Ngubani u-Alaska ovulekile? Ukuvulwa kweAlaska

I-Alaska yi-peninsula ebonakaliswa yimozulu ebanda. Ihlobo lifutshane kakhulu, kodwa kukho iintsuku ezifudumeleyo. Ixesha lobusika libonakaliswa ngamaqabunga kakhulu. Kodwa oku akuyikiyi iAleuts ne-Eskimos, ehlala ixesha elide kweli lizwe, kunye namaNdiya ase- Apataski isizwe , i-Haid kunye ne-Tinklit. I-Alaska yindawo enhle kakhulu. Kukho amachibi avulekileyo ngamanzi abandayo, imifula emide, iintaba ezinqabileyo zekhephu ezintle ezihle, iimida ezingenamida kunye ne-tundra. Kwakunjalo imihlaba evulekileyo phambi kwabaphandi bokuqala, abafudukela ngokukhawuleza kwi-peninsula. Ngoko ngubani u-Alaska ovulekile?

Inguqu ephezulu

Kukhona inguqu ebalulekileyo malunga nokufunyanwa kweAlaska kunye nokuba ngubani oqala ukuya kulo, kodwa kukho ezinye iindlela ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ziqinisekiso kwezinye iinguqulelo.

Ngoko ngubani u-Alaska ovulekile? I-Vitus Bering uJonassen ngumkholosi owaziwayo, igosa leenqwelo zaseRussia, owazalwa ngo-Agasti 12, 1681 eDenmark, kodwa uhlala ehlala eRashiya. Nguye obizwa ngokuba ngumfumbi we-Alaska. Ngomnyaka we-1741, umntu owaziwayo olwandle odumile wafumanisa waza warekhodwa kwimephu ipeninsula eyayiseNyakatho Melika. Le ndawo yanikwa igama leAlaska. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iminyaka elishumi elinesithathu ngaphambi kokuba angaboni i-peninsula ngenxa yenkungu eqinile. U-Bering akazange akhuphe uvuyo kule nto. Ngokukhawuleza iQingda yazisa umthengisi waya ethuneni. Kwenzeke ngoDisemba 19, 1741, kwiziqithi awazifumanayo, eza kuthiwa emva kwayo.

Ekubeni bafumene i-Alaska kude kube ngo-1741, namhlanje iimephu ezintathu ziyaziwa kwiingcali. Zenziwe kwiminyaka engama-60 yekhulu le-16. Iimephu zibonisa zonke iinkcukacha kunye neenkcukacha zolunxweme lwaseAlaska, kunye neBering Strait, ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Anian.

Iindwendwe zokuqala

Ukuphendula umbuzo malunga nokuba ngubani ovulekile i-Alaska, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngo-1648 uhambo oluqhutywa nguSenen Dezhnev noFedor Popov bahamba ngokuphuma emlonyeni we-Kolyma. Bahamba nge-Bering Strait. Nangona kunjalo, ingaba ba tyelele i-Alaska okanye kungekhona - awaziwa.

Ngokumalunga nokufunda kwamanye amazwe kufuphi neMelika, wacinga ngoPeter Omkhulu. Oku kwenzeka ngonyaka wokufa kwakhe (1725). Wabhala imiyalelo kwiVitus Bering kunye nomsebenzi wokubhukuda eKamchatka, ukwakha iinqanawa ezininzi, udide nge-strait ukuya ngasentla, uze ufumane indawo apho iKamchatka idibana khona nxweme laseMerika. Ukongezelela, umqhubi wendlela wayedlala imephu yendawo. Kodwa, ngelishwa, uhambo lokuqala aluphumelelanga. Ngenxa yeengcingo ezinamandla, uBering akazange abone nantoni na.

Ukuthetha malunga no-Alaska ovulekileyo, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba enye ihambo ekhokelwa yi-geodesist uMikhail Gvozdev kunye nomncedisi we-navigator u-Ivan Fedorov uhambela kule ngqangi kwinqanawa ethi "Saint Gabriel" ngo-1732. Ngomhla ka-Agasti 21, abahamba olwandle bafika kwicala laseNtshona-Alaska. Kwiimephu zanamhlanje yi-Cape ye-Wales. Kodwa ayenqatshelwe ukubeka unyawo olunxwemeni ngamagagasi anamandla.

Inzame yesibini yokufunda umhlaba

Ngomnyaka kamva, urhulumente waseRashiya wayalela uBering ukuba ahambe kwikhampasi yesibili yaseKamchatka. Ngo-1734 wafika eKakutsk, apho wachitha iminyaka emininzi ekulungiselela iimveliso zexesha elizayo kwaye wayexubusha nabaphathi beendawo, kuba ngaphandle kwabo babengenakuyenza ngaphandle. Ngelo xesha eRashiya ukuze kuqale into ethile, kwakudingeka ukuba bonke abantu abalulekileyo bahlawule isimbofu. Kodwa uBering, indoda ehlala ixesha elide kweli lizwe, akafundile oku. Okanye nje akazange afune.

Kuphela ngo-1740, kwiinqanawa ezimbini zepakethe phantsi kolawulo loMlawuli we-Alexei Chirikov, uhambo lwahamba ngomkhumbi ukusuka e-Okhotsk ukuya eAvachinskaya Bay, apho wachitha khona ubusika. Ukufunyanwa kweAlaska ngamaRashiya kwakungeke kwenzeke, kwakungazange iBering afune umhlaba weGam. Nanku ukudibanisa kweemeko ezinjalo.

Yintoni eyalityelela ipeninsula?

Iyintoni imbali yaseAlaska? NgoJuni 4, 1742 iinqanawa ezimbini zafika eMelika. Kodwa kwakhona inkungu, kunye nesiqhwithi esinamandla, yinkimbinkimbi imeko. Kwaye ngoJuni 20 iinqanawa zahlakazeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye zalahleka. Emva koko, baqhubeka behamba ngomnye ngomnye. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba kule ngqungquthela i-botanist uGeorg Steller yawela ezweni laseAlaska. Kwaye ngolunye usuku kamva, ngoJuni 16, 1741, amazwe ase peninsula abonakala nakwiSt. Peter. Ukubuya kulo mkhosi wophando kwiRashiya, abantu abasemkhombeni baxelele i-beavers zasolwandle ezihlala kumanxweme amanzi ase-Alaska-otters olwandle. Ubushushu babo bubunjani kakhulu. Emva koko bekubhekwa njengento ebiza kakhulu kwihlabathi. Nguye owabangela ukuba i-Alaska yaziwa ngabantu abaninzi ababefuna ukuzityebi.

Kwakhona kwi-peninsula yafunyanwa ngegolide. Emva kokukufumanisa, ukuqala kwegolide kwaqala. Kwaphela ngo-1896 ukuya ku-1897. Kwakulo xesha igolide yafunyanwa kwiKlondike, kwintsimi yaseKhanada yase Yukon. Ngethemba lokuzuza ngokukhawuleza, iwaka lama-prospectors aye ePacific Northwest naseAlaska.

Ukusabalala kwabaninzi bamanzi olwandle

Ookuqala ukufikelela kummandla we-peninsula uhamba ngepakethi yepakethi "St. Paul" phantsi kolawulo lweChirikov. Kodwa ngenxa yamanzi aphantsi, ukufunyanwa kweAlaska akuzange kwenzeke. Umthetheli wathuma esinye isikhephe kunye nabo babenqwenela, kodwa balala ngaphandle komkhondo. Emva kwengcamango encinane, wafika kwisigqibo sokuba isikebhe sasiyingozi. Ngako oko, enye inqanawa yathunyelwa. Njengenxalenye yeqela la thumela i-master-caulker. Kodwa, ngelishwa, eli qela liye laphela ngaphandle kwendlela. Iyonke, iChikov yalahlekelwa ngabantu abahlanu. Ngenxa yokuphazamiseka ngokupheleleyo nokungaqiniseki, amagosa "kaSt. Paul" kwintlanganiso yafika kwisigqibo sokubuyela ekhaya.

Emva kwexesha elifutshane kwavela ukuba amadoda alahlekileyo athatyathwa ngabahlali bendawo. Babesaphila. Abaninzi babo babeshadile nabangaphandle. Kamva bafumana ithuba lokuba ngabemi baseSpain ngokuthatha ubuzwe, kodwa abahamba ngeenqanawa babeziqhenyce ngokuthi bathi baseRashiya.

Ukungaphumeleli kubangelwa abahlali baselwandle yonke indawo

Inqanawa ethi "uStros Peter" yafika eAlaska ngoJuni 6, kodwa abagulayo uBering babengenakufikelela emanzini ngenxa yokugula kwakhe. Kwaye kwakunzima kakhulu kumva. Abanqwelisi bafa ngomnye ngomnye. Isiqhwenga sazisa umnqanawa kwi-bay yesiqithi, apho bafike kwisigqibo sokuba kwakufuneka ukuba bahlale ebusika. Apha umlawuli wabo wafa (uDisemba 6).

Abanqamli bebusika besuka kwinto eseleyo yaseSt. Kodwa kwabangama-75 kuphela abantu abangama-35 abahlala bephila. Abaninzi bafa ngexesha lohambo, kunye nabanye ngexesha lobusika. Ngoko ke, abantu abangama-35 kuphela bafikelela kummandla waseKamchatka.

Ngoko ngubani oza kuqala kwisiqonga?

Kodwa eNtshonalanga bayaqiniseka ukuba ukufunyanwa kweAlaska kwenzeka phantsi kolawulo lukaSteller. Kukho uluvo lokuba nguye owokuqala ukubona iziqithi zobuhle obuhle kunye neentaba ezikhethiweyo zekhephu. Emva koko wayenomnqweno wokuqhubeka nophando lwakhe ngqo kwi-peninsula. Kodwa umphathi weenqanawa. V. Bering wacwangcisa ngokucacileyo. Wasiyala ukuba sibuyele. USteller wayengenelisekanga ngalesi sigqibo kwaye wafuna ukuba iBering amnike ubuncinane iiyure ezimbalwa ukuba ahlole isiqithi saseKayak, apho kwakufuneka umkhumbi uphelele ukuzalisa amanzi.

Iinguqulelo ezintsha

Kwakhona kukho inguqulelo yokuba abantu baseYurophu bafumene i-Alaska. Ba tyelela urhulumente ngo-Agasti 21 ngo-1732. Kuthe malunga nokwakhiwa kwesi sikhephe "iSaint Gabriel" phantsi kolawulo lwe-geodesist uM. S Gvozdev kunye nomqhubi ophantsi. I-Fedotov kwindwendwe ka-A. F. Shestakov no-D. I. Pavlutsky. Uhambo lwaba ngo-1729 ukuya ku-1735. Ukongezelela, kukho nolwazi malunga nokufika kwabantu baseRashiya eMelika kwikhulu le-XVII.

Kukho enye ingqungquthela yenzululwazi, ethi abafunyanisi baseAlaska babengabazingeli baseSiberia - abaxhamli bamaNdiya aseMerika aseMelika, abaya ngasenyakatho kwi-Ice Age, bezingela ama-mammoth. Abemi basendulo bathuthela kwilizwekazi laseMerika ngokusebenzisa iBering Strait. Ngaloo mihla kwabonakala ngathi ibhanti enkulu, ephakathi kwamazwekazi amabini. Xa kufika ukufudumala, umgangatho wamanzi kwizilwandle zehlabathi uye wanda kakhulu, ukukhukula ibhuloho. ISiberia kunye neRashiya yaseRashiya zahlukana noLwandle lwaseBering.

Izinto ezininzi zokucubungula kunye nophando kwi-peninsula zanikezela iziphumo: izazinzulu zifumene izinto ezininzi umntu asebenzise ukuqhuba eplasini yakhe malunga ne-12 000 leminyaka edlulileyo, iinkulungwane eziliqela ngaphambi kokuba i-Ice Age iphele. Kule ndlela kulandelwa ukuba ubuzwe bee-Eskimo kubonakala kwiminyaka eyi-6 000 ngaphambi kwexesha lethu.

Yintoni eyenzekayo eAlaska?

Kwiminyaka amabini ezayo i-Alaska yaseRashiya yasebenza njengendawo yokumba umbane. Iindawo zokuhlala zakhiwa, kwaye kwiindawo ezininzi iicawa ezingavamile ezidalwe yiAleuts namaNdiya phantsi komyalelo wezithunywa zevangeli zaseRashiya zisalondolozwa. Kwixesha elizayo, iindawo zaseAlaska zahanjelwa ngabanqwelisi baseSpain, eFransi naseBrithani. Kodwa abantu baseRashiya kuphela bahamba ngomkhumbi baya kwi-peninsula ukuze bafumane ubomvu, obunikwe ngokugqithiseleyo kakhulu kwiYurophu. Emva kwithuba elithile lexesha, inani lezilwanyana ezinomso oxabisekileyo lancinci kakhulu. Ngama-1820 amaRussia awazange afike kummandla we-Alaska.

I-peninsula yayithengiswa njani?

Ngaphezulu, iinjongo eziphambili zicinga malunga nendlela iAlaska yafunyanwa ngayo. Imbali yokuthengiswa kwayo kufuneka ipapashwe ngokufutshane. Urhulumente waseRashiya wayeyika ukuba i-peninsula yayiza kubanjwa yiBritani okanye iMelika. Ukongezelela, kwakungeke kwenzeke ukukhusela ngokupheleleyo impahla yabo kule nto. Esi sizathu sokuqala esibangela ukuthengiswa kwesi siqithi. Isizathu sesibini kukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukuxhasa ukuphuhliswa kwintsimi enkulu ngoncedo lwemali. Kodwa urhulumente wagqiba ekubeni anikezele ingqalelo kwiMpuma Ekude, kwaye engabi yiAlaska. Ngoko ke, kugqitywe ukuthengisa i-peninsula. Ngo-1867, i-Alaska yathengiswa. Urhulumente ngokusemthethweni waba yinxalenye yeMelika ngo-Oktobha 18.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imali ayizange ifinyelele eRashiya. Isixa esiphezulu semali ngesimo segolide salayishwa kwinqanawa eyayihlaselwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa emva kokuzama ukuwabamba ngabacebisi. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kuphazamise umphumo wokugqibela we-transaction. I peninsula yaba yinxalenye yeUnited States. I-Alaska yayingekho eRashiya.