Ukufika kokuqala kwendoda enyangeni. Umhla, imbali, amagama

Isikhathi soloko sihlala sithuba esinomtsalane ngokusondeza kunye nokungenafikeleleki. Abantu abaphandi abayingcali, kunye nekhono yenkqubela phambili kwimpucuko kwimbono yobugcisa kunye nokwandiswa kokwazisa. Ukufika kokuqala kwendoda enyangeni kwomeleza ukuzithemba ukuba sinako ukuhamba ngeenqwelo.

I-satellite satellite

Igama lesiRashiya lomzimba we-cosmic "Luna" ekuguquleleni kwiProto-Slavic lithetha "ukukhanya". Ingumhlobo wendalo weplanethi kunye nomzimba wasezulwini osondeleyo. Ukukwazi ukukhanya kwelanga phezu komhlaba kwenza inyanga ibe yinto yesibili ekukhanyeni esibhakabhakeni. Kukho iingcamango ezimbini malunga nomvelaphi womzimba we- cosmic : owokuqala uthi malunga nexesha elifanayo kunye noMhlaba, okwesibini uthi i-satellite yasungulwa kwenye indawo, kodwa yabe ilandelwa ngogonyamelo.

Ubukho be-satellites bubangela ukubonakala kwemiphumo ekhethekileyo kwiplanethi yethu. Ngokomzekelo, ngamandla okukhanga, iNyanga ingakwazi ukulawula izikhala zamanzi (ebbs kunye namatye). Ngenxa yobukhulu, uthatha inxalenye yokuhlaselwa kwe-meteorite, okuyiyo ekukhuseleni umhlaba.

Uphando lo kuqala

Ukufika kokuqala kwendoda enyangeni yiphumo lokufuna umdla waseMerika kunye nenjongo yelizwe ukufumana i-USSR kwimpikiswano yangempela yokuqonda i-cosmos. Kwiminyaka emininzi, uluntu lubukele lomzimba wasezulwini. Ukuveliswa kwe-telescope ngo-1609 nguGalleo wenza indlela ebonakalayo yokufunda i-sateliti eqhubekayo kwaye echanileyo. Ekubeni kwakungekho ikhulu leminyaka, ngelixa abantu bagqiba ukuthumela emzimbeni wendawo imoto yokuqala engenazo. Kwaye enye yeyokuqala apha yayiyiRashiya. NgoSeptemba 13, 1959, phezu kwenyanga, kwafika i-robotic device, ebizwa ngokuba yi-satellites.

Unyaka wokuqala kokufika komntu ngeNyanga-1969. Ngokuchanekileyo kwiminyaka eyi-10, abadlali bama-American bavula ama-horizons amasha ekuphuhliseni impucuko. Ngombulelo kwiinkcukacha ezininzi, iinkcukacha ezithakazelisayo malunga nokuzalwa kunye nesakhiwo seSatellite zafunyanwa. Oku, okwenziwe, kwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukutshintsha ingcamango yomsuka womhlaba ngokwawo.

Expedition yaseMerika

Umkhumbi we-Apollo 11 waqalisa ukuhamba kwawo ngoJulayi 16. Iqela lalibandakanya abathathu abadlali. Injongo yeso sihlandlo yayikuqala kokufika komntu kwenyanga. Ngaphambi kweSatellite, iinqanawa zahamba iintsuku ezine. Kwaye ngoJulayi 20, umxube wehleli uhleli eLwandle loLungiso. Kwindawo engasentla-ntshona ye sithili iqela lahlala ixesha elithile: ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-20. Ubuninzi babantu ebusweni buhlala iiyure ezingama-2 kunye nemizuzu engama-31. Ngomhla wama-24 kuJulayi, abasebenzi babuyela eMhlabeni, apho wayegcinwa khona emininzi iintsuku eziliqela: abadlali abazange bafumane i-microarganms.

Umqala wokuqala ngomhlaba unyawo lukaNeil Armstrong (umlawuli wenqanawa), emva kwemizuzu embalwa uEdmwin Aldrin (umqhubi). UMichael Collins (omnye umqhubi) wayelindele abo asebenza nabo ekujikelezeni. Ifulegi yaseMelika kunye nezixhobo zenzululwazi zifakwe ngabadumi bezinto. Ngoko, ukulungiswa kwimizuzu yesibini, ukufika kokuqala kwabantu abantu kwinyanga. Umhla wokupapashwa ufakwe ngokusemthethweni kwi-logbook nakwiimbali zembali zehlabathi lonke: oku kwaziwa kuwo wonke umntu ngoJuni 21, 1969.

Neil Armstrong

Kwimbali yokunqotshwa kwenyanga yayigqibeleleyo, kuyimfuneko ukuziqhelanisa neengxelo ezifutshane zophando lwazo lokuqala. Qalisa ngomlingiswa obalale kweli bali - uNeil Armstrong. Wayenentsapho egqibeleleyo: abazali abanothando, udade omncinane nomzalwana. Ubaba wayesebenza njengomphicothi-zincwadi: zonke iindwendwe zihamba kunye naye kwiidolophu zombuso. KuWapakonet kuphela (eOhio) kuphela bahlala ixesha elide. Le nkwenkwe yayifunde ngokugqibeleleyo, yayiyinkwenkwe yokukhangela kwinqanaba eliphezulu.

Umsebenzi wokuqala we-Armstrong-uvavanyo lomqhubi we-Air Force, wathatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe yaseKorea. Ngowe-1958 wabhalisela iqela labaqhubi beendawo. Njengomlawuli, wenza uhambo lwakhe lokuqala kwiinqanawa iGemini-8 ngo-1966. Izithuba ezingaphandle, ngaphandle kokungena kwenyanga, azinako. Ngo-1970, watyelela iRashiya njengenxalenye yegunya le-NASA. Ukususela ngo-1971 ukuya ku-1979 wasebenza njengomfundisi. Wafa emva kokusebenza kwe-shunt e-2012.

Edwin Aldrin

Unentsika yaseScotland. Uyise wakhe wakhonza e-US Army kwisikhundla segosa. Unyana walandela amanyathelo akhe, kwaye, enqaba imfundo ephakamileyo, wangena kwi-Military Academy. Udade osemncinci wanika uEdmwin igama lomnxeba weBuzzz, ekubeni akazange athi igama "umzalwana" ngokupheleleyo.

U-Aldrin waphumelela kwi-rank of lieutenant kwaye wathunyelwa kwiMfazwe yaseKorea. Lapha wagijima iinqwelo zokulwa. Ekubuyeni kwakhe ngaphambili wayesebenza njengomncedisi kwiDean ye-Air Force Academy, kwaye uthunyelwa kwiZiko leNqwelo yokuFika.

Ngowe-1988 (njengowomqhubi) wathunyelwa kwinqwelo-moya ye-orbital ukuya ku- "Jenimi-12". Kulo thumela, u-Aldrin wenza indawo yakhe yokuqala yokuhamba. Njengengxenye yeqela, "uApollo 11" wagijima kunye nomsebenzi obizwa ngokuba yinyanga. Ekubeni kwinqanaba le-satellite emva kwemizuzu engama-20 emva komlawuli kunye nokuqhuba uphando lwembali. Ngo-1971, umsebenzi wakhe weNASA waphela.

"I-Astronaut emhlala phantsi" ... Oku kwavakala kakhulu uEdmwin. Ezinye iimithombo ezingekho mthethweni zithi uAldrin wathembisa ukutyelela kwesibini kwi-satellite. Kodwa wahlala "indoda yesibini" kwenyanga. Le meko yachaphazela kakubi i-psyche ye-astronaut yangaphambili, ngenxa yoko waqala ukusela kwaye wawela ekudakaleni. Ukususela ngo-1970, waqala ukuzizama njengomlobi. Nguye umbhali weencwadi eziliqela ekuhloliseni indawo kunye nokuwunqoba kwenyanga.

Michael Collins

Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lwembali "yenyanga". Uhambo lokuqala olunezithuba zendawo lwakhiwa nguMichael ngo-1966 kwinqanawa ethi "Dremini-10". Ngethuba lokuhamba kweyesibini, wayekulindele abadlali beemodorobhothi kwimodyuli yomyalelo. I-astronaut yayinomyalelo: xa kwenzeka ukungaphumeleli, yehla phezulu uze ubhale umcimbi. Ukongezelela, wayebophekile ukuba ancede abasebenzi xa befumene bexakeka. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe oyintloko uzwakala ngale ndlela: nangona kunjalo, ukubuyisela umkhumbi eMhlabeni. Igama likaMichael Collins luthiwa yintsika yeNyanga ukusuka ekukhanyeni.

Ukupheliswa kwezifundo

Kukholelwa ukuba iindiza eziseSatellite kunye nokufunda kwayo ngoku sele zimile, kodwa oku akunjalo. Emva kwesinyathelo esibalulekileyo se-Armstrong, omnye u-Apholo wehla waya eNyangeni. Azikho zonke iindwendwe ezaphumelela, kodwa zivelisa iziqhamo zesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe. I-rumor inokuthi ngoku kwinyanga "abahlali" abasemzini. Emuva ngowe-1972 kwiseshoni yeSenate yase-United States kwakukho ingxelo malunga nokuphazamiseka kwiinkqubo zendawo ezinamandla ezingabonakaliyo. Kuze kube ngoku, izixhobo zokufota zivule kwixesha lophishino, apho izibane ezingaqhelekanga zijonge kwicala elimnyama leNyanga.

Kodwa abafokazi banqanda abantu ukuba bahlolisise umzimba we-cosmic. Ingqungquthela yokubhukuda kweenqwelo zokuya kwenyanga ukungabikho kwemali. Ukuqhutyelwa kwe-cosmonautics kuma-70s ekhulwini lokugqibela bekubangelwa ubaleko kunye ne-USSR. Emva kokunqoba okuthile ukusuka kummandla waseMerika, imali etyalo-mali ekuphuhlisweni kweenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya yawa ngamandla. Ukufika kokuqala komntu ngeNyanga, umhla oza kuba ngowokuqala kwexesha elitsha "indawo", yaphela ekupheleni kwayo: eqinisweni, abantu balahlekelwa umnqweno wokuwunqoba lomzimba wasezulwini. Indima yakhe ekumisekeni kweenqwelo-moya yayidlalwe ngenyameko ebangele ukuba i-Armstrong kunye neqela lakhe ayingakaze ibe kwiNyanga kwaye konke oku kudlalwa ngokukhawuleza.

I-"Moon" yelenqe

Kukho inkolelo yokuba ngexesha "lomncintiswano" ne-USSR, onke amaxwebhu malunga nokufika ayenziwe nguRhulumente wase-US. Ukuqala kweso sikratshi yincwadi yaseMerika B. Casing, echaza oku kwenzeka. Nangona emva kokuphanda kwacaca ukuba umsebenzi wawuyimpendulo yendalo ngokwempembelelo yamahlebeli kweli lizwe.

Kukho ubungqina obuninzi ekusekeleni inkolelo yokuba ukufika komntu wokuqala kwinyanga kukukhohlisa :

• Uphando olwenziwa ngo-1976 ngabahlali beMerika.
• Ividiyo yemisebenzi yoqeqesho lwababonakalisi kwisiseko sehlabathi, esinomfanekiso ofanelekileyo kunye nevidiyo efakwe kwi-satellite.
• Uhlalutyo lwangoku lomfanekiso usebenzisa umhleli wezithombe, oye wabonisa iimpawu ezichanekileyo.
• Ifulegi yase-US ngokwayo. Abanye oososayensi baqala ukuvakalisa ingcamango yokuba izicubu azikwazi ukukhula phantsi kweemeko zentshukumo yenyanga ngenxa yokungabikho komoya.
• Akukho zi nkwenkwezi kwiifoto ezivela kwiNyanga.
• U-Edwin Aldrin wenqabe ukufunga ngeBhayibhile ukuba wafika emzimbeni womzimba wasezulwini.

Kuzo zonke iindleko, abaxhasayo be-landing bafumana iinkcazo zemvelo. Ngokomzekelo, ukubuyisela kwakhona ukusetyenziswa kwintetho kwakusetyenziswe kwiifoto ukuphucula umgangatho wokupapashwa, kwaye ukuqhuma kweflegi akuveli emoyeni, kodwa kwizenzo ze-cosmonaut (oscillation yamanzi), ebeka iflegi. Irekhodi yasekuqaleni ayigcinwanga, ngoko ke inyaniso yesinyathelo sokuqala kwi-satellite satellite iya kuhlala ingumzuzu wokuphikisana.

ERashiya kwakukho isiganeko esingathandekiyo kunyaka wokuhlalisa abantu bokuqala ngenyanga. Urhulumente wase-USSR akazange acinge ukuba kuyimfuneko ukubeka abahlali belizwe ukuba bazi malunga nomcimbi waseMelika. Nangona i-ambassador yaseRashiya yamenywa, akazange abe khona ukuqaliswa kwe-Apollo 11. Isizathu sibizwa ngokuba luhambo lwakhe loshishino kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo karhulumente.