu yehlabathi kubonakala iMiklouho-Maclay Coast.

Uhambo lwesibini ukuya eNew Guinea

NgoDisemba 24, usosayensi washiya iNew Guinea kwi nqanawa ethi "Emerald". Emva kwexesha elithile wafika eHong Kong, apho wafunda khona ngozuko lomhloli wamaPapu awela kuye. Emva kokuhamba malunga neBatavia, uMiklouho-Maclay waya kwinqwelo yesibili eya kumaPapu waza wafika e-Ambon ngoJanuwari 2, 1874. Apho waqala ukulwa nabaxhasi.

Ngomhla ka-Meyi 1875, usosayensi wabhala incwadi kuMlawuli uAlexander II emcela ukuba athathe ukhuseleko lwabantu base-Aborigines baseNew Guinea-gama, awafumene impendulo engalunganga.

Emva kokuchitha iinyanga ezili-17 eziqithi, uMiklouho-Maclay waya e-Australia. Kukhona uMiklouho-Maclay wakwazi ukubonisa umdla kumagunya asekuhlaleni kwiprojekthi yokulungiselela isiteshini sezinto eziphilayo kwi-Bay yaseWatsons Bay. Ekubeni imali efunekayo ayinakuqokelelwa, usosayensi wabuya waya kwiiNxweme zoMzantsi.

EMelanesia

Ekuqaleni kuka-1880 umhambi wafika kwiindawo ezinxweme zaseLouisana, kodwa wa suleleka ngumkhuhlane waza wasindiswa ngokuyisimangaliso ngabathunywa bevangeli abaye bamzisa eBrisbane. Ngonyaka kamva, uMiklouho-Maclay wabuyela eSydney waza waya kwisikhululo seMarine Biological Station.

Ngelo xesha, yena, ngokusemandleni akhe, wavikela abantu baseNew Guinea. Ingakumbi, ukungenelela kwakhe kulondoloze idolophana yase-Aboriginal ukusuka ekubulaweni kwabantu, kunye nabavangeli abathathu abasemazweni ababuleweyo.

Buyela eRashiya kwaye uhambo oluya eYurophu

E-Sydney, uMiklouho-Maclay (inzululwazi emfutshane yenzululwazi ayinalo ulwazi malunga neencwadana zakhe ezidlulayo) wadibana nomhlolokazi kaMargaret Robertson-Clark, intombi yegosa elibalulekileyo lakwa-colonial kunye naye owaqalisa umcimbi. Nangona kunjalo, kwafuneka amshiye umfazi oselula aze abuyele eRussia, apho wafika khona ngoJanuwari 1882. Apho wayekulindele ngokulangazela, kwaye iintetho zakhe zaba yimpumelelo enkulu. Ukongezelela, umhambi waziswa kwiAlexandria WesiThathu, owamisela iingxaki zemali zakhe.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwempilo kwenza uMiclouho-Maclay ukuba aye eYurophu unyango. Ngethuba lohambo, wathabatha ileta evela kuMargaret Clark, apho wavuma imvume yomtshato kunye nososayensi. Nangona kunjalo, esikhundleni sokuya kwintanda yakhe, usosayensi watyelela iNew Guinea iminyaka yesithathu. Wayephoxeka apho, abaninzi abahlobo bakhe basePapu bafa. UMiklouho-Maclay wehla kwiintlobo zegadi zaseBongu-imango, isithelo sesonka, i- orange, i-lemon kunye nekhofi. Nangona kunjalo, naphezu kwezicelo zabaPapu, wabashiya, ethembisa ukuba abuyele.

Umtshato

NgoJuni 10, 1883 uNikolay Miklukho-Maclay wabuyela eSydney waza waxazulula iingxaki ezinxulumene nomtshato phakathi kwakhe kunye noMprotestanti Clark. NgoFebruwari 27, 1884, babetshatile, kwaye ngoNovemba unyana wabo wokuqala ozalwe nguAlexander wazalwa.

Ukubuyela eRashiya nokuFa

Emva kokufumana umyalelo wokukhulula isakhiwo se-biological station, uMiklouho-Maclay wanquma ukubuyela ezweni lakubo waza wafika eOdessa phakathi kwentwasahlobo ka-1886. E-Russia, inzululwazi izame ukuphumeza le projekthi yokuququzelela i-colonial resettlement kwi-Maclay Coast, kodwa izicwangciso zakhe azizange zizaliseke.

Ngomnyaka we-1887 impilo yeendwendwe ezidumileyo yahlahloka ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, wakwazi ukuzisa intsapho yakhe eRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, eso sifo (njengoko saphelelwa ngumhlaza kamva), saqhubeka, kwaye ngo-Ephreli 1988, uNikolay Miklukho-Maclay (i-biography emfutshane esele uyayazi) yadlula.

Imingcwabo

Indlela yokugqibela yomhambi yenziwa ngabantu abaninzi abaqingqiweyo bexesha kunye namalungu eRussia Geographical Society. Ukungcwaba uMiklouho-Maclay emangcwabeni eVolkov kufuphi noyise nodadewabo u-Olga.

Ngoku uyazi ukuba ngubani uMiklukho-Maklai Nikolai Nikolaevich. Ingcaciso emfutshane yalomntu, nangona ifom ephantsi kakhulu, ithatha amaphepha amaninzi, njengoko wayephila ubomi obutyebi kakhulu.