Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, umfazi kaGorky: i-biography emfutshane

Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova-Volzhina - umfazi onommangaliso, ogama lakhe lidlalwa ngokukhawuleza xa uthetha i-biography okanye amabali ebomini kaMaxim Gorky. Nangona kunjalo, ababaninzi bayazi ukuba wayengomnye wabasunguli bentlangano eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Political Red Cross, eyaqala ngo-1918 ukuya ku-1937 ekuncedeni ukuxhaswa kwabakhonkxwa baseRussia yaseSoviet nase-USSR.

Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna: biography

Abantwana abavela kwiintsapho ezintle ekuqaleni kwe-19 leminyaka, njengomthetho, babengumqhubi wabo. Nangona kunjalo, ekupheleni kwekhulu, imeko yayitshintshile, ekubeni amalungu amaninzi aloo ndawo ahluphekile, kwaye abantwana babo babengenaso ixesha elilula kunabantwana bentsikelelo encinci okanye abasebenzi abangenasiphelo .

Phakathi kwala bantwana abanobuhle ukusuka kwiintsapho ezibhubhileyo kwaye uKaty Volzhina (emva komtshato uPeshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna). Wazalelwa kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo kwisixeko saseSumy. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, amaxwebhu eminyaka eyahlukileyo achaza imihla yokuzalwa eyi-3. Nangona kunjalo, yamkelwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba uKaty Volzhina wazalelwa ngoJulayi 1876. Emva kwentsapho yakhe yafudukela eSamara, njengoko uyise, ekhohliswe ngababolekisi, waphulukana nayo yonke inzuzo yakhe. Apho, intsapho yaqala ukuhlala emagumbini anikezelwe umvuzo womama, okwakungekho ngokwaneleyo ukuhlawula indlu. Kakade ukusuka kwibakala lesi-4 lezemidlalo, uKatyya waqala ukufundisa, njengoko uyise wayegula kakhulu. Ukongezelela, wanceda unina, owayengumphathi wesigumbi sokudlela samahhala kwabambileyo.

Ngomnyaka we-1895, uCatherine waphumelela kwi-gymnasium nge medal kwaye wuleza wathetha ukufumana umsebenzi. Wakwazi ukwenza okukhawuleza ngoko, emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa emva kokufumana isatifiketi, le ntombazana yayisele ibe ngumsebenzi wephephandaba laseSamara kwaye yenza njengomfundi-mfundiso.

Ukuqhelana ne-Gorky encinane

Kwibhodi yokuhlela "yephephandaba laseSamara" uEkaterina Volzhina wadibana no-Alexei Peshkov, oye wapapashwa rhoqo ngeli phephancwadi. Uthando olunomsindo olwenzekayo phakathi kwabantu abatsha. Phantse umnyaka kwakufuneka ukuba abazali beentombazana bamkele ukhetho lweentombi zabo. Bade bemthumelela eKronstadt, benethemba lokuba uthando lwakhe ngomlobi-umvukeli aluyi kumahlula ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, isigwebo sichazwe ngenye indlela: UPavel Volzhin akazange aphile ukuze abone intombazana ebuya ehambo, kwaye umhlolokazi akazange amphazamise intombi yakhe. Ngentsikelelo yakhe ehlobo le-1896, uCatherine noMaxim batshata. Emva koko, uCatherine Volzhina watshintsha igama lakhe waya ePeshkova kwaye akazange alitshintshe igama lakhe ubomi bakhe bonke.

Umtshato

Ngomnyaka we-1897 lo mbhangqwana unomntwana wakhe uMaxim, kwaye ke intombi kaKatya, owafa nge-meningitis xa wayeneminyaka engama-5 ubudala.

Esi siganeko esibuhlungu senzeke emva nje kokuba intsapho yentsapho idlulele eNizhny Novgorod. Ukufa kwentombazana kwabangela ukuphola phakathi kwabafazi, kwaye ekupheleni konyaka we-1903 i-Peshkovs yahlakazeka ngokuvumelana, ngakumbi ukususela ngo-Gorky wayenomnye umfazi. Ngelo xesha, baye bahlala belamano obufudumele ubomi. Kukho ubungqina bokuthi umtshato osemthethweni u-Alexei Maximovich noYekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova awunakwenziwa ngokusemthethweni. Ukunceda le nkcazo ithetha ukuba iGorky ayangena kulo nawuphi na umtshato obhalisiweyo, nangona wayehlala edibana nabafazi.

Ubomi Kwangaphandle

Ngo-1907, kunye nendodana eneminyaka eyi-10 ubudala uMaxim Peshkov uEkaterina Pavlovna waya kwelinye izwe. Bahlala apho eParis. Kungekudala uGorky owayengumfazi wagqiba ekubeni aqhubeke nemfundo yakhe kwaye waqala ukuya kwizifundo zoLwimi lwesiFrentshi kunye neentetho zezesayensi zentlalo kwiYunivesithi yeS Sorbonne. Ngendlela efanayo, wayethandwa ngumsebenzi we-Circle yeKatorga kunye nekhonkco ehlelwe ngu-VN Figner. Ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe, uPeshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna (ifoto ebusheni bakhe, yabona ngasentla) wajoyina iiNguquli zeNzululwazi, kwaye wayesebenza kwiofisi yebhokisi ehambela phambili, eyayinjongo yokulungiselela uncedo lwezinto eziphathekayo kubafuduki bezombusazwe baseRashiya.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala

Ngomnyaka we-1914 uPeshkova uqhubelele ukuthunyelwa kwabantwana "Ukuncedisa amaxhoba eMfazwe" kwaye waququzelela iqela levolontiya elenza umsebenzi wokufuna abantwana abasalayo ngaphambili. Wayekuncedwa kulo msebenzi ngu-I. Sakharov, umkhulu ka-AD Sakharov.

Ukugqiba ekubeni unokusetyenziswa kakhulu ekhaya, uPeshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna wabuyela nendodana yakhe eRussia. Indlela yabo yayigcwele i-adventure, ngenxa yokuba imeko yezopolitiko eyadalwa emhlabeni, e-Italy kwakufuneka ihambe ngesikebhe eya eConstantinople kwaye ukusuka apho ukuya e-Odessa.

Imisebenzi kwi-Red Cross

Abo babebazi u-Ekaterina Peshkova ngokukhawuleza, bamthiwa ngumntu onomdla, ngenxa yokuba ubuninzi bakhe babenikezelwa kubantu abaye bawela kwiimeko apho bengakwazi ukuzinceda. Nangona ebudeni belizwe lonke, le ntombazana yaqalisa ukusebenza kunye ne-Red Cross kwaye yaqhubeka ifuna iziboshwa emva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo.

Ngexesha loBolshevik loyiko, uPeshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe kwi-Red Cross. Le ntlangano yayingadingeki kwiBolsheviks, kodwa iziphathimandla zeRiphabhuliki ezincinane zazingenakukunyanzelela, kuba zibandakanya ubuntu obunjenge Korolenko, Kropotkin, Veresayev noFigner. Ngelo xesha, ukutshatyalaliswa kwintolongo entsha yezobupolitika, ngoku kungavumelani nomgaqo-nkqubo we-RSDLP (b).

"Ukusebenzisana" kunye ne-Cheka kunye ne-NKVD

Ikomidi yaseMoscow ye-Red Cross yathumela iPeshkova ukutyelela iinjongo. U-Cheka akazange amelane nalo kwaye wayejonge imisebenzi yakhe ngeminwe yakhe. Kukho nesatifiketi sokuba umfazi waseGorky owayengumfazi wesinye kwelinye ilizwe wazisa uFrzerzhinsky isipho njengesipho. Kukho uluvo lokuba isizathu sobudlelwane obunjalo ngumnqweno kaLenin ukumbamba iGorky ngeendlela zonke ukuze afune inkxaso yakhe.

Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1919, u-Ekaterina Pavlovna wavulwa icala. Wahlawuliswa ngokuba ngumntu weSocialist-Revolutionary Party. Ngethuba lophando, abafazi bafunwa endlwini, kodwa akazange abanjwe, kwaye ngowe-1922 loo nto yavalwa.

Pompolit

Ngo-1922, u-Ekaterina Peshkova (umfazi waseGorky) wadala intsha entsha. Abantu babibiza ngokuba yiPompolit, kuba abasebenzi bayo bazama ukwenza ubomi bube lula kwiintolongo zamangcwaba ngenxa yeenkulungwane zabantu abaye bangamaxhoba okunyanzelwa kwezopolitiko. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibhinqa lihanjelwe amabanjwa ngexesha lokukhangela amabanjwa, eqaliswe yiPoland Red Cross. Ukongeza, u-Ekaterina Peshkova (umfazi waseGorky) uye wahamba ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuze akhuphe imali kwi-Volga esifundeni. Iinkonzo zakhe zibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanguleni amaYuda atyholwa yiZiyonism, abaninzi abancedayo ukuba baye ePalestina.

Nangona ngo-1938 iPompolit ivaliwe ngumyalelo we-NKVD, uEkaterina Pavlovna waqhubeka ebancedisa bonke abo babefaka isicelo kuye. Ngomnyaka we-1941, waxoshwa eTashkent, apho wahlala khona de kube sekupheleni kwemfazwe.

Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi

U-Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, onobomi bakhe owaziyo ngaphambili, wasebenza iminyaka emininzi njengomcebisi kwi-archives ye-A. Gorky phantsi kwe-IMLI. Wafa emva kokugula okude ngo-1965. Wangcwatywa eMangcwabeni eNoodevichy, ecaleni kwonyana wakhe nentombi yakhe.

UNyana

Njengoko sele kukhankanywe, i-Peshkovs yokuqala-Maxim - yazalwa ngo-1897. Wachitha ubuninzi bakhe ebuntwaneni kunye nonina ngaphandle. Emva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo ngo-1917 wajoyina i-RSDLP. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko waqala ukusebenza ku-Cheka, apho wajongana nemiba yokukhuselwa kokutya kwenkunzi. Ngo-1922 wabuyela e-Italy. Wahlala eBerlin. Wayehlala edibana noMnu Gorky. Ngo-1932, kunye noyise nomfazi wakhe babuyela e-USSR. Kuyaziwa ukuba wayevame ukumenywa aze athengiswe yi-People's Commissar ye-People's Commissariat ye-Internal Affairs Yagoda. Ngenye imini, ekubuyeni kwakhe emnye umthendeleko, kwiqabunga elinzima, wahlala egcekeni lendlu, waqhwaba kakhulu kwaye ngokukhawuleza wabulawa yi-pneumonia.

Ngoku uyazi ukuba ngubani uPeshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna. Iinkumbulo zalabo babone imisebenzi yakhe kwi-Red Cross nasePompolit zibonisa njengomntu ozinikezele ubomi bakhe ekuthandeni-ukunceda abantu abafumana kwiimeko zobomi obunzima.